Environmental Management of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) - Chapter 4 doc

0 Environmental Management of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations CAFOs.. market weight lb/birdmortality rate % mortality rate lb/d annual capital cost per house $ annual operating

Manure.storages.often.must.take.into.consideration.separation distance requirements Specific.

requirements vary by site and can be determined by checking with local and state authorities

4.2.4  S lurry  P iTS or  T anKS

Unroofed slurry pits and tanks are fabricated tanks constructed with concrete or coated metal

Waste Management Field

Handbook.(AWMFH).(NRCS,.1992) In.particular,.much.of.the.data.con-tained.within.our.virtual.assessment.is.based.on.the.NRCS’s.Costs Associated with Development

and Implementation of Comprehensive Nutrient Management Plan.(CNMP;.NRCS,.2005)]

0 Environmental Management of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs)

1 Essentially.no.storage,.frequent.spreading

2 Solids.storage.(typically.outside,.separate.from.pens,.but.may.include.some.manure.pack

and.dry.lot.conditions);.no.appreciable.liquid.storage 3 Liquid.to.slurry.storage.in.deep.pit.or.aboveground.tank;.some.solids.storage;.no.earthen

basins,.ponds,.or.lagoons;.typically.less.than.monthly.spreading 4 Primarily.liquid.manure.stored.in.basin,.pond,.or.lagoon;.some.solids.storage.for.outside

areas;.typically.less.than.monthly.spreading 5 Liquid.system.(any.combination.of.3.and.4);.primarily.used.in.the.West.and.Southeast;

tor.scrape/hand.clean) 5 Pasture.or.lot.with.or.without.hut

model farms for other Confined liestock Types

waterways)Liquid.treatment.(small.dairies)Collection.and.transfer.(including.solids,.liquid,.contaminated.runoff,.and.pumping)Settling.basins

Solids.storageLiquid.storageSlurry.storageRunoff.storage.pondsCost.estimates.for.conservation.practices.for.pastured.livestock.are.included.in.the.manure.han-

dling.and.storage.element Components.for.farms.with.pastured.livestock.types.include:

FencingWater.wellWatering.facilityHeavy.use.area.protectionWindbreak.or.shelter.break.establishmentSolids.storage

market weight (lb/bird)

mortality rate (%)

mortality rate (lb/d)

annual capital cost per house ($)

annual operating cost per house ($)

Manure Storage 09

Needs.for.mortality.management.for.poultry.were.judged.to.be.lower.for.larger.operations.and

higher.for.turkey.operations Needs.were.assigned.as.follows:

45%.for.broiler.and.pullet.farms.with.less.than.220.AU15%.for.broiler.and.pullet.farms.with.more.than.220.AU45%.for.layer.farms.with.less.than.400.AU

15%.for.layer.farms.with.more.than.400.AU60%.for.turkey.farms.with.less.than.220.AU30%.for.turkey.farms.with.more.than.220.AU

... swine

Estimates.of.mortality.management.costs.for.swine.were.based.on.a.composting.facility.consisting

of.a.concrete.pad.with.walls.constructed.of.large,.round.bales;.a.tarp.cover;.and.a.fence.to.keep

animals out Included in the system are a carcass cutter and grinder (Costs for this system are

described.by.Ken.Foster.in.Cost Analysis of Swine Mortality Composting,.Purdue.University Last.

were.based.on.data.taken.from.Iowa.State.University’s Beef Feedlot Systems Manual Last.accessed.

$35,600.per.750-head.operation,.or.$34.per.head The.amortized.annual.cost.is.$5.per.head

Most.operations.typically.have.addressed.this.component.as.a.part.of.their.existing.management

systems,.so.needs.were.judged.to.be.comparatively.low:

15%.for.fattened.cattle.farms.with.a.scrape-and-stack.operation30%.for.confined.heifer.farms.with.a.scrape-and-stack.operation30%.for.the.smaller,.fattened.cattle.farms.with.manure.pack5%.for.the.larger,.fattened.cattle.farms.with.manure.pack

4.3.3  C lean  w aTer  D iverSionS

40%.for.all.other.dairies

... earthen Berms with underground Pipe outlets

This type of clean water diversion was used for fattened cattle operations with a manure pack

method of managing waste, as well as for all dairy operations These operations generally take

Pipe cost per foot ($)

number

of 0-foot berms

Berm cost ($)

Total cost installed ($)

Cost per animal ($)

annual cost per animal ($)

40%.for.dairy.representative.farm.#420%.for.dairy.representative.farm.#5.in.Southeast.and.in.West.with.<.270.AU10%.for.dairy.representative.farm.#5.in.West.with.>.270.AU

number

of animals

linear feet

of waterway acres

Total cost installed ($)

Cost per animal ($)

annual cost per animal ($)

than.270.AU40%.for.dairy.representative.farm.#5.(liquid.system.with.lagoon.or.storage.pond).with.less

than.270.AU20%.for.dairy.representative.farm.#4.or.#5.with.more.than.270.AU

 Environmental Management of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs)

turkey.ranches.and.$1.28.per.animal.unit.for.swine Operational.needs.were.judged.to.be.compara-tively.high.for.these.farms,.as.follows:

50%.for.swine.representative.farm.#590%.for.turkey.ranches

Manure Storage 

60%.of.the.smaller.fattened.cattle.operations.with.manure.pack50%.of.the.larger.fattened.cattle.operations.with.manure.pack

... Pumping Transfer system

60%.for.swine.representative.farm.#455% for layer farms in the Southeast, West, and South Central regions with less than.

400.AU30%.for.layer.farms.in.the.Southeast,.West,.and.South.Central.regions.with.more.than

400.AU40%.for.layer.farms.in.the.North.Central.and.Northeast.regions.with.less.than.400.AU20%.for.layer.farms.in.the.North.Central.and.Northeast.regions.with.more.than.400.AU40%.for.broiler.farms.in.the.East.and.pullet.farms.in.the.North.with.less.than.440.AU50%.for.broiler.farms.in.the.West.and.turkey.farms.with.less.than.440.AU

60%.for.pullet.farms.in.the.South.and.West.with.less.than.440.AU25%.for.all.broiler.farms,.pullet.farms,.and.turkey.farms.with.more.than.440.AU

4.3.7  S Torage of  S lurry  w aSTeS , l iquiD  w aSTeS ,  anD  C onTaMinaTeD  r unoff

20%.for.swine.farm.#1.for.all.sizes.and.regionsAn.assumption.was.made.that.managements.of.a.portion.of.the.operations.would.choose.to

Per-unit Cost estimates for liquid storage

liestock type region

numbers animals per farm used to design pond

storage unit size (gal)

Total installation cost ($)

annual installation cost ($)

Cost per unit ($)

Source: Adapted.from.NRCS/USDA.(2004).

Manure Storage 

20%.for.dairy.farm.#3.in.the.Dairy.Belt.with.35.to.135.AU30%.for.dairy.farm.#3.in.the.Dairy.belt.with.135.to.270.AU40%.for.dairy.farm.#3.in.the.Dairy.Belt.with.more.than.270.AU30%.for.veal.farms

50%.for.swine.farm.#360%.for.swine.farm.#2Slurry.storage.facility.costs.were.estimated.in.the.same.manner.as.liquid.storage.ponds.and

Northeast.and.Midwest50% for fattened cattle farm #1 and confined heifer farm #2 (scrape and stack) in the

Southeast.and.West50%.for.swine.farms.#4.and.#5

Per-unit Cost estimate for slurry storage

liestock type region

numbers au per farm used

to design storage unit

storage unit size (gal)

Total installation cost ($)

annual installation cost ($)

Cost per unit ($)

Source: Adapted.From.NRCS/USDA.(2004).

Per-unit Cost estimate for runoff storage Ponds

liestock type region

numbers au per farm used to design pond

Pond size (gal)

Total installation cost ($)

annual installation cost ($)

Cost per unit ($)

Fattened.cattle Northern.Plains 350 791,552 17,414 2,595 7.41.per.AU

Fattened.cattle Northern.Plains 750 1,608,964 28,961 4,316 5.75.per.AU

Fattened.cattle Central.Plains 750 1,673,838 30,129 4,490 5.99.per.AU

Fattened.cattle Central.Plains 1,500 3,321,639 49,825 7,425 4.95.per.AU

Turkeys West.other.than.

California.

Source: Adapted.from.NRCS/USDA.(2004).

storage

olume

size of concrete bottom ($)

Total cost ($)

annual cost ($)

break/Shelterbelt.Establishment.(2000),.the.purposes.of.planting.windbreaks.and.shelter-to.reduce.soil.erosion.from.windto.protect.plants.from.wind-related.damage

 Environmental Management of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs)

to.alter.the.microenvironment.for.enhancing.plant.growthto.manage.snow.deposition

to.provide.shelter.for.structures,.livestock,.and.recreational.areasto.enhance.wildlife.habitat.by.providing.travel.corridors

to.provide.living.noise.screensto.provide.living.visual.screensto.provide.living.barriers.against.airborne.chemical.driftto.delineate.property.and.field.boundaries

to.improve.irrigation.efficiencyto.enhance.aesthetics

to.increase.carbon.storageThe.criteria.used.to.determine.the.size.and.type.of.protection.needed.were.based.on.NRCS

Conservation.Practice.Standard.Windbreak/Shelterbelt Establishment (Code.380).(NRCS,.2000)

The annual average cost for the manure handling and storage element was estimated to be.

was.for.fattened.cattle.farms,.at.$9,112.per.farm,.and.for.turkey.farms,.at.$7,940.per.farm,.reflecting

the.larger.number.of.AU.per.farm.for.these.two.types.of.farms Dairy.farms.had.the.highest.cost

per.AU.at.$22.per.milk.cow.animal.unit Swine.farms.had.the.next.highest.cost.per.AU.at.$18.per

swine.AU

Costs differed most by farm size (Table 4.6) Large farms (producing more than 10 tons of

phosphorus annually) had an average annual cost of $15,167 per farm, compared to an average

annual manure handling and storage Cost per farm, by liestock Type and farm size

dominant liestock type or

farm size class

number

of farms

au for dominant liestock type

au for other liestock type

Capital costs ($)**

operating costs ($)**

maintenance costs ($)**

Total costs ($)

Cost per au of dominant liestock type ($)

operating costs ($)

maintenance costs ($)

Total costs ($)

USDA/APHIS 1999 Part.I,.reference.of.1999.table.egg.layer.management.in.the.U.S Natl Animal Health

USDA/ERS 2000 Data.from.the.1998.agricultural.resource.management.survey,.hogs.production.practices.

and.costs.and.returns.report Unpublished.

USEPA 2000 State.compendium:.Programs.and.regulatory.activities.related.to.animal.feeding.operations

Office.Waste.Management.