Environmental Management of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) - Chapter 6 doc

150nutrient Pounds per ,000 pounds lie animal weight per day Nitrogen.total.Kjeldahl 0.52... Fertilizers Loss to Deep Sediments Nitrites Excretion Decay Organic Plant ‘N’ Organic Animal

Mass.of.animal 135 4.00 2.0 15 800 1400 150

nutrient Pounds per ,000 pounds lie animal weight per day

Nitrogen.(total.Kjeldahl) 0.52 0.84 1.1 0.62 0.34 0.45 0.20 Phosphorus.(total) 0.18 0.30 0.30 0.23 0.092 0.094 0.02 Orthophosphorus 0.12 0.09 n/a n/a 0.03 0.061 n/a Potassium 0.29 0.30 0.40 0.24 0.21 0.29 0.07

Sources: Livestock data are “as excreted” and are from.ASAE (1999); Human waste data are “as.

excreted”.and.are.from.USDA/NRCS.(1996) Values.rounded.to.two.significant.figures n/a.=.

not.available.

Fertilizers

Loss to Deep Sediments

Nitrites Excretion

Decay

Organic Plant ‘N’

Organic Animal ‘N’

Organic Nitrogen

as Amino Acids Aerial N2

NH2Ammonia

Nitrates Denitrifying Bacteria

figure . Nitrogen.cycle (Source:.Spellman,.1996,.p 12).

Protoplasm synthesis

Bones, teeth

Excretion Phosphatizing Bacteria Volcanic apatite Erosion

Loss to deep sediments

Phosphate rocks, guano deposits and fossil bone deposits

Shallow marine sediments

Organic ‘P’

Bacteria Plants Animals

figure . The.phosphorous.cycle (Source:.Spellman,.1996,.p 14).

Pathogens are disease-causing organisms (bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, and algae) Both.

manure and animal carcasses can be sources of pathogens in the environment (Juranek, 1995)

aque-able.organic.bacterial.food.and.no.toxic.matter,.the.COD.values.correlate.with.BOD.values.

reported Bod and Cod Concentrations for manures and domestic sewage

Important point:.Of.greater.concern.than.the.presence.of.antibiotics.in.animal.manure.is.

the.development of.antibiotic-resistant.pathogens Use.of.antibiotics.in.raising.animals,

resistant.pathogens.are.emerging,.along.with.strains.that.are.growing.more.resistant Nor-mally,.about.2%.of.a.bacterial.population.is.resistant.to.a.given.antibiotic;.however,.up

Important point:.In.1995,.an.irrigation.pond.and.three.streams.in.the.Conestoga.River.

watershed near the Chesapeake Bay had both estrogen and testosterone present All of

. manure PolluTanTs: surfaCe WaTer ConTaminaTion

Pollutants found in animal manure can reach surface water by several mechanisms These can

be characterized as either surface discharges or other discharges Surface discharges can result

Numerous such dry-weather discharges have been identified For example, the ODNR

doc-umented.chicken.manure traveling through tile.drains.into a.nearby stream.in.several.instances

Important point:.Understanding.the.connection.between.groundwater.and.surface.water.

is important when developing surface water protection strategies, because groundwater

peake.Bay.region.takes.an.average.of.10.to.20.years.to.reach.the.bay;.thus,.it.may.take.sev-eral.decades.to.realize.the.full.effect.of.pollutant.additions.or.reductions.(ASCE,.1998)

moves.much.more.slowly.than.does.surface.water For.example,.groundwater.in.the.Chesa-... discharge to air and subsequent deposition

Important point:.“Nitrate-N.in.streams.originates.from.a.variety.of.sources Agricultural.

sources include nitrogen fertilizer, animal manure, mineralization of soil nitrogen and

nitrogen-fixing.crops Other.sources.include.human.waste.from.sewage.treatment.plants,

trial.processes”.(Rodecap,.2002,.p 1)

Important point: In the field of water quality chemistry, phosphorus is described by.

several terms Some of these terms are chemistry-based (referring to chemically-based

compounds),.and.others.are.methods-based.(describing.what.is.measured.by.a.particular

method)

Orthophosphate.is.a.chemistry-based.term.that.refers.to.the.phosphate.molecule.all.by.itself

Reactive phosphorus.is.a.corresponding.method-based.term.that.describes.what.is.actually.being

measured when the test.for.orthophosphate.is.being performed Because the lab.procedure.isn’t

quite.perfect,.mostly.orthophosphate.is.obtained.along.with.a.small.fraction.of.some.other.forms

More complex inorganic phosphate compounds are referred to as condensed phosphates or.

polyphosphates The.method-based.term.for.these.forms.is.acid hydrolysable.(Spellman.&.Drinan,.

Solids.can.increase.turbidity.and.impact.benthic.organisms Nutrients.contribute.to.eutro-phication.is.also.a.factor.in.blooms.of.toxic.algae.and.other.toxic.microorganisms,.such.

Taste,.odor,.and.water.treatment.problemsOxygen.depletion

Increased.incidence.of.fish.killsLoss.of.desirable.fish.speciesReductions.in.harvestable.fish.and.shellfishDecreases.in.aesthetic.value.of.the.waterbody.(Carpenter.et.al.,.1998)The.type.of.waterbody.impacted.may.dictate.which.nutrient.(nitrogen.or.phosphorus).will.have

agents are responsible for the majority of human disease outbreaks from water-based exposure.

 Environmental Management of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs)

TaBle .

selected diseases and Parasites Transmittable to humans from animal manure*

disease responsible organism symptoms

Bacteria

Anthrax. Bacillus anthracis Skin.sores,.fever,.chills,.lethargy,.headaches,.nausea,.

vomiting,.shortness.of.breath,.cough,.nose.and.throat.

congestion,.pneumonia,.joint.stiffness,.joint.pain Brucellosis. Brucella abortus, Brucella

melitensis, Brucella suis

Weakness,.lethargy,.fever,.chills,.sweating,.headache Colibaciliosis. Escherichia coli.(some.serotypes) Diarrhea,.abdominal.gas

Coliform.mastitismetritis. Escherichia coli.(some.serotypes) Diarrhea,.abdominal.gas

Erysipelas. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Skin.inflammation,.rash,.facial.swelling,.fever,.chills,.

sweating,.joint.stiffness,.muscle.aches,.headache,.

nausea,.vomiting Leptospirosis. Leptospira pomona Abdominal.pain,.muscle.pain,.vomiting,.fever

Listeriosis. Listeria monocytogenes Fever,.fatigue,.nausea,.vomiting,.diarrhea

Salmonellosis. Salmonella species Abdominal.pain,.diarrhea,.nausea,.chills,.fever,.

headaches Tetanus. Clostridium tetani Violent.muscle.spasms,.“lockjaw”.spasms.of.jaw.

muscles,.difficulty.breathing Tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis,

joint.pain,.joint.stiffness Ringworm. Various.Microsporum and.

Trichophyton

Itching,.rash

Protozoa

Balantidiasis. Balatidium coli Diarrhea,.abdominal.gas

Coccidiosis. Eimeria species

Cryptosporidiosis. Cryptosporidium parvum Watery.diarrhea,.dehydration,.weakness,.abdominal.

cramping Giardiasis. Giardia lamblia Diarrhea,.abdominal.pain,.abdominal.gas,.nausea,.

vomiting,.headache,.fever Toxoplamosis. Toxoplasma species Headaches,.lethargy,.seizures,.reduce.cognitive.function

Parasites/metazoa

Ascariasis. Ascaris lumbricoides Worms.in.stool.or.vomit,.fever,.cough,.abdominal.pain,.

bloody.sputum,.wheezing,.skin.rash,.shortness.of.breath

selected diseases and Parasites Transmittable to humans from animal manure*

disease responsible organism symptoms

Sarcocystiasis. Sarcosystis species Fever,.diarrhea,.abdominal.pain

outbreaks associated with recreational water surface ground natural Pool/Park

because.Cryptosporidium parvum is.resistant.to.conventional.treatment.

Escherichia coli.is.another.important.cause.of.bacterial.waterborne.infection.in.untreated.and

May.2000,.an.outbreak.of.Escherichia coli 0157.H7.in.Walkerton,.Ontario,.resulted.in.at.least.seven.

deaths and 1,000 cases of intestinal problems; public health officials theorize that one possible

Chino Basin from local dairies is over 1,500 tons per year, and the cost to remove that salt by.

drinking water treatment systems ranges from $320 to $690 for every ton (USEPA, 1993b) At

tension, depression, and fatigue (Schiffman et al., 1995) Odor also has the potential for vector.

attraction and affects property values Additionally, many of the odor-causing compounds can

facility reported more physical and mental health symptoms than a control group (Thu, 1998)

These symptoms included chronic bronchitis, hyperactive airways, mucus membrane irritation,

headaches,.nausea,.tension,.anger,.fatigue,.and.confusion

Abt Associates, Inc 1993 Human Health Risk Assessment for the Use and Disposal of Sewage Sludge:

Benefits of Regulation Prepared for Health and Ecological Criteria Division, Office of Science and.

Technology,.Office.of.Water,.U.S Environmental.Protection.Agency January.

Addis, P.G., Blaha, T., Crooker, B., Diez, F., Feirtag, J., Goyal, S., Greaves, I., Hathaway, M., Janni, K.,.

Kirkhorn,.S.,.Moon,.R.,.Morse,.D.E.,.Phillips,.C.,.Reneau,.J.,.Shutske,.J.,.and.Wells,.S 1999 Generic

Environmental Impact Statement on Animal Agriculture: A Summary of the Literature Related to the

Effects of Animal Agriculture on Human Health (K) Prepared.for.the.Environmental.Quality.Board.by.

ASAE 1997 Manure Production and Characteristics ASAE.D384.1.(ASAE.Standards).

ASAE.1999 Manure Production and Characteristics ASAE.D384.1.(ASAE.Standards).

ASCE,.1998 The Chesapeake Bay Experience Reiton,.VA:.American.Society.of.Chemical.Engineers.

Atwood,.DK.,.Bratkovich,.A.,.Gallagher,.M.,.&.Hitchcock.G (eds) 1994 Introduction.to.the.dedicated.issue

Estuaries.17(4):729–911.

Behm,.D 1989 Ill.waters:.The.fouling.of.Wisconsin’s.lakes.and.streams The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel

Special.report:.a.series.of.articles.published.November.5–10.

Bodek,.I.,.Lyman,.W.J.,.Reehl,.W.F.,.&.Rosenblatt,.D.(eds.) 1988 Environmental Inorganic Chemistry:

Prop-erties, Processes, and Estimation Methods..New.York:.Pergamon.Press.

Casman, E.A 1996 Chemical and Microbiological Consequences of Anaerobic Digestion of Livestock

Manure., A Literature Review. Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin ICPRB Report.

 Environmental Management of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs)

Fey,.P.D.,.Safranek,.T.J.,.Rupp,.M.E.,.Dunn,.E F.,.Ribot,.E.,.Iwen,.P.C.,.Bradford,.P.A.,.Angulo,.F.J.,.&.Hin-richs,.S.H 2000 Ceftriaxone-resistant.salmonella.infection.acquired.by.a.child.from.cattle The New

England Journal of Medicine.342(17):1242–1249 April.27

Follet,.R.R 1995 Fate and transport of nutrients:

Himathongkham, S., Bahari, S Riemann, H., & Cliver, D 1999 Survival of Escherichia coli 0157:H7.

and Salmonella typhimurium in cow manure and cow manure slurry FEMS Microbiology Letters

Jackson,.G.,.Keeney,.D.,.Curwen,.D.,.&.Webendorfer,.B 1987 Agricultural management practices to

mini-mize groundwater contamination University.of.Wisconsin.Environmental.Resources.Center July.

Juranek,.D.D 1995 Cryptosporidiosis:.Sources.of.infection.and.guidelines.for.prevention Clin Infect Dis

21(Suppl 1):S57–61.

Kudva,.I.,.Blanch,.K.,.&.Hovde,.C 1998 Analysis.of.Escherichia coli.0157:H7.survival.in.ovine.or.bovine.

manure.and.manure.slurry Appl Environ Microbiol 64(9):3166–3174.

LeChevallier,.M.W.,.Norton,.W.D.,.&.Lee,.R.G 1991 Occurrence.of.Giardia.and.Cryptosporidium.spp in.

surface.water.supplies Appl Environ Microbiol 57(9):2610–2616.

Lee, W., Li, Z, Vakulenko, S., & Mobashery, S 2000 A light-activated antibiotic J Med Chem

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Meyer, M 1994 How common is methemoglobinemia from nitrate contaminated wells? A South Dakota.

perspective Paper presented at the 39th Annual Midwest Groundwater Conference, Bismarck, ND

Price,.D 1999 The.latest.on.E coli.0157:H7 Beef Magazine,.November.

Proulx,.A 1992 That Old Ace in the Hole New.York:.Scribner.

Nutri-ents and Pathogens from Animal Agriculture Proceedings of a Conference for Nutrient Management

Consultants, Extension Educators, and Producer Advisors

Spellman,.F.R 1996 Stream Ecology and Self-Purification Boca.Raton:.CRC.Press.

Spellman,.F.R 1998 The Science of Environmental Pollution Boca.Raton:.CRC.Press.

Spellman,.F.R and.Drinan,.J.,.2000 Stream Ecology and Self-Purifications Boca.Raton:.CRC.Press.

Stanley,.K.,.Cunningham,.R.,.&.Jones,.K 1998 Isolation.of.Campylobacter jejuni.from.groundwater,.J Appl

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Animal Waste Pollutants 9

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