Handbook of Ecological Indicators for Assessment of Ecosystem Health - Chapter 1 pot

Jørgensen 1.1 The Role of Ecosystem Health Assessment in Environmental Management 1.2 The Conceptual Flow in This Volume References Chapter 2 Application of Indicators for the Assessment

Handbook of

Edited by

Sven E Jørgensen Robert Costanza

Fu-Liu Xu

Ecological

Ecosystem

Health

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Handbook of ecological indicators for assessment of ecosystem health / edited

by Sven E Jørgensen, Robert Costanza, Fu-Liu Xu.

p cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 1-56670-665-3

1 Ecosystem health 2 Environmental indicators I Jørgensen, Sven Erik,

1934 II Costanza, Robert III Xu, Fu-Liu IV Title.

QH541.15.E265H36 2005

577.27 dc22 2004015982

The Editors

Sven Erik Jørgensen is professor of environmental chemistry at the Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences He has doctorates in engineering from Karlsruhe University and sciences from Copenhagen University He has been editor in chief of Ecological Modelling since the journal started in 1975 He is chairman of the International Lake Environment Committee He has edited or authored 58 books in Danish and English and written 300 papers of which two-thirds have been published in peer-reviewed international journals He was the first person to receive the Prigogine Award in 2004 for his outstanding work in the use thus far of equilibrium thermodynamics on ecosystems He has also received the prestigious Stockholm Water Prize for his outstanding contribu-tion to a global disseminacontribu-tion of ecological modeling and ecological manage-ment of aquatic ecosystems, mainly lakes and wetlands

Robert Costanza is Gordon Gund professor of ecological economics and director of the Gund Institute for Ecological Economics in the Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources at the University of Vermont His research interests include: landscape-level integrated spatial simulation modeling; analysis of energy and material flows through economic and ecological systems; valuation of ecosystem services, biodiversity, and natural capital; and analysis of dysfunctional incentive systems and ways to correct them He is the author or co-author of over 350 scientific papers and 18 books His work has been cited in more than 2000 scientific articles since 1987 and more than 100 interviews and reports on his work have appeared in various popular media

Fu-Liu Xu is an associate professor at the College of Environmental Sciences, Peking University, China He was a guest professor at the Research Center for Environmental Quality Control (RCRQC), Kyoto University, from August

2003 to January 2004; and at the Research Center for Environmental Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), from August to October 2001 He

is a member of the editorial boards for two international journals He received his Ph.D from Royal Danish University of Pharmacy in 1998 His research fields include system ecology and ecological modeling, ecosystem health and ecological indicators, ecosystem planning and management

Chapter 1

Introduction

S.E Jørgensen

1.1 The Role of Ecosystem Health Assessment in Environmental

Management

1.2 The Conceptual Flow in This Volume

References

Chapter 2

Application of Indicators for the Assessment of Ecosystem Health

S.E Jørgensen, F.-L Xu, F Salas, and J.C Marques

2.1 Criteria for the Selection of Ecological Indicators for EHA

2.2 Classification of Ecosystem Health Indicators

2.2.1 Level 1

2.2.2 Level 2

2.2.3 Level 3

2.2.4 Level 4

2.2.5 Level 5

2.2.6 Level 6

2.2.7 Level 7

2.2.8 Level 8

2.3 Indices Based on Indicator Species

2.3.1 Bellan’s Pollution Index

2.3.2 Pollution Index Based on Ampiphoids

2.3.3 AMBI

2.3.4 Bentix

2.3.5 Macrofauna Monitoring Index

2.3.6 Benthic Response Index

2.3.7 Conservation Index

2.4 Indices Based on Ecological Strategies

2.4.1 Nematodes/Copepods Index

2.4.2 Polychaetes/Amphipods Index

2.4.3 Infaunal Index

2.4.4 Feldman Index

2.5 Indices Based on the Diversity Value

2.5.1 Shannon–Wiener Index

2.5.2 Pielou Evenness Index

2.5.3 Margalef Index

2.5.4 Berger–Parker Index

2.5.5 Simpson Index

2.5.6 Deviation from the Log-Normal Distribution

2.5.7 K-Dominance Curves

2.5.8 Average Taxonomic Diversity

2.5.9 Average Taxonomic Distinctness

2.6 Indicators Based on Species Biomass and Abundance

2.6.1 ABC Method

2.7 Indicators Integrating All Environment Information

2.7.1 Trophic Index

2.7.2 Coefficient of Pollution

2.7.3 Benthic Index of Environmental Condition

2.7.4 B-IBI

2.7.5 Biotic Integrity (IBI) for Fishes

2.7.6 Fish Health Index (FHI)

2.7.7 Estuarine Ecological Index (EBI)

2.7.8 Estuarine Fish Importance Rating (FIR)

2.8 Presentation and Definition of Level 7 and 8 Indicators — Holistic Indicators

2.9 An Overview of Applicable Ecological Indicators for EHA 2.10 EHA: Procedures

2.10.1 Direct Measurement Method (DMM)

2.10.2 Ecological Model Method (EMM)

2.10.3 Ecosystem Health Index Method (EHIM)

2.11 An Integrated, Consistent Ecosystem Theory That Can Be Applied as the Theoretical Basis for EHA

References

Appendix A

Chapter 3

Application of Ecological Indicators to Assess Environmental Quality in Coastal Zones and Transitional Waters: Two Case Studies

J.C Marques, F Salas, J.M Patrı´cio, and M.A Pardal

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Brief Review on the Application of Ecological Indicators in Ecosystems of Coastal and Transitional Waters

3.2.1 Indicators Based on Species Presence vs Absence

3.2.2 Biodiversity as Reflected in Diversity Measures

3.2.3 Indicators Based on Ecological Strategies

3.2.4 Indicators Based on Species Biomass and

Abundance

3.2.5 Indicators Accounting for the Whole Environmental Information

3.2.6 Thermodynamically Oriented and Network

Analysis-Based Indicators

3.3 How to Choose the Most Adequate Indicator?

3.4 Case Studies: Subtidal Benthic Communities in the Mondego Estuary (Atlantic Coast of Portugal) and Mar Menor

(Mediterranean Coast of Spain)

3.4.1 Study Areas and Type of Data Utilized

3.4.2 Selected Ecological Indicators

3.4.3 Summary of Results

3.4.3.1 Mondego Estuary

3.4.3.2 Mar Menor

3.5 Was the Use of the Selected Indicators Satisfactory in the Two Case Studies?

3.5.1 Application of Indicators Based on the Presence

vs Absence of Species: AMBI

3.5.2 Indices Based on Ecologic Strategies:

Polychaetes/Amphipods Ratio

3.5.3 Biodiversity as Reflected in Diversity Measures:

Margalef and Shannon–Wienner Indices

3.5.4 Indicators Based on Species Biomass

and Abundance: W statistic

3.5.5 Thermodynamically Oriented and Network

Analysis-Based Indicators: Exergy Index,

Specific Exergy and Ascendancy

3.5.5.1 Exergy and Specific Exergy

3.5.5.2 Ascendancy

3.5.6 Brief Conclusions

References

Chapter 4

Development and Application of Ecosystem Health Indicators in the North American Great Lakes Basin

H Shear, P Bertram, C Forst, and P Horvatin

4.1 Introduction

4.1.1 Background on the Great Lakes Basin

4.1.2 Indicator Selection

4.1.3 Definition of the Selected Indicators

4.2 General Considerations

4.2.1 Ecological Description of the Great Lakes Basin

4.2.1.1 Toxic Contaminants

4.2.1.2 Land Use

4.2.1.3 Invasive Species

4.2.1.4 Habitat Status Including Wetlands

4.2.1.5 Lake Ecology

4.2.1.6 Nutrients

4.2.2 Data Collection Methods

4.3 Results

4.3.1 State Indicators — Complete

4.3.1.1 Hexagenia

4.3.1.2 Wetland Dependent Bird Diversity

and Abundance 4.3.1.3 Area, Quality and Protection of

Alvar Communities 4.3.2 State Indicators — Incomplete

4.3.2.1 Native Freshwater Mussels

4.3.3 Pressure Indicators — Complete

4.3.3.1 Phosphorus Concentrations and Loadings 4.3.3.2 Contaminants in Colonial Nesting Waterbirds 4.3.3.3 Contaminants in Edible Fish Tissue

4.3.4 Pressure Indicators — Incomplete

4.3.4.1 Mass Transportation

4.3.4.2 Escherichia Coli and Fecal Coliform Levels in

Nearshore Recreational Waters 4.3.5 Response Indicators — Incomplete

4.3.5.1 Citizen/Community Place-Based Stewardship

Activities 4.4 Discussion

4.4.1 Land Use

4.4.2 Habitat Degradation

4.4.3 Climate Change

4.4.4 Toxic Contamination

4.4.5 Indicator Development

4.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 5

Application of Ecological and Thermodynamic Indicators for the Assessment of Lake Ecosystem Health

F.-L Xu

5.1 Introduction

5.1.1 Ecosystem Type and Problem

5.1.2 The Chapter’s Focus

5.2 Methodologies

5.2.1 A Theoretical Frame

5.2.2 Development of Indicators

5.2.2.1 The Procedure for Developing Indicators 5.2.2.2 Lake Data for Developing Indicators

5.2.2.3 Responses of Lake Ecosystems to

Chemical Stresses

5.2.2.4 Indicators for Lake Ecosystem Health

Assessment 5.2.3 Calculations for Some Indicators

5.2.3.1 Calculations of Exergy and Structural Exergy 5.2.3.2 Calculation of Buffer Capacity

5.2.3.3 Calculation of Biodiversity

5.2.3.4 Calculations of Other Indicators

5.2.4 Methods for Lake Ecosystem Health Assessment

5.3 Case Studies

5.3.1 Case 1: Ecosystem Health Assessment for

Italian Lakes Using EHIM

5.3.1.1 Selecting Assessment Indicators

5.3.1.2 Calculating Sub-EHIs

5.3.1.2.1 EHI(BA) Calculation 5.3.1.2.2 EHI(BZ), EHI(BZ/BA), EHI(Ex) and

EHI(Exst) Calculations 5.3.1.3 Determining Weighting Factors (!i)

5.3.1.4 Assessing Ecosystem Health Status for

Italian Lakes 5.3.1.4.1 EHI and Standards for Italian Lakes 5.3.1.4.2 Ecosystem Health Status

5.3.2 Case 2: Ecosystem Health Assessment for

Lake Chao Using DMM and EMM

5.3.2.1 Assessment Using Direct Measurement Method

(DMM) 5.3.2.2 Assessment Using Ecological Model

Method (EMM) 5.3.2.2.1 The Analysis of Lake Ecosystem

Structure 5.3.2.2.2 The Establishment of a Lake Ecological

Model 5.3.2.2.3 The Calibration of the Ecological

Model 5.3.2.2.4 The Calculation of Ecosystem Health

Indicators 5.3.2.2.5 The Assessment of Lake

Ecosystem Health 5.4 Discussions

5.4.1 About Assessment Results

5.4.1.1 Assessment Results for Lake Chao

5.4.1.2 Assessment Results for Italian Lakes

5.4.2 About Assessment Indicators

5.4.3 About Assessment Methods

5.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 6

Ecosystem Health Assessment and Bioeconomic Analysis in Coastal Lagoons

J.M Zaldı´var, M Austoni, M Plus, G.A De Leo,

G Giordani, and P Viaroli

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Study Area: SaccaDIGoro

6.3 Simulation Models

6.3.1 Biogeochemical Model

6.3.2 Discrete Stage-Based Model of Tapes

Philippinarum

6.3.3 Ulva’s Harvesting Model

6.3.4 Cost/Benefit Model

6.3.5 Exergy Calculation

6.4 Results and Discussion

6.4.1 The Existing Situation

6.4.2 Harvesting Ulva Biomass

6.4.3 Reduction in Nutrient Inputs

6.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 7

Application of Ecological and Thermodynamic Indicators for the Assessment of the Ecosystem Health of Coastal Areas

S.E Jørgensen

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Results

7.3 Discussion

7.4 Conclusions

References

Chapter 8

Application of Ecological Indicators for Assessing Health of Marine Ecosystems

V Christensen and P Cury

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Indicators

8.2.1 Environmental and Habitat Indicators

8.2.2 Species-Based Indicators

8.2.3 Size-Based Indicators

8.2.4 Trophodynamic Indicators

8.3 Network Analysis

8.4 Primary Production Required to Sustain Fisheries

8.5 Fishing Down the Food Web

8.6 Fishing in Balance

8.7 Application of Indicators

8.7.1 Environmental and Habitat Indicators

8.7.2 Size-Based Indicators

8.7.3 Trophodynamic Indicators

8.8 Conclusion

References

Chapter 9

Using Ecological Indicators in a Whole-Ecosystem Wetland Experiment W.J Mitsch, N Wang, L Zhang, R Deal, X Wu, and A Zuwerink 9.1 Introduction

9.2 Methods

9.2.1 Site History

9.2.2 Macrophyte Community Index

9.2.3 Field Indicators

9.2.4 Similarity Index

9.3 Results

9.3.1 Macrophyte Community Diversity

9.3.2 Macrophyte Productivity

9.3.3 Algal Development

9.3.4 Macroinvertebrate Diversity

9.3.5 Water Chemistry

9.3.6 Nutrient Retention

9.3.7 Avian Use

9.3.8 Basin Similarity

9.4 Discussion

9.4.1 Community Diversity and Ecosystem Function

9.4.2 Productivity as the Independent Variable

9.4.3 Diversity at Different Levels

9.4.4 Aquatic Consumers

9.4.5 Replication and Experimental Scale

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 10

The Joint Use of Exergy and Emergy as Indicators of Ecosystems Performances

S Bastianoni, N Marchettini, F.M Pulselli, and M Rosini

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Exergy and Ecology

10.3 Emergy and Ecology

10.4 The Ratio of Exergy to Emergy Flow

10.5 The Ratio of
EX to
EM

References

Chapter 11

Application of Thermodynamic Indices to Agro-Ecosystems Y.M Svirezhev

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Simplified Energy and Entropy Balances in an Ecosystem 11.3 Entropy Overproduction as a Criterion of the Degradation

of Natural Ecosystems under Anthropogenic Pressure 11.4 What is a ‘‘Reference Ecosystem’’?

11.5 Agro-Ecosystem: The Limits of Agriculture

Intensification and its Entropy Cost

11.6 Concept of Sustainable Agriculture: the Thermodynamic Criterion

11.7 Soil Degradation: Thermodynamic Model

11.8 ‘‘Entropy Fee’’ for Intensive Agriculture

11.9 Hungarian Maize Agriculture

11.10 Agriculture in Northern Germany (Steinborn

and Svirezhev, 2000)

11.11 Agriculture in Sachsen-Anhalt (Eastern Germany) and the Dynamics of Entropy Overproduction

(Lindenschmidt et al., 2001)

References

Chapter 12

Ecosystem Indicators for the Integrated Management of Landscape Health and Integrity

F Mu¨ller

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Basic Principles for the Indicator Derivation

12.2.1 Ecosystem Theory — The Conceptual Background 12.2.2 Ecosystem Analysis — The Empirical Background 12.2.3 Ecosystem Health and Ecological Integrity — The

Normative Background

12.3 The Selected Indicator Set

12.4 Case Studies and Applications

12.4.1 Indicating Health and Integrity on the Ecosystem

Scale

12.4.2 Indicating Landscape Health

12.4.3 Application in Sustainable Landscape Management 12.5 Discussion and Conclusions

References