Pesticide profiles : Toxicity, environmental impact and fate - Chapter 1 pot

Together this group planned the coordi-nated production of Pesticide Information Profiles PIPs summarizing environmen-tal toxicology and chemistry information and Toxicology Information

Product Manager: Karen Feinstein

Project Editor: Ibrey Woodall

Packaging Design: Jonathan Pennell

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environ-About a decade ago, these pioneers were joined by other scientists at the versity of California at Davis, Cornell University, and Michigan State University toform a consortium known as EXTOXNET Together this group planned the coordi-nated production of Pesticide Information Profiles (PIPs) (summarizing environmen-tal toxicology and chemistry information) and Toxicology Information Briefs (TIBs)(providing brief overviews of important environmental toxicology and chemistryconcepts) This consortium was able to obtain a small amount of funding that orig-inated in the U.S Environmental Protection Agency (Office of Pesticides and ToxicSubstances) and was administered by Extension Service-USDA through the NationalPesticide Applicator Training Program Combined with large contributions of timeand effort by the participants, these funds were used to produce 100 profiles andabout 15 briefs that were published in 1989.

Uni-After a brief hiatus, new funding for this effort was identified in the USDANational Pesticide Impact Assessment Program and this funding has continued tothe present Nancy Ragsdale and Dennis Kopp of USDA-NAPIAP have been instru-mental in supporting this program and facilitating its efforts With the additionalfunding, the original PIPs and TIBs were revised and an additional 85 PIPs and about

5 TIBs were produced A second collection of materials, called the Pesticide Information Notebook, was published in 1994 with many of the additional PIPs and TIBs included Because these materials were produced at four different universities over a longperiod of time, and involved a large group of contributors, a number of inconsisten-cies arose in the information provided and the way this information was described.This book represents an almost 2-year effort to update and standardize the PIPs andTIBs and to include additional information so that an even more valuable resource

Jeff Jenkins, and they have been assisted by Pat Thomson In addition, another facultymember, Sheldon Wagner, has been a long-term contributor to the effort.

At Michigan State University, the EXTOXNET program is headed by the editor

of this book, Michael Kamrin, and he has been fortunate to have a large number oftalented students contribute their efforts to this project They include Suanne Miller,Monica Schmitt, Jon Allan, Susan Pigg, Renee Pionk, and Matthew Moon However,the person most responsible for bringing together all the components needed toproduce this book is Bradley Aaron, M.S In addition, a number of staff at the Institutefor Environmental Toxicology have been instrumental in many tasks required forthe successful completion of this project They include Mary Robinson, Carole Abel,Carol Fischer, Darla Conley, Paul Groll, and Richard Davis

Last, but not least, a large number of scientists in academia and industry teered their time to review drafts of the PIPs and TIBs, and their comments havebeen invaluable in producing an accurate and readable final product Many of thesescientists are members of the Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,which assisted in soliciting a large number of experts as reviewers Although thenames of the reviewers are not listed here, each of them has the deep gratitude ofthe editor and the EXTOXNET members

volun-In a large project of this kind, it is impossible to identify everyone who hascontributed The editor hopes that those who have not been mentioned will still takepride in being associated with this project and in the publication of this volume

Michael A Kamrin, Ph.D.

The Editor

Michael A Kamrin, Ph.D., is a Professor in the Institute forEnvironmental Toxicology and the Department of ResourceDevelopment at Michigan State University Dr Kamrin ob-tained his training at Cornell University, where he received aB.A in Chemistry in 1960, and at Yale University, where hereceived an M.S in Biophysical Chemistry in 1962 and a Ph.D.degree in Biophysical Chemistry in 1965 He served as anAssistant Professor at Michigan State University from 1967 to1972; an Associate Professor from 1972 to 1979; and a Professorfrom 1979 to the present He joined the Institute for Environ-mental Toxicology in 1982 and the Department of ResourceDevelopment in 1990 Dr Kamrin was also appointed a Docent at the University ofTurku (Finland) in 1996

Dr Kamrin is a member of the American Association for the Advancement ofScience, the Society of Toxicology, the Society of Environmental Toxicology andChemistry, the Society for Risk Analysis, the American Chemical Society, and thehonorary society Sigma Xi He has served as president of the Michigan Chapter ofthe Society of Toxicology and the Central Great Lakes Chapter of the Society ofEnvironmental Toxicology and Chemistry He received the Public CommunicationsAward of the Society of Toxicology and the University of Turku (Finland) MemorialMedal He has been the recipient of many research and outreach grants from theU.S Department of Agriculture, the National Institute of Environmental HealthSciences, and the U.S Environmental Protection Agency Dr Kamrin is the author

of more than 50 scientific articles and outreach publications on environmental cology He is sole or primary author of two books and co-editor of two other books.His major interests are risk assessment and risk communication, especially withrespect to environmental contaminants

Section I: Introduction to pesticide profiles and basic concept papers

1 Introduction and profile description

1.1 Introduction1.2 Description of profile categories 1.3 Disclaimer

Section II: Pesticide Profiles

2 Pyrethroids and other botanicals

2.1 Class overview and general description 2.2 Individual profiles

2.2.1 Allethrin 2.2.2 Cypermethrin 2.2.3 Esfenvalerate 2.2.4 Flucythrinate 2.2.5 Fluvalinate 2.2.6 Permethrin 2.2.7 Resmethrin 2.2.8 Rotenone 2.2.9 Ryania References

3 Carbamates

3.1 Class overview and general description3.2 Individual profiles

3.2.1 Aldicarb 3.2.2 Bendiocarb 3.2.3 Carbaryl 3.2.4 Carbofuran 3.2.5 Chlorprofam3.2.6 Fenoxycarb 3.2.7 Methomyl 3.2.8 Oxamyl 3.2.9 Propoxur References

4 Thio- and dithiocarbamates

4.1 Class overview and general description4.2 Individual profiles

4.2.1 Butylate4.2.2 EPTC 4.2.3 Mancozeb 4.2.4 Maneb 4.2.5 Metiram 4.2.6 Molinate 4.2.7 Thiram 4.2.8 Triallate4.2.9 Zineb 4.2.10 ZiramReferences

5 Organophosphates

5.1 Class overview and general description 5.2 Individual profiles

5.2.1 Azinphos-methyl 5.2.2 Bensulide 5.2.3 Chlorpyrifos 5.2.4 Coumaphos 5.2.5 Diazinon 5.2.6 Dichlorvos (DDVP) 5.2.7 Dimethoate

5.2.8 Disulfoton 5.2.9 Ethion 5.2.10 Fenamiphos 5.2.11 Fenthion 5.2.12 Fonofos5.2.13 Isofenphos5.2.14 Malathion5.2.15 Methidathion5.2.16 Methyl parathion5.2.17 Mevinphos5.2.18 Naled5.2.19 Phorate5.2.20 Phosmet5.2.21 Propetamphos5.2.22 Temephos5.2.23 Terbufos5.2.24 TrichlorfonReferences

6 Chlorinated hydrocarbons

6.1 Class overview and general description6.2 Individual profiles

6.2.1 Chlordane6.2.2 Chlorobenzilate6.2.3 Chlorothalonil

7 Phenoxy and benzoic acid herbicides

7.1 Class overview and general description7.2 Individual profiles

8 Triazines and triazoles

8.1 Class overview and general description 8.2 Individual profiles

11.2 Pesticide use in the United States

11.3 Dose-response relationships in toxicology

11.4 How much is a part per million?

12 Human health effects

12.1 Risk assessment

12.2 Epidemiology

12.3 Entry and fate of chemicals in humans

12.4 Manifestations of toxic effects

12.5 Toxic effects on the skin

12.6 Effects on the nervous system: cholinesterase inhibition

12.7 Carcinogenicity

13 Ecological and environmental effects

13.1 Movement of pesticides in the environment

13.2 Bioaccumulation

13.3 Ecological effects

Section IV: Appendices

Appendix A: Index of trade names

Appendix B: U.S system-metric conversions

Appendix C: Glossary

Comprehensive Figure List

7.1 Generic structures for phenoxy herbicides (A) and

benzoic acid herbicides (B)

Cumulative Table List

Table 1.1 EPA Toxicity Class and Signal Word in Relation to Acute Toxicity and

Skin/Eye Irritation

Table 1.2 Categories of Ecotoxicity

Table 1.3 Pesticide Persistence in Soils

Table 1.4 Categories of Solubility

Table 6.1 Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

Table 7.1 Phenoxy and Benzoic Acids Herbicides

Table 8.1 Triazines and Triazoles

Table 9.1 Examples of Substituted Urea Compounds

Table 11.1 Measurements for Expressing Levels of Contaminants in Food

and Water

Table 11.2 Toxicity Rating Scale and Labeling Requirements for PesticidesTable 11.3 Metric System Quantities

Table 12.1 General Toxicity Categories

Table 12.2 Plants and Pesticides That May Cause Primary Irritant DermatitisTable 12.3 Plants and Pesticides That May Cause Allergic Contact Dermatitis

(ACD)

Table 12.4 Plants and Medications That May Cause Photosensitization

When Ingested

Table 12.5 Plants That Cause Photosensitization by Contact

Table 12.6 Commonly Used Organophosphate (OP) Pesticides

Table 12.7 Commonly Used Carbamate Pesticides

Table 13.1 Pesticide Persistence in Soils

Section I Introduction to pesticide profiles and

basic concept papers

environ-have been gathered from a wide variety of sources and are provided to the reader

in each profile in both qualitative and quantitative formats

To assist the reader in understanding exactly what information is provided ineach subsection of the profile and to appreciate what the quantitative equivalentsare to the qualitative statements in each of these summary documents, a detaileddescription of the categories in each profile is provided in the following section ofthis chapter This description should assist the user in interpreting any part of anindividual profile that may not be clear

The actual experimental results (e.g., specific effects at particular doses) arepresented for those with backgrounds in environmental toxicology and chemistry.Lay people or those with other backgrounds are provided with general summarystatements regarding potential impacts of the compound on humans, wildlife, andthe environment

This introductory chapter is followed by the section of the book containing thepesticide profiles This second section is divided into chapters containing summaries

of pesticides in the same or similar chemical groups Thus, all of the phates are in the same chapter The rationale for this is that structural similaritiesamong members of a given group are usually related to similarities in biologicalactivity and environmental behavior

organophos-Based on this concept, the beginning of each chapter in this section is devoted

to a general profile describing the common properties of the pesticides in that

chemical class The purpose of this section is to assist the user in accessing at leastsome information about an active ingredient even if the book does not contain aprofile specifically devoted to it The reader does, however, need to know the chem-ical group to which the pesticide belongs in order to choose the correct chapter toexamine

At the end of each profile are sections dealing with physical constants and

exposure guidelines These will be most useful to those with the relevant backgroundbut not to the lay reader The physical constants are quantitative descriptors ofproperties (e.g., water solubility) that affect the behavior of the compound in boththe inanimate and animate environment The exposure guidelines can be compared

to measured or calculated environmental exposures to determine if established

expo-sure limits have been exceeded Also, for readers who would like additional mation, references are provided to support the experimental results, physical con-stants, and exposure values.

infor-The final chapter in this second part of the book contains profiles for pesticides

that fall into chemical groups in which relatively few members are used as pesticides

In this chapter, the profiles are divided by how the pesticides are used: e.g., herbicide,

insecticide, etc Since this chapter does not contain pesticides grouped by class, there

is no generic profile at the beginning of the chapter

To complement the second part of the book, the third section of this volumeincludes short summaries of important environmental toxicology and chemistryconcepts that can be used to better understand different aspects of the pesticideprofiles For example, toxicological properties such as carcinogenicity and dermaltoxicity are described As another, a description of the movement of pesticides in theenvironment is provided

The appendices are designed to enhance the value of this volume even further.The first appendix lists a large number of trade names and the active ingredient(s)that correspond to each of these products The list includes trade names that are nolonger used because old products are consistently found in significant quantities onfarms, in business establishments, and in homes Given the enormous number ofpast and present trade names, this is not an exhaustive listing but should containthe most commonly used products

The second appendix provides a conversion table so that the readers can alize how the quantities described in metric units compare to units with which theymay be more familiar The last appendix is a glossary of terms commonly usedthroughout the book The reader should be able to find the definition of any termthat is new to them in this section of the book

visu-1.2 Description of profile categories

Each profile is divided into the following sections

Trade or other namesRegulatory statusIntroductionToxicological effectsEcological effects

Environmental fate

Physical propertiesExposure guidelinesBasic manufacturerReferences

These sections are described in more detail below

Trade or other namesThis section lists the most common trade and other names of products thatcontain the pesticide active ingredient