Đề tài triết học " Một số nội dung cơ bản của phạm trù “Hiếu” trong Nho giáo sơ kỳ " pps

Cagch so sagnh cog phZqn thXnng thXln nahy cuia Kh^rng TVi kh^ng h\q lahm giaim yg nghca cuia vi\kc nu^i dVTjng, k`nh trokng cha mek, mah cohn lahm cho vi\kc thVkc hahnh Rako hi\pu theo

h^ng thVThng, Nho giago tVh Kh^rng TVi

R\pn Maknh TVi, TuZn TVi RVTkc goki lah

Nho Ti\n TZqn, Nho giago nguy\n

thuyi hay Nho giago sT kyh, R\r phZn bi\kt vTgi

cagc bi\kt phagi cuia Nho giago v\q sau, nhV

Hagn Nho, T^png Nho, Minh Nho… Nho

giago sT kyh bahn nhi\qu v\q hi\pu R\s vah cujng

t^pn nhi\qu c^ng phu R\r giaing giaii, Rdnh roj

n^ki dung cuia hi\pu, nhVng kh^ng RVa ra

m^kt Rdnh nghca chung Tuyh theo tVhng

trVThng hTkp cuk th\r mah n^ki dung cuia hi\pu

RVTkc giaing giaii khagc nhau Song, tVku

trung laki, hi\pu trong quan ni\km cuia Nho

giago sT kyh cog nhVjng n^ki dung cT bain sau:

1 NuNi dHFWng, kOnh troXng cha meX

ThThi TZy Chu, hi\pu chui y\pu RVTkc

duhng nhV m^kt phakm truh cuia t^n giago R\r

chb vi\kc thVkc hi\kn nhVjng nguy\n tXlc thTh

cugng t^r ti\n vah duy tra RVTkc nohi gi^png n^pi

doji t^ng RVThng S\pn thThi Kh^rng TVi, yg

nghca t^n giago cuia hi\pu RVTkc Rem gXln li\qn

vTgi yg nghca luZn lyg, Rako RVgc gia t^kc Cujng

tVh RZy trTi Ri, cagc quan h\k, phakm truh Rako

RVgc (trong Rog cog quan h\k cha mek - con cagi,

phakm truh hi\pu) thVThng bd ch`nh trd hoag

Cagc nhah cZqm quy\qn thVThng kh^n khego

chuy\rn hi\pu thahnh trung R\r bi\pn trung,

hi\pu thahnh c^ng cuk phukc vuk cho n\qn th^png

trd cuia manh Nhan chung, trong xaj h^ki

phong ki\pn lugc bZpy giTh, hi\pu Rako, vTgi n^ki hahm r^kng hTn bain chZpt cuia ch`nh nog, RVTkc coi lah cT sTi tinh thZqn cuia xaj h^ki, duy tra sVk

^rn Rdnh cuia ch\p R^k gia t^kc

S\pn thThi XuZn thu - Chi\pn qu^pc, ch\p R^k t^ng phagp TZy Chu tan raj khi\pn cho vd tr` vah quy\qn lVkc cuia Raki t^ng bd giaim Ri, vd tr` R^kc lZkp cuia ti\ru gia Ranh RVTkc xagc lZkp, phuk quy\qn trong ti\ru gia Ranh RVTkc R\q cao B\n caknh Rog, yg thVgc xaj h^ki cujng Raj phZqn naho RVTkc lyg t`nh hoag, con ngVThi kh^ng cohn quag l\k thu^kc, sTk haji cagc y\pu t^p si\u nhi\n, quyi thZqn m^kt cagch muh quagng Chdu ainh hVTing cuia Ri\qu ki\kn xaj h^ki Rog, tuy Kh^rng TVi kh^ng bagc boi, phui Rdnh hoakt R^kng t\p t^r t^ng theo nghca hi\pu Rako lah truy hi\pu, song

^ng coi Rako hi\pu trVTgc h\pt lah luZn lyg gia Ranh vah vi\kc phukng dVTjng cha mek lah tZpt y\pu theo Rugng chuZrn mVkc luZn lyg Rako RVgc Kh^rng TVi vah cagc hokc troh cuia ^ng R\qu khXnng Rdnh rXmng, tragch nhi\km cuia ngVThi lahm con lah phaii phukng dVTjng cha mek, nhVng nu^i mah kh^ng k`nh tha kh^ng phaii

lah bago hi\pu Cho n\n, trong thi\n Vi chOnh, khi TVi Du hoii v\q Rako hi\pu, Kh^rng

TVi nogi: “Ngahy nay, thZpy ai cog th\r nu^i

M

M TT SS  N N II D DU UN NG G C C  B BA AN N C CU UA A P PH HA AM M TTR RU U ¹¹H HIIU Uºº

TTR RO ON NG G N NH HO O G GIIA AO O SS  K KYY

TR(N TH" LAN HNG(*) TRI&U QUANG MINH(**)

BaUi viM\t trPnh baUy bN\n nNXi dung cF baVn cuVa phaXm truU hiM\u trong Nho giaTo sF kyU ThHT nhK\t, vM] nuNi dHFWng, kOnh troXng cha meX, KhN^ng THV vaU caTc hoXc troU cuVa Nng DM]u cho rIZng, trong sHX baTo hiM\u cuVa ngHFUi con DN\i vFTi cha meX, nuNi dHFWng phaVi Di liM]n vFTi kOnh troXng ThHT hai, giHW gPn thKn thM^ mPnh DM^ nuNi chO hHFTng cuVa Nng cha cuWng laU sHX baTo hiM\u caTc bKXc sinh thaUnh ThHT ba, laUm con thP phaVi vKng lFUi cha meX, nhHng khi cha meX sai lK]m thP con cuWng phaVi biM\t can ngIn ThHT tH, hiM\u khNng chQ thM^ hiMXn FV loUng kOnh yMu khi cha meX coUn sN\ng, maU coUn thM^ hiMXn FV loUng tiM\c thHFng vaU viMXc haUnh lM_ khNng cK^u thaV, khNng thaTi quaT cuVa ngHFUi con khi cha meX qua DFUi

(*) Thakc sc, TrVThng Saki hokc Moi - Sda chZpt.

(**) Thakc sc, Hokc vi\kn Ch`nh trd - Hahnh ch`nh khu vVkc I.

dVTjng RVTkc cha mek, tha ngVThi ta goki lah cog

hi\pu NhVng R\pn nhV gi^png chog ngVka tha

ngVThi ta cujng nu^i RVTkc vZky Cho n\n n\pu

kh^ng cog lohng hi\pu k`nh cha mek trong khi

nu^i dVTjng, tha nu^i cha mek vah nu^i chog

ngVka cog ga khagc nhau?”(1) Nghca lah, R^pi

vTgi cha mek, ngVThi cog c^ng sinh thahnh

dVTjng dukc manh, ngVThi con phaii cog tragch

nhi\km nu^i dVTjng cha mek khi cha mek giah

y\pu NhVng, vi\kc thVkc hi\kn tragch nhi\km

Zpy phaii gXln li\qn vTgi m^kt tZm yg k`nh trokng

Sog cujng lah Ri\rm khagc bi\kt giVja cagch R^pi

xVi cuia con ngVThi vTgi con ngVThi vah con

ngVThi vTgi con vZkt Cagch so sagnh cog phZqn

thXnng thXln nahy cuia Kh^rng TVi kh^ng h\q

lahm giaim yg nghca cuia vi\kc nu^i dVTjng,

k`nh trokng cha mek, mah cohn lahm cho vi\kc

thVkc hahnh Rako hi\pu theo Rugng nghca cuia

nog trTi n\n rZpt thVkc SVk th^png nhZpt giVja

hahnh R^kng vah tV duy khi\pn cho vi\kc lahm

trohn Rako hi\pu kh^ng RTn thuZqn lah hoahn

thahnh tragch nhi\km, mah hTn th\p, Rog lah m^kt

vi\kc xuZpt phagt tVh tanh caim y\u thVTng,

trZn trokng cuia ngVThi con R^pi vTgi cha mek

Vi\kc Kh^rng TVi gXln li\qn n\pt hi\pu vTgi n\pt

R\s (k`nh trokng) cho thZpy ^ng rZpt R\q cao cagi

g^pc R\r lahm ngVThi TZpt nhi\n, theo tV tVTing

cuia Kh^rng TVi, k`nh kh^ng chb lah k`nh

trokng cha mek, mah cohn lah k`nh nhVThng bZkc

huynh trVTing, tVgc ngVThi lTgn tu^ri hTn

manh Song, chb ri\ng tV tVTing gXln k\pt

vi\kc nu^i dVTjng vTgi vi\kc k`nh trokng cha

mek cuia Kh^rng TVi cujng Raj Rui R\r khi\pn cho

nhVjng ngVThi lahm con phaii suy ngZsm laki sVk

R^pi xVi cuia manh R^pi vTgi cha mek

Kh^ng nhVjng th\p, trong quan ni\km

cuia Kh^rng TVi, m^si ngVThi con R\qu phaii

thZpy RVTkc rXmng, vi\kc nu^i dVTjng, k`nh

trokng cha mek hoahn toahn kh^ng phaii vah

kh^ng th\r lah m^kt hahnh R^kng nhZpt thThi, b\q

ngoahi, mah Rog lah vi\kc tVk giagc thVkc hi\kn trong

m^kt quag tranh lZu dahi V\q Ri\rm nahy, khi TVi

Hak hoii v\q Rako hi\pu, Kh^rng TVi nogi: “Si\qu

khog nhZpt lah con cagi R^pi vTgi cha mek cog giVj RVTkc vei hoah vui maji maji hay kh^ng ChVg cohn nhV cog vi\kc ga cZqn lahm, con cagi lahm thay cho cha mek, cog ga ngon tha mThi cha mek

Xn, RZy chXlc ga Raj lah cog hi\pu?”(2) NhV vZky, cog th\r thZpy, vTgi xuZpt phagt Ri\rm mang y\pu t^p duy vZkt nhVng kh^ng h\q si\u hanh, cVkc Roan, Kh^rng TVi y\u cZqu ngVThi lahm con v^pn phaii cog tZm hi\pu R\r thVkc hahnh Rako hi\pu nhV m^kt lej tZpt nhi\n trong su^pt cu^kc RThi Sagng ti\pc lah, cagc th\p h\k nhah Nho v\q sau `t chug yg R\pn y\u cZqu nahy, mah thVThng nXkng v\q thVkc hahnh l\s nghi R^pi vTgi cha mek theo nhVjng quy tXlc, chuZrn mVkc Raj cog

Maknh TVi Raj nhZpt quagn vah ti\pp tukc phagt tri\rn hahm yg tr\n cuia Kh^rng TVi trong luZkn thuy\pt cuia manh vTgi vi\kc ^ng RVa ra nXm Ri\qu coi lah bZpt hi\pu, Rog lah: “Tay chZn chXnng chdu cVi R^kng mah lahm bZpt cVg vi\kc ga R\r chXm sogc nu^i dVTjng cha mek khi giah y\pu, Rog lah Ri\qu bZpt hi\pu thVg nhZpt Ham m\ cTh bakc rVTku cheh mah qu\n mZpt vi\kc chXm sogc nu^i dVTjng cha mek khi giah y\pu, Rog lah Ri\qu bZpt hi\pu thVg hai Chaky theo cuia caii, chb bi\pt lo cho vTk con mah qu\n mZpt vi\kc chXm sogc nu^i dVTjng cha mek, Rog lah Ri\qu bZpt hi\pu thVg ba Th`ch Rahn hagt, hagm sXlc Rekp mah lahm nhVjng vi\kc R\r cha mek bd nhukc nhaj, Rog lah Ri\qu bZpt hi\pu thVg tV Th`ch Ragnh nhau vah tranh RZpu bako tTkn mah khi\pn cha mek bd t^rn thZpt nguy haki, Rog lah Ri\qu bZpt hi\pu thVg nXm”(3) Theo Rog, vi\kc kh^ng nu^i dVTjng, chXm sogc cha mek RVTkc Maknh TVi chb ra trVTgc h\pt vah coi lah Ri\qu bZpt hi\pu s^p m^kt B\n caknh Rog, mXkc duh kh^ng trVkc ti\pp khXnng Rdnh v\p “k`nh” cuia vZpn R\q, nhVng trong sagch Maknh TVi, chVTng 9,

VaXn chHFng chHFng cuT thHFXng, Maknh TVi

cujng khXnng Rdnh: “Cagi ch^s ch` cuia ngVThi

(1) TrZqn Trokng SZm, Ki\qu Bagch Vuj ThuZkn (bi\n

ddch) THT thH Nxb QuZn R^ki nhZn dZn, Hah N^ki,

2003, tr.127.

(2) SDd., tr.127-128.

(3) SDd., tr.689

con kh^ng ga lTgn bXmng lahm cho cha mek

RVTkc t^n trokng, kh^ng ga lTgn bXmng Rem cai

thi\n hak ra mah phukng dVTjng cha mek”(4)

V\q sau, TuZn TVi cujng thXnng thXln nhZpn

maknh: “cZqm thug cog cha con mah kh^ng cog

tanh phuk tVi, cog gi^png RVkc gi^png cagi mah

kh^ng cog nghca lVga R^i Cho n\n Rako lahm

ngVThi lah phaii bi\pt bi\kn bi\kt”(5)

NhV vZky, cog th\r thZpy, cai Kh^rng TVi,

Maknh TVi vah TuZn TVi R\qu nhZpn maknh R\pn

“t`nh nhZn” R\r phZn bi\kt ranh giTgi, RXnng

cZpp, cujng nhV sVk gXln li\qn giVja hai y\pu t^p:

con vah ngVThi N\pu vi\kc bago hi\pu cha mek chb

dVhng Ti nu^i dVTjng vTgi t^n chb c^pt cho Xn

no, Xn ngon, tha mTgi chb lah chakm tTgi RVThng

bi\n cuia nghca vuk, chVg chVa R\pn RVTkc vTgi

bain chZpt ngVThi R`ch thVkc Tuy nhi\n, R\r cog

th\r phukng dVTjng vah k`nh trokng cha mek tha

theo Kh^rng TVi, khi “cha mek giah cohn s^png”

ngVThi con “kh^ng RVTkc Ri chTi xa”, “n\pu cog

Ri tha phaii nogi roj nTi naho cuk th\r”(6) Tuy

y\u cZqu nahy kh^ng RVTkc RXkt thahnh m^kt n^ki

dung ri\ng bi\kt, nhVng laki cog t`nh chZpt chi

ph^pi maknh mej R^pi vTgi hahnh R^kng cuia cagc

nhah Nho V\q cT bain, Nho giago sT kyh y\u

cZqu phZkn lahm con Ri phaii bago, v\q phaii vaho

tranh R\r cha mek RVTkc bi\pt vah cujng lah R\r

vZpn hoii cha mek xem ngVThi cog Ri\qu ga cXn

dXkn hay kh^ng Quan Ri\rm nahy cog yg nghca

giago dukc sZu sXlc, nhVng v\q sau, cagc nhah

Nho laki thVThng hi\ru lah khi cha mek cohn

s^png, phZkn lahm con giVj chVj hi\pu kh^ng

RVTkc Ri xa Ch`nh va vZky, nog laki trTi thahnh

m^kt trong nhVjng nguy\n nhZn kam hajm

sVk phagt tri\rn cuia con ngVThi, R^i khi laki lah

cagi cTg R\r ngVThi ta lZrn tragnh tragch nhi\km

R^pi vTgi c^kng R^qng, xaj h^ki

2 GiHW gPn thKn thM^ mPnh DM^ nN\i chO

hHFTng cuVa Nng cha

GiVj gan thZn th\r manh R\r n^pi ch`

hVTgng cuia ^ng cha cujng lah th\r hi\kn sVk

hahm Tn R^pi vTgi cagc bZkc sinh thahnh N^ki

dung nahy xuZpt phagt tVh sVk suhng k`nh R^pi

vTgi cagi RVgc sinh s^i, ti\pp n^pi vah coi trokng cagi g^pc cuia ngVThi Trung Hoa Theo Rog, sinh m\knh cuia ngVThi con lah do cha mek trao cho NgVThi con cog tragch nhi\km quyg trokng bain thZn manh vah ti\pp n^pi quag tranh sinh thahnh mah ^ng cha Raj tako dVkng RVTkc

Theo HiM\u kinh, tVh hanh hahi R\pn togc,

da cuia ngVThi con R\qu lah cuia mek cha cho vah

do vZky, ngVThi con phaii cog tragch nhi\km giVj gan thZn th\r manh Sau nahy, khi phagt tri\rn quan Ri\rm Rog cuia Kh^rng TVi, Maknh TVi,

trong chVTng Ly lKu chHFng cuT thHFXng,

cho rXmng: “Trong cagc vi\kc cZqn phukng sVk tha vi\kc naho lah quan trokng nhZpt? Vi\kc phukng sVk cha mek lah quan trokng nhZpt Trong nhVjng vi\kc phaii giVj gan tha vi\kc naho lah quan trokng nhZpt? Vi\kc giVj gan thZn th\r cuia manh lah quan trokng nhZpt… Kei chXnng bi\pt giVj gan, laki cohn huyi hoaki thZn th\r manh cho R\pn mang b\knh vVTgng tZkt, th\p mah laki cog th\r phukng sVk cha mek ch` hi\pu, Ri\qu nahy ta chVa tVhng RVTkc nghe nogi bao giTh”(7) Roj rahng, hi\pu theo nghca nahy khagc hXnn vTgi nhVjng cZu chuy\kn “ngu hi\pu”, nhV xeio thdt Ruhi, khogc mXng, nXmm bXng mah hZku Nho v\q sau thVThng vi\kn dZsn ra R\r lahm tZpm gVTng hi\pu B\n caknh Rog, quan Ri\rm nahy cohn th\r hi\kn t`nh nhZn vXn, tZpm lohng cuia cha mek R^pi vTgi con cagi, bTii theo Kh^rng TVi:

“Lahm cha mek chb lo sTk con mang b\knh tZkt mah th^i”(8) Cha mek kh^ng y\u cZqu ngVThi con thVkc hahnh Rako hi\pu phaii hy sinh tZpm thZn manh, cahng kh^ng cho phegp ngVThi con tVk coi rei bain thZn ThZn th\r lah cha mek cho manh, nZng niu chXm bXom tVh tZpm beg, ngVThi con phaii giVj gan thZn th\r cuia manh, Rog lah ti\qn R\q kh^ng th\r thi\pu R\r ngVThi con t^qn taki vah thVkc hi\kn Rako hi\pu

(4) SDd., tr.710.

(5) Nguy\sn Hi\pn L\ - Giain Chi TuKn THV Nxb VXn

hoga, Hah N^ki, 1994, tr.236

(6) Xem: TrZqn Trokng SZm, Ki\qu Bagch Vuj ThuZkn

(bi\n ddch) SDd., tr.176.

(7) SDd., tr.668.

(8) SDd., tr.127.

Quan ni\km cuia Nho giago sT kyh coi giVj

gan thZn th\r lah m^kt n^ki dung cuia hi\pu Rako

mang y\pu t^p duy vZkt vah cho thZpy t`nh bi\kn

chVgng sZu sXlc Theo chu^si bi\kn chVgng v^

cuhng Zpy, xuZpt phagt Ri\rm cuia t^qn taki cujng

ch`nh lah t^qn taki trong quag tranh sinh

thahnh Ch`nh va vZky, Rako hi\pu quy Rdnh

ngVThi con kh^ng chb phaii quyg trokng sinh

m\knh cuia manh, mah cohn phaii cog tragch

nhi\km ti\pp n^pi sinh m\knh cuia t^r ti\n V\q

sau, hahm yg ti\pp n^pi sinh m\knh bXmng cagch

sinh con n^pi doji RVTkc tagch ra thahnh m^kt

n^ki dung R^kc lZkp Do Rog, giVj gan thZn th\r

manh RVTkc xem lah cagi g^pc cuia sinh thahnh,

theo nghca duy tra t^qn taki ri\ng R\r n^pi ti\pp

ch` hVTgng sVk nghi\kp chung cuia t^r ti\n

Theo Kh^rng TVi, khi ngVThi cha cohn

s^png tha quan sagt ch` hVTgng cuia ngVThi

con, khi ngVThi cha ch\pt tha quan sagt hahnh

vi cuia ngVThi con N\pu ba nXm sau khi cha

mZpt, ngVThi con kh^ng thay R^ri nhVjng quy

tXlc cuia Rako lahm con R^pi vTgi cha, nhV vZky

RVTkc goki lah ngVThi con cog hi\pu vZky(9) TVgc

lah, phZkn lahm con, lugc cha cohn s^png tha

nhZpt Rdnh phaii xem cagi ch` hVTgng Rog vah c^p

gXlng hoahn thahnh sVk nghi\kp mah cha ^ng

khTii dVkng Khi cha mZpt Ri, n\pu ngVThi con

cog Rdnh thay R^ri ga tha nhZpt Rdnh cujng

phaii RTki h\pt ba nXm tang ch\p, trVTgc lah toi

lohng hi\pu k`nh vTgi cha, sau lah cog thThi gian

R\r Rdnh hanh sVk thay R^ri cho cZrn thZkn

NhVng, ngVThi RThi sau `t bahn v\q yg nahy cuia

Kh^rng TVi, mah thVThng nhZpn maknh R\pn

vi\kc lahm con phaii thi RVTkc ra lahm quan R\r

lahm t^n trokng, rakng danh cho cha mek;

nghca lah, lahm cho cha manh tVh lahm cha cuia

m^kt ngVThi thVThng trTi thahnh lahm cha cuia

quan to, thZkm ch` trTi thahnh lahm cha cuia

thi\n tVi, lah cagch bago hi\pu trokn vekn nhZpt

MNXt mIXt, quan ni\km nahy cuia Nho giago sT

kyh cog tagc dukng khuy\pn kh`ch moki ngVThi ra

sVgc hokc tZkp, phZpn RZpu R\r RVTkc dVTng danh

hi\rn thZn; mIXt khaTc, nog tako ra xu hVTgng

trokng chVgc tVTgc, quy\qn lVkc, `t gXln vaho bain chZpt cuia vi\kc thVkc hahnh Rako hi\pu theo Rugng nghca

3 Can ngIn cha meX khi hoX sai lK]m

Cagc nhah Nho sT kyh cho rXmng, lahm con tha phaii vZng lThi cha mek, nhVng kh^ng y\u cZqu thVkc hahnh hi\pu m^kt cagch thuk R^kng, cVgng nhXlc, m^kt chi\qu Cujng gi^png nhV trung vTgi vua phaii bi\pt nghe theo vua, vuk dZsn vua Ri theo nhZn ch`nh, ngVThi con cog hi\pu phaii bi\pt vZng lThi cha, che l^si cho cha, nhVng cujng phaii bi\pt can ngXn cha R\r tragnh sai lZqm Si\qu Rog RVTkc coi lah hTkp Rako BTii th\p, khi Di\kp C^ng - C^ng sai tri huy\kn Di\kp, nVTgc STi, k\r chuy\kn m^kt ngVThi cha bXlt tr^km d\, con Ri t^p cago, coi Rog lah tZpm gVTng ngay thXnng, Kh^rng TVi kh^ng R^qng yg vah cho rXmng, t`nh ngay thXnng Raj nguk trong vi\kc cha dZpu l^si cho con, con dZpu l^si cho cha NhVng, trong

sagch HiM\u kinh, chHFng 15, GiaTn traTnh

(Can ngXn) laki nhXlc nhTi: “Tohng phuk chi l\knh, hVku an RXlc vi hi\pu h^q”(10) Nghca lah, con theo cha chVa chXlc Raj lah hi\pu VZky phaii chXng tV tVTing cuia Kh^rng TVi cog mZu thuZsn? ThZkt ra, tV tVTing Kh^rng TVi v\q vi\kc R^pi nhZn xVi th\p rZpt bi\kn chVgng, linh R^kng, m\qm deio Theo Rog, ngVThi con hi\pu thaio nghca lah phaii tuyh trVThng hTkp, hoahn cainh mah thVkc hi\kn Rako hi\pu theo cagc quy tXlc, chuZrn mVkc Raj cog, chVg kh^ng phaii nhZpt nhZpt vZng theo lThi cha Nogi cagch khagc, cagc nhah Nho sT kyh cho rXmng, lahm con tha phaii vZng lThi cha mek theo Rugng nguy\n tXlc cuia “k`nh”, nhVng kh^ng y\u cZqu thVkc hahnh hi\pu m^kt cagch thuk R^kng, cVgng nhXlc, m^kt chi\qu NgVThi con cog hi\pu ngoahi vi\kc vZng lThi cha cohn phaii bi\pt can ngXn, chb vej R\r cha tragnh sai lZqm, tragnh mang ti\png bZpt nghca vaho thZn Si\qu Rog RVTkc coi lah hTkp Rako

(9) Xem: SDd., tr.115.

(10) Soahn Trung Cohn, Huy\qn MXkc Sako NhTn (ddch).

HiM\u kinh Nxb T^rng hTkp, S^qng Nai, 2003, tr.78.

V\q sau, TuZn TVi giaii th`ch kyj hTn yg

cuia Kh^rng TVi v\q vi\kc con kh^ng theo m\knh

cha nhV sau: “Tohng m\knh tXlc thZn nguy,

bZpt tohng m\knh tXlc thZn an, hi\pu tVi bZpt

tohng m\knh naji chung; tohng m\knh tXlc thZn

nhukc, bZpt tohng m\knh tXlc thZn vinh, hi\ru tVi

bZpt tohng m\knh naji nghca; tohng m\knh tXlc

cZqm thug, bZpt tohng m\knh tXlc tu sVgc, hi\pu tVi

bZpt tohng m\knh naji k`nh”(11) Nghca lah, cog

ba trVThng hTkp con kh^ng vZng m\knh cha:

mNXt laU, vZng m\knh tha ngVThi thZn nguy,

kh^ng vZng m\knh tha ngVThi thZn y\n GXkp

trVThng hTkp nahy, ngVThi con hi\pu kh^ng

vZng m\knh lah Rugng Hai laU, vZng m\knh tha

ngVThi thZn nhukc, kh^ng vZng m\knh tha

ngVThi thZn vinh GXkp trVThng hTkp nahy,

ngVThi con hi\pu kh^ng vZng m\knh lah nghca

Ba laU, vZng m\knh tha kh^ng khagc ga loahi

cZqm thug, kh^ng vZng m\knh tha hTkp l\s giago

GXkp trVThng hTkp nahy, ngVThi con kh^ng vZng

m\knh lah k`nh Nogi cagch khagc, cog nhVjng vi\kc

n\n tohng mah bZpt tohng lah bZpt hi\pu, kh^ng

n\n tohng mah tohng tha dZsn R\pn bZpt chung

(kh^ng Rugng) Trong ba trVThng hTkp cuk th\r

tr\n, ngVThi con kh^ng theo m\knh cha laki lah:

DuTng, nghRa, kOnh

V\q lyg vah v\q tanh, con phaii vZng lThi cha

mek, nhVng n\pu vZng lThi m^kt cagch thuk

R^kng, cVgng nhXlc, theo cai yg sai, gZy ainh

hVTing R\pn cai cha mek tha laki lah haki cha mek

Ch`nh va vZky, bain thZn ngVThi con cujng

phaii lu^n c^p gXlng hokc hoii R\r cog ki\pn thVgc

phZn bi\kt cagc hahnh R^kng Rugng sai, phaii

tragi Chb khi nhZkn thVgc RVTkc Rugng bain

chZpt vZpn R\q tha ngVThi con mTgi bi\pt n\n

vZng m\knh cha, hay can ngXn cha MXkc duh

RZy lah quan Ri\rm t`ch cVkc, cog t`nh hai

chi\qu, m\qm deio vah bao hahm y\pu t^p dZn chui

cuia Nho giago sT kyh, nhVng cog th\r thZpy, khi

RVTkc tri\rn khai tr\n thVkc t\p tha t`nh phukc

tuhng cuia ngVThi con R^pi vTgi cha mek vZsn

RVTkc y\u cZqu nXkng hTn ChXnng hakn, khi

cha sai tha ngVThi con phaii h\pt mVkc khuy\n

can, nhVng n\pu khuy\n kh^ng RVTkc tha phaii k`nh mah kh^ng RVTkc tragi, n\pu cha mek cog giZkn mah bXlt chdu kh^r sTi cujng kh^ng RVTkc oagn thagn SZy cujng cog th\r coi lah m^kt trong nhVjng nguy\n nhZn khi\pn cho Nho giago thVThng bd nhan nhZkn gXln vTgi t`nh gia trVTing, baio thui, m^kt chi\qu nhi\qu hTn lah vTgi t`nh ti\pn b^k, linh hoakt, bi\kn chVgng trong vi\kc xVi lyg cagc m^pi quan h\k xaj h^ki

4 TM\ tHV theo lM_, khNng cK^u thaV, khNng thaTi quaT

Theo quan Ri\rm cuia Nho giago sT kyh, lohng k`nh y\u R^pi vTgi cha mek lah g^pc cuia hi\pu NhVng, hi\pu kh^ng chb th\r hi\kn Ti lohng k`nh y\u khi cha mek cohn s^png, mah cohn th\r hi\kn Ti lohng ti\pc thVTng vah vi\kc hahnh l\s khi cha mek qua RThi V\q vi\kc nahy,

“cog lZqn TVi C^png hoii: NgVThi ch\pt r^qi cog bi\pt

ga nVja kh^ng? Kh^rng TVi trai lThi: N\pu ta nogi ngVThi ch\pt r^qi mah cohn bi\pt tha sTk nhVjng con chagu hi\pu thaio li\qu ch\pt theo

^ng cha; n\pu ta nogi ngVThi ch\pt r^qi mah kh^ng bi\pt ga tha sTk con chagu bZpt hi\pu, cha mek ch\pt boi kh^ng ch^n”(12) Nghca lah, cagi quan trokng kh^ng phaii lah c^p c^ng tam xem ngVThi ch\pt Raj sang th\p giTgi b\n kia cohn bi\pt ga v\q th\p giTgi nahy hay kh^ng, mah vZpn R\q lah vi\kc hahnh l\s cuia con chagu sau khi cha mek qua RThi Kh^rng TVi coi vi\kc con chagu ti\sn cha mek sang th\p giTgi khagc lah cVi chb hi\pu thuZkn, nhVng ^ng cujng lu^n nhXlc nhTi rXmng, moki vi\kc R\qu kh^ng RVTkc thagi quag, bZpt cZkp, chXnng hakn: kh^ng Xn mXkc Rekp Rej, loeh loekt; kh^ng khogc logc nb non; kh^ng lVka Ri\qu vXn vei R\r nogi ; cujng kh^ng va thVTng cha mek mZpt mah kh^ng coi trokng bain thZn, boi Xn, boi ngui ba ngahy Quan ni\km nahy th^png nhZpt vTgi n^ki dung y\u cZqu ngVThi con hi\pu thaio phaii bi\pt trZn trokng bain thZn manh, R^qng thThi cujng th\r

(11) Nguy\sn Hi\pn L\, Giain Chi TuKn THV SRd.,

tr.159.

(12) Xem: TrZqn Trokng Kim Nho giaTo troXn bNX Nxb

VXn hokc, Hah N^ki, 2003, tr.62.

hi\kn m^kt trong nhVjng RXkc Ri\rm chung cuia

tri\pt thuy\pt Trung Hoa c^r Raki lah coi trokng

sVk cZn bXmng, hahi hoah, phain R^pi moki sVk phag

cagch, vVTkt ngVTjng

Sau Rog, Maknh TVi phagt tri\rn quan Ri\rm

cuia Kh^rng TVi vah nhZpn maknh rXmng, vi\kc

phukng dVTjng cha mek khi cha mek cohn s^png

chVa Ragng k\r lah vi\kc lTgn lao cuia kei lahm con,

mai tagng cha mek trong cTn tVi bi\kt mTgi lah

vi\kc trokng Raki hTn h\pt cuia ngVThi con cog

hi\pu Gi^png Maknh TVi, TuZn TVi cujng cho

rXmng, t\p tVk lah toi cagi tanh yg, tVTing nhTg, hZm

m^k cagi lohng trung t`n, k`nh agi rZpt mVkc, lah

nghi l\s giaji bahy lohng trung thahnh, cung

k`nh m^kt cagch trang trokng nhZpt vah do Rog,

cZqn thTh ngVThi ch\pt nhV thTh ngVThi s^png, suy

tVh lohng thTh ngVThi s^png mah t^png tagng ngVThi

ch\pt, kh^ng coi ch\pt khagc s^png, kh^ng coi

mZpt khagc cohn, cho sVk chZpm dVgt vTgi bXlt RZqu

lah m^kt Sog ch`nh lah cagi nghi thVgc R\r hoahn

thahnh Rako lahm ngVThi S\r toi cagi tanh cuia

ngVThi s^png R^pi vTgi ngVThi ch\pt, cZqn lahm cho

sVk ch\pt th\m phZqn trang trokng

NhV vZky, n\pu Ti Kh^rng TVi, vZpn R\q RVa

ti\sn ngVThi Raj khuZpt cujng lah m^kt trong

nhVjng cagch th\r hi\kn Rako hi\pu vah Ri li\qn vTgi

Rog, Kh^rng TVi cujng nhXlc nhTi RVa ma lah sVk

bZpt thVThng, cho n\n tragnh Xn mXkc Rekp,

kh^ng khogc logc vZkt vaj, kh^ng tZpu nhakc ^qn

aho, cahng kh^ng RVTkc va Rau xogt mah kh^ng

thi\pt R\pn tZpm thZn manh , tha cagc hokc troh

cuia ^ng laki thVThng lahm cho vi\kc “thTh thagc”

thahnh rVThm rah, cVgng nhXlc, thZkm ch` cohn

vVTkt quag giTgi hakn ba nXm, khi\pn cho vi\kc

thVkc hahnh Rako hi\pu theo nghca nahy trTi

thahnh quy Rdnh khXlt khe R\pn khXlc nghi\kt,

gZy ra nhi\qu hZku quai Ragng ti\pc

ThVkc hahnh Rako hi\pu theo quan Ri\rm

cuia Nho giago sT kyh thay R^ri tuyh nTi, tuyh

lugc, song lu^n RVTkc RXkt Ti vd tr` quan trokng

nhZpt Tuy nhi\n, chVj hi\pu Ti RZy chui y\pu

nogi v\q Rako hi\pu cuia RZpng nam nhi, chVg

kh^ng phaii Rako hi\pu chung cho tZpt cai moki

ngVThi; hi\pu chui y\pu lah vTgi cha, chVg kh^ng

phaii vTgi cai mek… Thahnh ra, quan Ri\rm cuia Nho giago sT kyh v\q hi\pu vZsn th\r hi\kn nhi\qu t`nh RXnng cZpp vah thagi R^k trokng nam khinh nVj Kh^ng nhVjng th\p, theo quan ni\km cuia Nho giago sT kyh, “bZpt hi\pu cog ba Ri\qu, trong Rog kh^ng cog ngVThi n^pi doji lah Ri\qu bZpt hi\pu lTgn nhZpt”(13) NhVjng n^ki dung nahy vZsn cohn t^qn taki vah cog m^kt ainh hVTing kh^ng nhoi trong xaj h^ki ngahy nay vah lah m^kt trong nhVjng nguy\n nhZn cXn bain lahm giaim t`nh t`ch cVkc, nhZn Rako cuia phakm truh hi\pu nogi ri\ng vah cuia Nho giago sT kyh nogi chung MXkc duh cohn nhi\qu yg ki\pn khagc nhau v\q

“c^ng” vah “t^ki” cuia Nho giago trong ldch sVi, song gakt sang m^kt b\n nhVjng mXkt hakn ch\p nhZpt Rdnh, quan ni\km v\q hi\pu cuia Nho giago sT kyh Raj thVkc sVk R\r laki nhVjng giag trd Ragng trZn trokng, vVTkt thThi gian Trong khi Rog, “S^pi vTgi ngVThi Vi\kt Nam, Nho giago cohn hTn lah m^kt hokc thuy\pt ghi chegp trong sagch cuia thagnh hi\qn; Rog lah m^kt di sain cuia ldch sVi, m^kt di sain cT bain R\r ti\pp thu, R\r ch^png laki, R\r vVTkt qua trong quag tranh chuy\rn bi\pn ldch sVi mah RZpt nVTgc Rang phaii traii qua trong thThi Raki hi\kn nay”(14) SVk khXnng Rdnh nahy cog th\r chVa thZkt sVk thoai Ragng, song roj rahng, vi\kc trTi laki nghi\n cVgu vah khai thagc sZu hTn nhVjng n^ki dung cT bain cuia phakm truh hi\pu trong Nho giago sT kyh nogi ri\ng vah Nho giago nogi chung kh^ng chb cog yg nghca lyg luZkn, mah cohn cog giag trd thVkc ti\sn sZu sXlc R^pi vTgi sVk phagt tri\rn cuia xaj h^ki Vi\kt Nam hi\kn Raki - m^kt xaj h^ki Rang phaii R^pi mXkt vTgi kh^ng `t vZpn R\q nan giaii, mah R\r trai lThi RVTkc nhVjng vZpn R\q Rog tha rZpt cZqn phaii trTi laki vTgi nhVjng giag trd nhZn t`nh

cT bain R\r lahm ngVThi Trong baing giag trd nhZn t`nh Rog, RVgc hi\pu vZsn lu^n RVTkc coi lah Ri\rm xuZpt phagt vah cujng lah chuZrn mVkc R\r Ragnh giag nhVjng giag trd khagc.

(13) TrZqn Trokng SZm, Ki\qu Bagch Vuj ThuZkn (bi\n

ddch) THT thH SRd., tr.670.

(14) Nguy\sn KhXlc Vi\kn BaUn vM] DaXo Nho Nxb Th\p

giTgi, Hah N^ki, 2003, tr.4.