CRC handbook of laboratory Safety - Chapter 1 docx

Safety Equipment Primary Barriers d.. Laboratory Facilities Secondary Barriers 2.. Safety Equipment Primary Barriers d.. Safety Equipment Primary Barriers d.. Safety Equipment Primary Ba

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Furr, A Keith Ph.D "Frontmatter"

CRC handbook of laboratory Safety

Edited by A Keith Furr, Ph.D Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC,2000

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FOREWORD

In rereading the foreword for the 4th edition, I noted the statement “There does not appear

to be much pending for the immediate future.” I was wrong There have been significant changes

in many areas, such as respiratory protection, and dramatic changes in the Clean Air Act whichhave made it difficult to use incineration as a means of disposing of hospital, medical, andinfectious waste Perhaps the most significant change howev er has been in means ofcommunication, with the explosive growth of the Internet This has placed a tremendous amount

of information available to anyone with a computer and a modem Indeed, there is so muchinformation, one must be careful to select that which is useful and accurate This resource hasgreatly influenced preparation of this handbook

At first glance, one might assume that little has changed in much of this edition Again, thiswould not be correct The same general topics do remain for the most part, but several older andnow obsolete articles have been completely removed and replaced, either with new material onthe same subject or by completely new material, representing over a hundred pages Where thematerial may at first glance look familiar, please look more carefully Every word on every pagehas been scrutinized and there are literally hundreds of changes to bring the material up to date

or clarify the presentation

There are new figures illustrating new material, and new tables Full use of the Internet hasbeen made to make sure the information is as up-to-date as possible as of the end of the summer

of 1999 In addition to the usual journal articles as references, most topics n o w include Internetreferences which were used and which I believe will be helpful

I am pleased with this edition and believe it is the most authoritative of those for which Ihave been responsible One point I wish to close with and that is, safety in the laboratory is notjust a rigid adherence to regulatory standards and guidelines It must take into account humanfactors as well, and unfortunately the first part of the old adage “To err is human, to forgive isdivine” is all too true Human nature being what it is, the vast proportion of breakdowns inlaboratory safety are due to human error, sometimes due to oversights but also sometimes due

to a feeling that it’s not important or individuals feel they will not make a mistake This isreflected throughout the handbook and reflects either my personal experience or observations

I hope that no one is bothered by this intrusion

I hope you will find the handbook useful as many have been kind enough to tell me they didthe previous editions

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THE EDITOR

A Keith Fu r r , P h D , w as, until his retirement in late 1994, Head of the Department of

Enviro nmental Health and Safety at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,Blacksburg, Virginia, and Professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering He received an A.B.degree, cum laude, from Catawba College in 1954, an M.S degree from Emory University in 1955,and a Ph.D from Duke University in 1962 From 1960 until 1971, he was in the Department ofPhysics at VPI & SU where he attained the rank of Professor In 1971, h e t r a n s f e r r e d t oEngineering as Professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering In 1975, he establishe d t h eEnvironmental Health and Safety Department at the University A unique feature of thisdepartment is that it eventually included a University volunteer rescue squad composed entirely

of students In addition to other assignments, he was Director of the Nuclear Reactor Facilityand Head of the Neutron Activation Analysis Laboratory During the early 1970s, he created anundergraduate program in Radiation Safety and afterward he participated in a broad program inIndustrial Safety in the University's Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering In recentyears, he played a leadership role in developing a unique program in correcting indoor air qualityproblems in the University He belongs to the Health Physics Society, the Campus SafetyAssociation, the National Safety Council, and the National Fire Protection Association He haspublished over 60 articles in professional journals, many in the area of environmental studies,three encyclopedia articles and was editor and principal contributor to the two previous editions

of this handbook After his retirement, he became a member of the advisory board of theLaboratory Safety & Environmental Management Newsletter and Conference He hascontributed numerous articles to the Newsletter Dr Furr has been active in working with publicbodies to develop programs that respond to environmental emergencies; that address thedisposal of hazardous materials, infectious wastes, and other solid wastes; and that areenvironmentally and economically sound He was Chair of the Montgomery County LocalEmergency Planning Committee and a member of the County Solid Waste and RecyclingCommittee He was also Chair of the Blacksburg Telecommunications Committee and of a group

of active Internet users called the Blacksburg Electronic Village Seniors

He and his wife moved to Brooksville, Florida in May, 1998, where most of this handbookwas prepared

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THE CONTRIBUTORS

John W Cure, III, Health Physics Consultation, Lynchburg, Virginia

Richard F Desjardins, M.D., Wilmington, North Carolina

Lawrence G Doucet, P.E., Doucet & Mainka, P.C., Peekskill, New York

Caldwell N Dugan, Division of Institutional Resources, National Science Foundation,

Alvin B Kaufman, Litton Systems Divison, Litton Industries, Woodland Hills, California

Edwin N Kaufman, Senior Scientist, Douglas Aircraft Co., Woodland Hills, California

David M Moore, D.V.M., Director, Laboratory Animal Resources, College of Veterinary

Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia

Eric W Spencer, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island

William L Sprout, M.D., Medical Consultant, Haskell Laboratory, E.I du Pont de

Nemours & Co., Newark, Delaware

Norman V Steere, Laboratory Safety and Design Consultant, Minneapolis, Minnesota

M.A Trevino, M.D., Medical Director, Quimca Fluor, S.A de C.V., Matamoros, Tamaulipas,

Mexico

Paul Woodruff, Environmental Resources Management, Inc., West Chester, Pennsylvania

Note that these are only those individuals specifically named in the text As noted in theDedication, the actual number of contributors was much, much greater

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G The Safety Department

1 Functions Relevant to Laboratories for the Safety Department

2 Facilities, Fixed and Movable Equipment

B Institutional or Corporate Emergency Committee

C Emergency Plan

1 Laboratory Emergency Plan

2 Organizational Emergency Plan

a Emergency Plan Components

b Emergency Equipment

c Basic Emergency Procedures

D Emergency Procedures for Selected Emergencies

1 Spills

2 Fire

3 Explosions

4 Toxic Air Quality

5 Radioactive and Contagious Biological Material Releases

a Biological Accident

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b Radiation Incident

6 Multiple Class Emergencies

E Artificial Respiration, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR), and First Aid

1 Artificial Respiration

a Artificial Respiration, Manual Method

b Artificial Respiration, Mouth-to-Mouth Method

A Engineering and Architectural Principles

B Building Codes and Regulatory Requirements

g Exit Signs, Lights, Emergency Power

h Other Exitway Issues

E Construction and Interior Finish

1 Sanitary System Materials

2 Back flow Prevention

I Other Laboratory Utilities

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2 Storage Cabinets

a Flammable Material Storage

b Cabinets for Drug Storage

c Storage of Radioactive Materials

2 Types of Chemical Fume Hoods

a Conventional Fume Hood

b Bypass Hood

c Auxiliary Air Hoods

d Walk-In Hood

e Self-Contained Hoods

f Hoods for Compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

g Other Modes of Exhaust

h Perchloric Acid Hood

i Radioisotope Fume Hood

j Carcinogen Fume Hood

e Installation, Maintenance, and Certification

6 Built-In Safety Equipment

a Eyewash Stations

b Safety (Deluge) Showers

c Fire Suppression Systems

d Fire Detection and Alarm Systems

7 Other Fixed Equipment

III CHEMICAL STORAGE ROOMS

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F Autoclaves

G Aerosol Generating Devices

V ANIMAL LABORATORIES—SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS

A Fixed Equipment in Animal Holding Facilities

II OSHA LABORATORY SAFETY STANDARD

A The Chemical Laboratory

B Chemical Hygiene Plan

C Material Safety Data Sheets

D Purchase of Regulated Items

1 Selection Criteria for Rodents and Rabbits

2 Laws Affecting Animal Purchasing

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c Animal Carcass Storage

VI HANDLING AND USE OF CHEMICALS: LABORATORY OPERATIONS

A Physical Laboratory Conditions

1 Organization of the Laboratory

2 Eating, Studying, and Other Social Activities

3 Maintenance

4 Housekeeping

5 Signs and Symbols

B Working Procedures

1 Protection Against Explosions

a Personal Protective Equipment

b Summary

2 Corrosive Chemicals

3 High-Energy Oxidizers

4 Perchloric Acid

a Recommendations for the Safe Handling of Perchloric Acid

b Decontamination/Removal of a Perchloric Acid Fume Hood System

c Procedures for Decommissioning a Perchloric Acid Hood

12 General Safety for Hazardous Gas Research

13 Some Hazardous Gases

14 Cryogenic Safety

a Hazards

b General Precautions

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b Other Laboratory Operations

VII HAZARD AWARENESS (RIGHT-TO-KNOW)

4 Material Safety Data Sheets

5 Employee Training and Information

VIII HEALTH EFFECTS

c Biologic Aspects of Particulate Matter

d Biologic Aspects of Gases and Vapors

e Ingestion

D Health Assurance Program

1 Basis of a Health Assurance Program

a Health Assurance Medical Departments

2 A Health Assurance Program

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3 HIV Infection: Detection, Initial Management, and Referral

G Regulated and Potential Carcinogens

1 Carcinogens (Ethylene Oxide)

H Neurological Hazards of Solvents

IX SPILLS AND EMERGENCIES

A Small- to Moderate-Scale Spills

1 Spill Response Procedures

B Large-Scale Releases of Chemicals

1 Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response

2 Safety and Health Program

a Organizational Structure

b Comprehensive Work Plan

c Site-Specific Safety and Health Plan

d Hazard Identification and Relevant Information

e Personal Protective Equipment

f Monitoring

3 Hazard Communication Program

a Training

4 Medical Surveillance Program

5 Engineering Controls, Work Practices, and Personal ProtectiveEquipment for Employee Protection

6 SARA Title III, Community-Right-to-Know

X CHEMICAL WASTES

A Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

1 Definition of a Hazardous Waste

2 Requirements for Generators of Hazardous Waste

a Basics of Compliance with HM-181

b Container Labels

c Local Waste Management

3 Record Keeping Required of the Generator

4 Personnel Training

5 Preparedness and Prevention

6 Contingency Plan

7 Emergency Procedures

B Practical Hazardous Waste Management Program

1 Internal Waste Management Organization

2 Reduction of Hazardous Waste Volume

3 Waste Collection

4 Packaging

5 Characterization of the Waste

6 Packing of Waste for Shipment

7 Restrictions on Wastes

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8 Shipping Waste

9 Landfill Disposal

10.Incineration of Hazardous Waste

C State-of-the-Art Hospital and Institutional Waste Incineration, Selection, Procurement, and Operations

1 Introduction

2 Incineration Technologies

3 Sizing and Rating

4 Primary Combustion Chambers

a Heat Release Rates

b Burning Rates

c Secondary Combustion Chambers

d Shapes and Configurations

5 Selection and Design Factors

a Capacity Determination

b Burning Rate vs Charging Rate

6 Incinerator System Auxiliaries

a Residue Removal and Handling Systems

b Waste Heat Recovery

c Chemical Waste Incineration

d Emission Control System

e Success Data

7 Incineration Performance and Procurement

a Fundamental Reasons for Poor Performance

8 Key Step

9 Recommended Procurement Steps

D Hospital, Medical, and Infectious Waste

A Incineration in Compliance With the Clean Air Act

A Incinerator Classes

B Other Regulatory Requirements for New and Existing Units

B Alternative Technologies

C Storage and Transportation of Medical and Infectious Waste

XI LABORATORY CLOSEOUT PROCEDURES

Chapter 5

NONCHEMICAL LABORATORIES

I INTRODUCTION

II RADIOISOTOPE LABORATORIES

A Brief Summary of Atomic and Nuclear Concepts

B Radiation Concerns

C Natural Radioactivity

D Basic Concepts

1 The Atom and Types of Decay

2 The Fission Process

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E Licensing

1 Radiation Safety Committees

F Radiation Protection, Discussion, and Definitions

1 Selected Definitions

2 Selected Radiation Protection Standards from 10 CFR Part 20

a Occupational Limits for Adult Employees

b Occupational Limits for Minors (Under 18) and to an Embryo/Fetus

c Dose Limits for Individual Members of the Public

d Surveys and Monitoring

e Notification of Incidents

3 EPA, National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants, Radionuclides

G Radioisotope Facilities and Practices

1 Radiation Working Areas

2 External Radiation Exposure Areas

3 Areas with Possible Internal Exposures

H Material Control Procedures

1 Ordering and Receipt of Materials

f Example of Time and Distance

g Internal Dose Limiting

h Methods of Monitoring Personnel Exposures

i Bioassays

j Radiation Surveys

k Measurement of Airborne Activities

l Fixed and Loose Surface Contamination

m Radioactive Waste Disposal

n Individual Rights and Responsibilities

J Radon

K Acute Radiation Syndrome

III X-RAY FACILITIES

2 X-Ray Quality Control in Medical X-Ray Laboratories

3 Open-Beam Analytical Machines

4 Closed-Beam Analytical Systems

5 Cabinet X-Ray Systems

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D Miscellaneous Safety Practices

1 Laboratory Line of Authority

2 Spills and Emergencies Involving Chemically Dangerous Materials

3 Emergency Equipment for Non-biohazardous Spills

c Safety Equipment (Primary Barriers)

d Laboratory Facilities (Secondary Barriers)

2 Biosafety Level 2

a Standard Microbiological Practices

b Special Practices

3 Biosafety Level 3

a Standard Microbiological Practices

b Special Practices

4 Biological Safety Level

a Standard Microbiological

b Special Practices

d Laboratory Facility (Secondary Barriers)

J Vertebrate Animal Biosafety Level Criteria

1 Animal Biosafety Level 1

a Standard Practices

b Special Practices ABSL 1

c Safety Equipment (Primary Barriers) ABSL 1

d Animal Facilities (Secondary Barriers) ABSL 1

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c Safety Equipment (Primary Barriers

d Animal Facility (Secondary Barriers) ABSL 4

K Recommended Biosafety Levels

f Arboviruses Assigned to Biosafety Level 2

g Vaccine Strains of Biosafety Level 3/4 Viruses which

May be Handled at Biosafety Level 22

h Arboviruses and Certain Other Viruses Assigned to Biosafety Level 3 (on the basis of insufficient experience)

i Arboviruses and Certain Other Viruses Assigned to Biosafety Level 3

j Arboviruses, Arenaviruses, and Filoviruses Assigned to Biosafety Level 4

k Restricted Animal Pathogens

VII RECOMBINANT DNA LABORATORIES

A Section I-B Definition of Recombinant DNA Molecules

B I-C General Applicability

C I-D Compliance with the NIH Guidelines

D Section II, Safety Considerations

1 IIA-1 Risk Groups

2 IIA-2 Risk Assessment

3 IIA-3 Risk Assessment Factors

E II-B Containment

F Section III Experiments Covered by the NIH Guidelines

1 Section III-A.* Experiments that Require Institutional BiosafetyCommittee Approval, RAC Review, and NIH Director ApprovalBefore Initiation

a III-A-1, Major Actions Under the Guidelines

3 Section Ill-C Experiments that Require Institutional Biosafety

Committee and Institutional Review Board Approvals and

NIH/ORDA Registration Before Initiation

a Section Ill-C-1 Experiments Involving the Deliberate Transfer

of Recombinant DNA or DNA or RNA Derived from RecombinantDNA into One or More Human Subjects

4 Section III-D Experiments that Require Institutional Biosafety Committee Approval Before Initiation

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a Section III-D-1 Experiments Using Risk Group 2, Risk Group 3, Risk Group 4, or Restricted Agents as Host-Vector Systems

b Section III-D-2 Experiments in Which DNA From Risk Group 2, Risk Group 3, Risk Group 4, or Restricted Agents is Clonedinto Nonpathogenic Prokaryotic or Lower Eukaryotic Host-VectorSystems

c Section III-D-3 Experiments Involving the Use of Infectious DNA

or RNA Viruses or Defective DNA or RNA Viruses in the Presence

of Helper Virus in Tissue Culture Systems

d Section III-D-4 Experiments Involving Whole Animals

e Section III-D-5 Experiments Involving Whole Plants

f Section III-D-6 Experiments Involving More than 10 Liters of Culture

g Section III-E Experiments that Require Institutional Biosafety Committee Notice Simultaneous with Initiation

h Section III-F Exempt Experiments

G Section IV Roles and Responsibilities

1 Section IV-A Policy

2 Section IV-B Responsibilities of the Institution

a Section IV-B-1 General Information

3 Section IV-B-2 Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBC

a Section IV-B-2-a Membership and Procedures

b Section IV-B-2-b Functions

4 Section IV-B-3 Biological Safety Officer (BSO)

a Section IV-B-3-a

b Section IV-B-3-b

c Section IV-B-3-c

4 Section IV-B-7 Principal Investigator (P1)

a Section IV-B-7-a General Responsibilities

b Section IV-B-7-b Submissions by the Principal Investigator to NIH/ORDA

c Section IV-B-7-c Submissions by the Principal Investigator

to the Institutional Biosafety Committee

d Section IV-B-7-d Responsibilities of the Principal InvestigatorPrior to Initiating Research

e Section IV-B-7-e Responsibilities of the Principal Investigator During the Conduct of the Research

H Section IV-D Voluntary Compliance

1 Section IV-D-1 Basic Policy - Voluntary Compliance

2 Section IV-D-2 Institutional Biosafety Committee Approval-VoluntaryCompliance

3 Section IV-D-3 Certification of Host-Vector Systems-VoluntaryCompliance

4 Section IV-D-4 Requests for Exemptions and Approvals - Voluntary Compliance

5 Section IV-D-5 Protection of Proprietary Data - Voluntary Compliance

a Section IV-D-5-a General

b Section IV-D-5-b Pre-submission Review

F Appendices

1 Appendix A Exemptions Under Section III-f-5-Sublists of Natural

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a Appendix A-I Sublist A

b Appendix A-II Sublist B

c Appendix A-III Sublist C

d Appendix A-IV Sublist D

e Appendix A-V Sublist E

f Appendix A-VI Sublist F

2 Appendix B Classification of Human Etiologic Agents on the Basis

of Hazard

a Appendix B - Table 1 Basis for the Classification of BiohazardousAgents by Risk Group (RG)

b Appendix B-I Risk Group 1 (RG1) Agents

c Appendix B-II Risk Group 2 (RG2) Agents

d Appendix B-II-A Risk Group 2 (RG2) - Bacterial Agents IncludingChlamydia

e Appendix B-II-B Risk Group 2 (RG2) - Fungal Agents

f Appendix B-II-C Risk Group 2 (RG2) - Parasitic Agents

g Appendix B-II-D Risk Group 2 (RG2) - Viruses

h Appendix B-III Risk Group 3 (RG3) Agents

i Appendix B-III-A Risk Group 3 (RG3)- Bacterial Agents IncludingRickettsia

j Appendix B-III-B Risk Group 3 (RG3) - Fungal Agents

k Appendix B-III-C Risk Group 4 (RG3) - Parasitic Agents

l Appendix B-III-D Risk Group 3 (RG3) - Viruses and Prions

m Appendix B-IV Risk Group 4 (RG4) Agents

n Appendix B-IV-A Risk Group 4 (RG4) - Bacterial Agents

o Appendix B-IV-B Risk Group 4 (RG4) - Fungal Agents

p Appendix B-IV-C Risk Group 4 (RG4) - Parasitic Agents

q Appendix B-IV-D Risk Group 4 (RG4) - Viral Agents

r Appendix B-V Animal Viral Etiologic Agents in Common Use

s Appendix B-V-1 Murine Retroviral Vectors

3 Appendix C Exemptions Under Section III-F-6

a Appendix C-I Recombinant DNA in Tissue Culture

b Appendix C-I-A Exceptions

c Appendix C-II Escherichia coli K-12 Host-Vector Systems

d Appendix C-II-A Exceptions

e Appendix C-III Saccharomyces Host-Vector Systems

f Appendix C-III-A Exceptions

g Appendix C-IV Bacillus subtilis or Bacillus licheniformis

Host-Vector Systems

h Appendix C-IV-A Exceptions

i Appendix C-V Extrachromosomal Elements of Gram Positive Organisms

j Appendix C-VI The Purchase or Transfer of Transgenic Rodents

k Appendix C-VII-A and A-1

l Appendix C-VII-B

m Appendix C-VII-C

n Appendix C-VII-D

o Appendix C-VII-E

4 Appendix D Major Actions Taken under the NIH Guidelines

5 Appendix E Certified Host-vector Systems

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a Appendix E-I Bacillus subtilis

b Appendix E-I-A Bacillus subtilis Host-Vector 1 Systems

c Appendix E-I-B Bacillus subtilis Host-Vector 2 Systems

d Appendix E-II Saccharomyces cerevisiae

e Appendix E-II-A Saccharomyces cerevisiae Host-Vector 2 Systems

f Appendix E-III Escherichia coli

g Appendix E-III-A Escherichia coli (EK2) Plasmid Systems

h Appendix E-III-B Escherichia coli (EK2) Bacteriophage Systems

i Appendix E-IV Neurospora crassa

j Appendix E-IV-A Neurospora crassa Host-Vector 1 Systems

k Appendix E-V Streptomyces

l Appendix E-V-A Streptomyces Host-Vector 1 Systems

m Appendix E-VI Pseudomonas putida

n Appendix E-VI-A Pseudomonas putida Host-Vector 1 Systems

6 Appendix F Containment Conditions for Cloning of Genes Coding for the Biosynthesis of Molecules Toxic for Vertebrates

a Appendix F-I General Information

b Appendix F-II Cloning of Toxin Molecule Genes in

Escherichia coli K-12

c Appendix F-II-A

d Appendix F-II-B

e Appendix F-II-C

f Appendix F-III Cloning of Toxic Molecule Genes in Organisms

Other Than Escherichia coli K

g Appendix F-IV Specific Approvals

7 Physical Containment

8 Appendix H Shipment

a Appendix H-I

b Appendix H-II

c Appendix H-III Additional Resources

9 Appendix I Biological Containment

a Appendix I-I Levels of Biological Containment

b Appendix I-I-A Host-Vector 1 Systems

c Appendix I-I-B Host-Vector 2 Systems

d Appendix I-II Certification of Host-Vector Systems

e Appendix I-II-B Data to be Submitted for Certification

10 Appendix K Physical Containment for Large Scale Uses

of Organisms Containing Recombinant DNA Molecules

a Appendix K-I Selection of Physical Containment Levels

b Appendix K-II Good Large Scale Practice (GLSP)

11 Appendix M Points to Consider in the Design and Submission of Protocols for the Transfer of Recombinant DNA Molecules into One or More Human Subjects (Points to Consider)

12 Appendix M-III Informed Consent

a Appendix M-III-A Communication About the Study to Potential Participants

b Appendix M-III-B-1 General Requirements of Human Subjects Research

c Appendix M-III-B-2 Specific Requirements of Gene Transfer Research

d Appendix M-IV Privacy and Confidentiality

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13 Appendix P Physical and Biological Containment for Recombinant DNA Research Involving Plants

a Appendix P-I General Plant Biosafety Levels

b Biological Containment Practices

14 Appendix Q Physical and Biological Containment for Recombinant DNA Research Involving Animals

a Appendix Q-l General Considerations

b Appendix Q-I-A Containment Levels

c Appendix Q-l-B Disposal of Animals (BL1 -N through BL4-N)VIII Research Animal Care and Handling

A Introduction

B Laws and Regulations Relating to Animal Care and Use

1 Animal Welfare Act

2 The Good Laboratory Practices Act

3 The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals

4 Public Health Service Policies

5 Voluntary Regulations

C Personnel

D Animal Holding Facilities

E Animal Care and Handling

F Human Health Monitoring

E OSHA 29 CFR 1910.134 (Slightly Abridged)

III EYE PROTECTION

A Chemical Splash Goggles

B Safety Spectacles

C Contact Lenses

IV MATERIALS FOR PROTECTIVE APPAREL

A Recommended Information Sources

B Overview of Chemical Protective Clothing

V HEARING PROTECTION

VI FIRST AID KITS

VII.OTHER PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Appendix: Laboratory Checklist

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