HANDBOOK OF PSYCHOLOGY - PART 10 pdf

Alternatively, in their critical review of 40 controlled trials on Ginkgo and cerebral insuf“ciency in humans, Kleijnen and Knipschild 1992 found that only eight trials met criteria of g

Other Common Healing Approaches 599

system (Gunning, 1999), such as inducing cytokine

produc-tion (Bruger, Torres, Warren, Caldwell, & Hughes, 1997) or

enhancing cellular immune function of peripheral blood

mononuclear cells (See, Broumand, Sahl, & Tilles, 1997) In

their review, Barrett et al (1999) highlight the dif“culty in

comparing the research studies because different species are

studied and there are no universally accepted standardization

procedures.

Garlic

Although commonly considered a food substance, garlic

(Allium sativum) is a commonly prescribed supplemental

herb for the treatment of high cholesterol Allicin is

consid-ered the active compound found in the garlic bulb Many of

the studies investigate Kwai garlic powder tablets because it

is standardized for alliin content (1.3% by weight) While

Kleijnen, Knipschild, and ter Riet (1989) suggest that early

studies on the ef“cacy of garlic were methodologically

”awed, more recent studies suggest garlic is ef fective in

treat-ing hypercholesterolaemia Two meta-analyses (Silagy &

Neil, 1994; Warshafsky, Kamer, & Sivak, 1993) suggest that

garlic reduces the high serum cholesterol levels considered to

be a risk factor for coronary artery disease Warshafsky et al.

(1993) found 13 studies to meet their methodological criteria,

and meta-analytic results suggested that garlic signi“cantly

lowered cholesterol levels by about 9% in the experimental

groups as compared to placebo The results of Silagy and

Neil•s (1994) meta-analysis of the 16 trials meeting their

standards for methodological quality found that garlic

low-ered serum cholesterol over one to three months and did not

produce signi“cantly more adverse ef fects While several

au-thors (Isaacsohn et al., 1998; Jain, Vargas, Gotzkowsky, &

McMahon, 1993) criticized these early meta-analytic

“nd-ings, more recent, randomized, controlled trials have found

garlic to reduce ratios of serum total cholesterol (Adler &

Holub, 1997) and decrease low-density lipoprotein

cho-lesterol in healthy men (Jain et al., 1993; Steiner, Khan,

Holbert, & Lin, 1996).

Ginger

Zingiber officinale, commonly known as ginger, has been

pri-marily investigated for its antiemetic effects This research

has been particularly important for individuals who suffer

from motion sickness and from postoperative nausea, or

who experience nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy

but are unable to take synthetic drugs because of side effects

such as sedation and visual disturbances Several early studies

found ginger to be more effective than placebo in

alleviat-ing gastrointestinal symptoms of motion sickness (Mowrey

& Clayson, 1982), reducing symptoms of seasickness (Grontved, Brask, Kambskard, & Hentzer, 1988), reducing nausea (Bone, Wilkinson, Young, McNeil, & Charlton, 1990) and reducing the request for antiemetics (Phillips, Ruggier, & Hutchinson, 1993) in postoperative patients In addition, gin- ger has been studied for its antitumor effects (Koshimizu, Ohigashi, Tokudo, Kondo, & Yamaguchi, 1988) Vimala, Norhanom, and Yadav (1999) demonstrated that some, but not all, types of ginger inhibit Epstein Barr virus (EBV) acti- vation without the cytotoxicity effects The authors suggest that populations with a high risk of cancer are •encouragedŽ

to take plants with ginger, yet they also acknowledge that such use will not completely eliminate the disease.

Ginkgo Biloba

Ginkgo biloba extract is derived from the maidenhair tree and has been studied primarily for its effect on the brain, demen- tia, and Alzheimer•s disease Active ingredients include Egb 761 (tapenoids), which have platelet-activating factor antagonistic properties, and gingkolides and ”avanoids (Oken, Storzbach, & Kaye, 1998) Three of the most popular preparations used in controlled trials include Tebonin, Tanakan, and Rokan, all of which are different names for the extract Egb 761 Various products available to the public contain different amounts of ginkgo biloba extract In their review of the literature, Itil and Martorano (1995) suggest ginkgo has been •proven effectiveŽ in the treatment of tinni- tus, sudden hearing loss, retinal damage, arthritic symptoms, vertigo, water retention, circulatory dysfunction, and age- related dementia Early studies demonstrated the ef“cacy of Egb 761 on reducing the negative effects of experimentally induced stress on rats (Hasenohrl et al., 1996; Porsolt, Martin, Lenegre, Fromage, & Drieu, 1990; Rapin, Lamproglou, Drieu, & Defeudis, 1994) over other depressive medications (Porsolt et al., 1990) and over placebo (Porsolt et al., 1990; Rapin et al., 1994; Rodriguez de Turco, Droy-Lefaix, & Bazan, 1993) For instance, Rapin et al (1994) found Egb

761 to decrease plasma hormone levels such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, and corticosterone Alternatively, in their critical review of 40 controlled trials on Ginkgo and cerebral insuf“ciency in humans, Kleijnen and Knipschild (1992) found that only eight trials met criteria of good methodology, with only one showing positive effects compared with placebo on symptoms such as dif“culty concentrating, memory problems, confusion, lack of energy, tiredness, de- pressive mood, anxiety, dizziness, tinnitus, and headaches Similarly, a more recent meta-analysis of more than 50 arti- cles (Oken et al., 1998) found only four studies (Hofferberth,

1994; Kanowski, Hermann, Stephan, Wierich, & Horr, 1996;

Le Bars et al., 1997; Wesnes et al., 1997) that met the authors•

standards for strong research methodology These authors

concluded there to be a •small but signi“cant effectŽ of

ginkgo biloba extract on cognitive function, such as memory

and attention, in patients with Alzheimer•s disease (Oken

et al., 1998) Likewise, studies have found ginkgo biloba to

improve mild to moderate memory impairment in elderly

patients (Rai, Shovlin, & Wesnes, 1991), memory and

psy-chopathology (Hofferberth, 1994), as well as daily living and

social behavior (Le Bars et al., 1997) Moreover, consistent

with previous reviews, ginkgo biloba was found to have no

signi“cant adverse effects.

Ginseng

Ginseng, a popular herb in traditional Chinese medicine, is

primarily used for its effects on anxiety, concentration, and

physical stress Yun (1996) found Panax ginseng C A Meyer

(Korean ginseng) to prevent the development of cancer in

mice by inhibiting the proliferation of tumors He has also

demonstrated a decrease in the risk of certain types of cancer

in 1,987 pairs of humans when ginseng was ingested as a

fresh extract or powder, as well as a decrease in the relative

risk of cancer in a prospective population-based study of

4,634 adults Ginseng has also demonstrated to improve

quality of life among healthy volunteers (Wiklund, Karlberg,

& Lund, 1994), as well as improve mood, vigor, well-being,

and psychomotor performance in patients with

noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Sotaniemi, Haapakoski, &

Rautio, 1995).

Several studies investigating the mechanism of action

through which ginseng works demonstrate antinociceptive

effects of ginseng on stress-induced mice (H.-S Kim, Oh,

Rheu, & Kim, 1992; Takahashi, Tokuyama, & Kaneto, 1992).

Other studies suggest ginseng may enhance nitric oxide

synthesis (Gillis, 1997), promote cytokine induction (Sonoda

et al., 1998), or enhance natural killer cell activity in healthy

subjects and in patients with chronic fatigue and acquired

im-munologic syndromes (Gillis, 1997).

Kava

Kava, which means •bitterŽ in Polynesian, is derived from a

black pepper plant in the South Paci“c called Piper

methys-ticum, or •intoxicating pepper.Ž Kava has been traditionally

ingested as a drink, but recently sold in capsule form in health

food stores in the United States Explorers• journals have

documented the effects of kava for centuries: Kava has a

numbing effect on the tongue when drunk, is tranquilizing

and relaxing, and has genitourinary antiseptic qualities (Anonymous, 1988) However, too much kava can cause ad- verse effects such as dermopathy (Norton & Ruze, 1994), a skin condition characterized by scaly skin, gastrointestinal distress, and sleepiness (Cerrato, 1998), or a semicomatose state when it interacts with alprozam (Almeida & Grimsley, 1996).

There are few randomized trials investigating the ef“cacy

of kava on anxiety The majority of trials that do exist are published in German These studies have found kava extract

to be superior to placebo and comparable to oxazepam and bromazepam (Volz & Keiser, 1997) A randomized, placebo- controlled study of 101 outpatients with various anxiety

disorders according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual

of Mental Disorders, 3rd Edition, Revised (DSM-III-R;

American Psychiatric Association, 1987) criteria also found kava to be superior to placebo by reducing anxiety and caus- ing fewer side effects (Volz & Keiser, 1997).

The psychopharmacology of kava remains unclear Initial hypotheses suggested by investigators include: (a) Kava in- creases the number of binding sites of GABAA receptors (Jusso“e, Schmitz, & Hiemke, 1994); (b) it modulates the serotonin-1A receptor activity (Walden, Von Wegerer, Winter, & Berger, 1997; Walden, Von Wegerer, Winter, Berger, & Grunze, 1997); (c) it serves as reversible MAO-B inhibitors (Uebelhack, Franke, & Schewe, 1998); or (d) it in- hibits NA
channels (Magura, Kopanitsa, Gleitz, Peters, & Krishtal, 1997).

St Johns’ Wort

St Johns• wort (SJW) is an herbal product resulting from the

”owering of the plant Hypericum perforatum L The plant•s

oil has been used for centuries as a medicine to heal burns and improve mood Over the past two decades, the pharma- ceutical industries have attempted to develop extracts of SJW for more popular and standardized use In Germany, SJW is the most widely prescribed treatment for depression, totaling more than 25% of prescribed antidepressants (Muller & Kasper, 1997).

Overall, the research suggests SJW to be ef“cacious in ducing depressive symptoms and to produce signi“cantly fewer side effects as compared to popular antidepressants Studies comparing SJW to placebo have found antidepres- sive ef“cacy as well as high tolerability for SJW among pa- tients with mild depression (Hansgen, Vesper, & Plouch, 1994; Hubner, Lande, & Podzuweit, 1994; Sommer & Harrer, 1994) SJW has also demonstrated to be as effective

re-as imipramine (Vorbach, Hubner, & Arnold, 1994), line (Harrer, Hubner, & Podzuweit, 1994), and amitryptiline

maproti-Other Common Healing Approaches 601

(Wheatley, 1997), yielding a slightly better side effect pro“le.

Meta-analyses evaluating theses studies have found SJW to

be between 1.5 to 3 times more likely to produce an

antide-pressant response as compared to placebo, and to be

equiva-lent in ef“cacy to tricyclic antidepressants, (see H L Kim,

Streltzer, & Goebert, 1999; Linde et al., 1996).

Research on the biological mechanisms through which

SJW may exert its antidepressant effects suggests that similar

to popular pharmaceutical antidepressants, SJW in”uences

amine levels The main dif“culty in studying the biological

mechanism of SJW pertains to the fact that several active

constituents have been identi“ed from H perforatum

(Nahrstedt & Butterweck, 1997) including hypericin (Muller,

Rolli, Schafer, & Hafner, 1997), and hyperforin (Chatterjee,

Bhattacharya, Wonnemann, Singer, & Muller, 1998;

Laakmann, Schule, Baghai, & Kieser, 1998; Muller et al.,

1997, 1998; Schellenberg, Sauer, & Dimpfel, 1998) Overall,

research indicates that SJW may inhibit the synaptosomal

re-uptake of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine (Muller

et al., 1997, 1998; Muller & Rossol, 1994; Neary & Bu,

1999); upregulate postsynaptic serotonin receptors

(Teufel-Mayer & Gleitz, 1997); and interfere with the central

dopaminergic system (Butterweck, Wall, Lie”ander -Wulf,

Winterhoff, & Nahrstedt, 1997; Franklin et al., 1999).

Studies demonstrate that the main advantage to SJW is its

more preferable side effect pro“le and tolerability to

syn-thetic antidepressants The most common adverse side effects

included gastrointestinal symptoms (0.6%), allergic reactions

(0.5%), tiredness (0.4%), and restlessness (0.3%) (Woelk,

Burkard, & Grunwald, 1994) In addition, hypericum has

been found to be safer with regard to cardiac function than

tricyclic antidepressants (Czekalla, Gastpar, Hubner, & Jager,

1997) While SJW appears to be a safe herbal remedy for

de-pression when taken alone, the major danger with SJW seems

to lie in its potential for drug interactions.

Current limitations in the research include lack of •well

characterized populationsŽ (Cott, 1997); translation bias

(Gaster & Holroyd, 2000); limited research on long-term

ef-“cacy, safety, and tolerance at various doses (Volz & Kieser,

1997); ef“cacy for severe depression (Gaster & Holroyd,

2000); and ef“cacy as compared to serotonin reuptake

inhibitors.

Summary of Herbal Treatment Research

In addition to the herbal remedies highlighted, more than

20,000 herbs are available to the public over the counter For

a good review of herbal remedies frequently used in

psychi-atric practice, refer to Wong, Smith, and Boon (1998)

Cur-rently, the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act

(DSHEA) does not require manufacturers to provide data on the safety, purity, and ef“cacy of their products (Wagner, Wagner, & Hening, 1998) Moreover, the Food and Drug Ad- ministration (FDA) does not regulate their use or standardize their purity or content (Lantz, Buchalter, & Giambanco, 1999) Therefore, individuals are able to self-prescribe herbs without the guidance of a physician, which may lead to ad- verse side effects and drug interactions For instance, Lantz

et al (1999) discussed several case studies of elderly patients who developed serotonin syndrome (e.g., central and periph- eral serotonergic hyperstimulation) from taking SJW in con- junction with their prescribed antidepressant It is important that clinicians appreciate the strength of these herbs and ask their patients about herbal use and educate them on the dan- gers of herbal and drug interactions Lantz et al also recom- mends that herbal remedies provide warning labels and that ef“cacy studies be subjected to •the same vigorous stan- dardsŽ as prescription medications as related to ef“cacy and safety.

While the research suggests ef“cacy of a variety of herbal remedies, further research in required There is a need for studies with (a) larger sample sizes, (b) data assessing partic- ipants• ability to distinguish placebo from the herb, (c) better characterization of the active constituents and mechanisms of action, and (d) results on the effects of chronic dosing, side effects, and standardization of preparation.

Dietary, Nutrition, and Lifestyle Modification

Dietary modi“cation has recently become a way for uals to take an active role in their well-being and a way

individ-to prevent the onset of illness or reduce the negative quences of disease Medical practitioners commonly recom- mend dietary modi“cation and lifestyle changes as a complement to traditional treatment, rather than as a sole al- ternative cure.

conse-Very Low Fat Diets

In 1988, the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) published guidelines for the treatment of high cho- lesterol in adults The guidelines recommend dietary therapy for the lowering of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) Speci“cally, they recommend an initial diet that includes an intake of total fat less than 30% of calories (National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel, 1998) Lichtenstein and Van Horn (1998) conducted a review of the literature on the ef“cacy of

a very low fat diet, and reported that while there is whelming evidenceŽ that reductions in saturated fat, dietary cholesterol, and weight are effective in reducing total

•over-cholesterol, LDL-C levels, and cardiovascular risk, the

long-term effects remain unclear

Macrobiotic Diets

Macrobiotics stems from the Greek words macro, meaning

large, and bios, meaning life A macrobiotic diet is composed

of whole grains and cereals, vegetables (including sea

veg-etables), fruits, beans, nuts, and seeds A macrobiotic

ap-proach underscores social interactions, climate, geographic

location, and diet as all-important lifestyle habits to promote

well-being and longevity George Ohsawa is considered to be

the founder of the macrobiotic diet, and it was popularized

in the United States by Michio Kushi Two early studies

sup-port the theory that a vegetarian diet results in a signi“cant

re-duction in blood pressure among patients with hypertension

(Margetts, Beilin, Vandongen, & Armstrong, 1986; Rouse,

Beilin, Armstrong, & Vandongen, 1983) The use of

macrobi-otic in treatment of other medical conditions (e.g., cancer)

remains controversial and has not been scienti“cally tested.

Atkins’ Diet

In 1972, Robert Atkins published the book Dr.Atkins’ Diet

Revolution He proposed metabolic imbalance to be the cause

of obesity and stated that many of today•s diseases, including

diabetes, hypoglycemia, and cardiac disease, are a result of

•carbohydrate intoleranceŽ (Atkins, 1972) Atkins proposed

that carbohydrates prevent our bodies from ketogenesis, a

process by which the body burns fat and turns it into fuel.

There are no scienti“c studies investigating ketogenic diets

for the previously mentioned diseases, and therefore, these

diets may be based more on theory than on scienti“c evidence.

However, ketogenic diets have been investigated for their

ef-“cacy in managing epilepsy and seizure disorder One study

found that 54% of a group of children with intractable seizures

who remained on a ketogenic diet reported a decrease in the

frequency of their seizures by more than 50% three months

after initiating the diet (Vining et al., 1998) Despite such

“nd-ings, there is continued controversy regarding its use Roach

(1998) argues that while there is •a clear biochemical rationale

and a well-de“ned therapeutic objectiveŽ (p 1404), he urges

for more rigorous investigations on safety and ef“cacy.

Gerson Method

Nutrition has become increasingly used, though not necessarily

empirically supported, by individuals diagnosed with cancer.

Max Gerson was a German-born physician who believed that

•degenerativeŽ diseases such as cancer, arthritis, and multiple

sclerosis are the result of extreme body toxicity Therefore,

he advocated a special diet in the treatment of cancer, which included •detoxi“cationŽ of the body, a no-sodium, no-fat, high-potassium, and high-carbohydrate diet, as well as coffee enemas There are few studies investigating the ef“cacy of the Gerson Method; however, those that exist are methodologi- cally ”awed One study (Hildenbrand, Hildenbrand, Bradford,

& Calvin, 1995) investigated the ef“cacy of Gerson•s diet apy with 153 patients diagnosed with melanoma and found the

ther-“ve-year survival rate to be 100% for individuals at Stage I and

II, 72% for individuals at Stage IIIA, and 41% for individuals

at Stage IVA While there was no placebo control group in this study, “ve-year survival rates were signi“cantly higher than the survival rates published in other studies.

It should be noted that the Gerson Method is highly troversial The American Cancer Society (ACS) reported a lack of evidence of the ef“cacy of the Gerson Method and urged people with cancer not to seek treatment with the Gerson Method (ACS, 1990) The ACS publicly acknowl- edges that while the dietary measures may have preventive utility, there is no scienti“c evidence than any nutritionally related regimen is appropriate as a primary treatment for cancer (ACS, 1993).

con-Ornish Lifestyle Heart Trial

Dean Ornish is well-known for his work with patients with coronary artery disease through vegetarian diet, exer- cise, and stress management on coronary atherosclerosis The Lifestyle Heart Trial (Ornish et al., 1990), a prospective, ran- domized, controlled trial of patients with coronary artery dis- ease, demonstrated that this prescribed lifestyle modi“cation resulted in regression on coronary atherosclerosis as evi- denced by a decrease in diameter stenosis The study, how- ever, did not investigate the individual contributions of the various interventions (e.g., low-fat vegetarian diet, stopping smoking, stress management training, exercise) to the out- come measure Later studies (Gould et al., 1995; Ornish

et al., 1998) investigated a similar lifestyle change program

in patients with coronary artery disease over “ve years and found that the size and severity of perfusion abnormalities

on dipyridamole positron emission tomography images creased (improved) after risk factor modi“cation in the experimental group, compared with an increase (worsening)

de-of size and severity in the control group.

Tactile Therapies

Tactile therapies are de“ned as interventions that center on soft tissue or energy mobilization techniques performed by a

Other Common Healing Approaches 603

health care provider Such methods can be divided into soft

tissue therapies, energy mobilization, and meridian point

therapy.

Soft Tissue Therapies

Encompassing a variety of treatment approaches, soft tissue

therapies are geared toward decreasing dysfunction in

mus-cles and fascia (i.e., the continuous subcutaneous layer of soft

tissue throughout the body) Soft tissue therapies are

pur-ported to alleviate somatic organizational dysfunction, thus

enhancing both psychological and physical health.

The goal of massage is to decrease muscular tension using

strokes, kneading, and friction techniques Proposed bene“ts

of massage include both psychological and physiological

re-laxation, facilitated ease with breathing, enhanced immune

function, reduced anxiety, increased vigor, lessened pain, and

improved sleep (Wanning, 1993) Positive effects from

mas-sage have been demonstrated in both adult and child

popula-tions (Field, Ironson, et al., 1996; Field, Morrow, et al.,

1992) In one study, participants with depression and

adjust-ment disorders were randomly assigned to receive a back

massage or watch relaxing videos for 30 minutes over a

“ve-day period (Field, Morrow, et al., 1992) Results

demon-strated decreased depressive symptoms, anxiety, and salivary

cortisol, as well as enhanced sleeping, for the massage group

only.

Aromatherapy, the use of fragrances to augment mood

and activity, is often used in conjunction with massage.

Aromatherapy uses speci“c essential oils from plants for

therapeutic use For example, lavender is believed to have

calming and analgesic effects, while ginger is deemed to

in-cite stimulating, warming sensations (Jacobs, 1996) In one

study, 122 patients in an intensive care unit were randomly

assigned to massage, massage with lavender oil, or rest

(Dunn, Sleep, & Collett, 1995) Only patients receiving

mas-sage with lavender oil demonstrated signi“cantly enhanced

mood following intervention.

Aromatherapy can also be used via bathing, candles, and

culinary manners Assessing the effects of aromatherapy

ventilated throughout a room, one nonrandomized study

demonstrated that depressed patients used less antidepressant

medication after being exposed to citrus oils (Komori,

Fujiwara, Tanida, Nomura, & Yokoyama, 1995) There are

few empirical studies on aromatherapy, and the majority of

those conducted use poor control and lack statistical analyses

(Martin, 1996) In a review article, Evans (1995) suggests

that the paucity of psychometrically sound studies makes it

dif“cult to dif ferentiate the bene“cial ef fects of aromatherapy

from attention, social interaction, or the use of massage.

Reflexology is a soft tissue mobilization centered on the

foot This technique is based on the belief that distinct areas

of the foot represent different parts of the body By applying pressure to speci“c regions of the foot, the corresponding body structure can be stimulated, promoting a health re- sponse For example, the head and sinus regions are mapped

in the toes, and massage of the toes is believed to help ate headaches and sinus pressure A quasi-experimental study of persons with lung or breast cancer demonstrated positive effects on anxiety and pain following re”exology (Stephenson, Weinrich, & Tavakoli, 2000).

allevi-Myofascial release and Rolfing are two additional types of

soft tissue therapies, both of which are purported to decrease pain and enhance health The purpose of myofascial release is

to free restrictions in the myofascial caused by physical or psychological stress using gentle pushing techniques against the client•s skin This technique is used to treat muscu- loskeletal dysfunction, headaches, chronic pain, and tem- poromandibular pain (Ramsey, 1997) Rol“ng also attempts

to manipulate myofascial constraints, but, unlike myofascial release, it uses the forces of gravity and more vigorous pres- sure from the practitioner It has been suggested that Rol“ng permits increased muscular ef“ciency, decreases physiologi- cal stress on the body, and promotes neurological functioning (Jacobs, 1996); however, scienti“c studies to support these claims are not present in the literature.

Energy mobilization attempts to alleviate poor physical

and psychological health that is said to result from

distur-bances in a person•s forces of energy For example, tic touch (TT) involves techniques that are aimed at centering

therapeu-awareness and energy in the client Despite its name, this cedure does not necessarily involve direct contact with the client and may consist of the clinician•s hands being held over the areas of needed energy mobilization.

pro-Some literature supports the ef“cacy of TT For example, the effects of TT in reducing anxiety were assessed in a sam- ple of psychiatric in-patients (Gagne & Toye, 1994) Patients were randomly assigned to TT, mimic TT, or relaxation ther- apy Results demonstrated signi“cant decreases in anxiety for the TT and relaxation groups, with the former exhibiting greater bene“ts than the latter The group receiving mimic TT demonstrated no signi“cant changes An additional random- ized study supports TT as being more effective than •calm touchŽ at decreasing the time necessary to soothe medically hospitalized children between the ages of two weeks to two years (Kramer, 1990) In a randomized study of elderly indi- viduals with arthritis, both TT and progressive muscle relax- ation interventions resulted in comparable and signi“cant improvements in pain, tension, and mood (Peck, 1998) However, not all studies support the bene“cial ef fects of

TT (e.g., Olson, et al., 1997) A literature review and

meta-analysis highlights the poor methodology implemented in TT

studies but calculated an average effect size of 39 for TT

(Winstead-Fry & Kijek, 1999).

Reiki, another type of energy mobilization, means

•uni-versal life force energy.Ž Whereas TT involves the

mobiliza-tion of energy in the client•s body, Reiki entails transferring

or mobilizing energy from the clinician to the client It is

based on the concept that all living creatures possess energy

and that the human body is programmed to heal itself

Practi-tioners of Reiki report positive effects of this technique on

mood, psychological distress, pain, and functional abilities,

but these results are based on patient case history reports.

A similar energy-based approach, polarity therapy, is

based on the concept that the body holds an electromagnetic

force, with a positive charge located cephalically and a

nega-tive charge situated toward the toes The clinician•s hands are

believed to be conductors of energy When they are placed in

certain areas of the client•s human energy “eld, the clinician

attempts to facilitate energy movement in the client•s body.

This facilitation is believed to enhance energy ”ow and

relaxation throughout the mind and body Scienti“c studies

regarding its ef“cacy are absent.

Movement Therapies

Movement therapies are complementary approaches to health

that emphasize changes in the client•s bodily positions.

Leisure activity (e.g., casual walking) has been demonstrated

to buffer anxiety in the face of stressors (Carmack,

Boudreaux, Amaral-Melendez, Brantley, & de Moor, 1999).

Active perimenopausal women reported less psychosomatic

symptoms (e.g., irritability, headaches) and fewer sexual

problems than those who were more sedentary (Li, Gulanick,

Lanuza, & Penckofer, 1999).

Some literature exists supporting the psychological

bene-“ts of aerobic exercise Correlational studies predominantly

endorse positive psychological health in people who

partici-pate in aerobic exercise One study assessing more than 3,400

participants found that those who engaged in exercise two or

more times each week reported less depressive symptoms,

anger, cynical distrust, and stress compared to those

exercis-ing less or not at all (Hassmen, Koivula, & Uutela, 2000).

This former group also reported a greater sense of social

integration and perceived health Similarly, meta-analytic

reviews revealed that those who exercise are signi“cantly

less likely to be depressed (Craft & Landers, 1998) and to

report distress (Crews & Landers, 1987) However, other

meta-analyses demonstrate little (i.e., only one-half standard

deviation; North, McCullagh, & Tran, 1990) or no (e.g., Schlicht, 1994) difference in psychological distress between exercisers and nonexercisers.

Intervention studies provide stronger evidence for the chological bene“ts of aerobic exercise regarding psychologi- cal distress One study randomly assigned participants with dysphoric mood to cognitive therapy, aerobic exercise, or

psy-a combinpsy-ation of these two interventions over psy-a 10-week period (Fremont & Craighead, 1987) Although no signi“cant differences were noted between the groups, all three demon- strated signi“cant decreases in depressive symptoms Simi- larly, older patients with major depressive disorder were randomly assigned to aerobic exercise (3 times per week), antidepressant medication (sertraline hydrochloride), or both for 16 weeks (Blumenthal et al., 1999) Results demonstrated all three groups signi“cantly improved on measures of depression, anxiety, self-esteem, life satisfaction, and dys- functional attitudes from pre- to posttreatment, but no differ- ences were noted between the groups following intervention Those receiving antidepressant medications did, however, demonstrate quicker enhancement of mood compared to those participating in aerobic exercise only.

A meta-analytic study demonstrated the effects of tative exercise programs on anxiety and depression in patients with coronary disease (Kugler, Seelbach, & Kruskemper, 1994) Speci“cally, exercise resulted in moderate decreases in both anxiety and depressive symptoms and did not differ signi“cantly from psychotherapy Similarly, breast cancer survivors randomly assigned to exercise or exercise plus behavior modi“cation demonstrated comparably signi“cant decreases in depressive symptoms and anxiety (Segar et al., 1998) The waitlist control (WLC) group in this study did not initially exhibit such declines in distress However, following the waiting period, those participants in the WLC who partook

rehabili-in the exercise program also exhibited signi“cantly dimrehabili-in- ished anxiety and depressive symptoms In addition to aerobic

dimin-exercise, resistance exercise (e.g., weight lifting) has also

demonstrated bene“cial effects on health (Tsutumi et al., 1998).

Fox•s (1999) review of the literature on exercise and tal health supports the following conclusions: Exercise (a) is

men-an effective treatment for clinical depression; (b) decreases state and trait anxiety; (c) enhances self-perceptions and, perhaps, self-ef“cacy; (d) improves mood; and (e) may improve cognitive functioning, especially in older adults Possible mechanisms of action may be in the physiological (e.g., release of endorphins), psychological (e.g., diversion, improved self-image), and/or social (e.g., social interactions, receiving attention) domains.

Other Common Healing Approaches 605

Yoga incorporates exercise, static poses, breathing,

relax-ation, and meditation (Jacobs, 1996) The purpose of yoga is

to •centerŽ the person•s mind, body, and spirit Speci“c

hy-pothesized bene“ts include improving muscular and

cardio-vascular endurance, boosting the immune system, enhancing

circulation, increasing muscular and cognitive ”exibility, and

relaxation Yoga is often used as complementary therapy for

medical disorders such as asthma, arthritis, HIV/AIDS,

cancer, and coronary artery disease While there are several

different types of yoga, Hatha yoga is most frequently

prac-ticed in the West Hatha yoga combines stretching, breathing,

relaxation, and meditation (Wanning, 1993).

Research supports positive bene“ts of practicing yoga

Pa-tients with epilepsy were randomly assigned to true yoga,

sham yoga (i.e., similar but distinct postures), and a

nontreat-ment control group (Panjwani, Gupta, Singh, Selvamurthy, &

Rai, 1995) Decreases in galvanic skin response, as an

indi-cator of sympathetic nervous system activity, were noted in

the true yoga group only Another study compared yoga,

relaxation (i.e., progressive muscle relaxation), and

visual-ization in a group of healthy adults (Wood, 1993)

Partici-pants practiced for six, 25- to 30-minute sessions over a

two-week period Following intervention, the yoga group

re-ported increased mental and physical energy, alertness, and

positive mood These bene“ts were signi“cantly greater than

the other two groups The relaxation group was more tired

and sluggish compared with yoga, and the visualization

group reported more sluggishness and less contentment

com-pared to those performing yoga Additionally, yoga has been

integrated into cardiac rehabilitation programs (Ornish et al.,

1998).

Additional movement therapies conjectured to enhance

mind and body health include the Alexander technique and

Feldenkrais The Alexander technique is based on the

con-cept that poor posture produces functional problems in the

mind and body Those practicing this technique strive to work

with unconscious thoughts and to correct poor postures,

especially centered on the head, neck, and back One

uncon-trolled study investigated the effects of the Alexander

tech-nique on patients with Parkinson•s disease (Stallibrass,

1997) Following a series of lessons (mean number  12),

participants demonstrated decreased depressive symptoms

and increased functional abilities.

Similarly, Feldenkrais’ functional integration is based on

the premise that pain and decreased movement are caused by

poor usage patterns The goal of this movement therapy is to

develop •freedom through awarenessŽ via •re-educatingŽ

motor components by using slow, purposeful movements.

As a result, the body and mind are hypothesized to relax,

permitting ease with movement, thinking, and feeling One randomized controlled study investigating Feldenkrais movement was identi“ed (Johnson, Frederick, Kaufman, & Mountjoy, 1999) In this study, patients with multiple sclero- sis participated in true or sham Feldenkrais sessions Only those participants in the true Feldenkrais intervention reported less perceived stress and anxiety.

Expressive Therapies

Expressive therapies include techniques designed to crease the person•s awareness and expression of emotions.

in-Written emotional disclosure refers to writing about thoughts

and feelings regarding a stressful or traumatic event This type of expressive therapy has consistently demonstrated positive effects on psychological well-being, mood, and physiological and general functioning (Smyth, 1998) Specif- ically, written emotional disclosure has resulted in greater positive mood, less negative mood, decreased anxiety, fewer somatic complaints, and less frequent physician visits for both students and unemployed adults (Greenberg & Stone, 1992; Pennebaker, 1993; Pennebaker, Colder, & Sharp, 1990).

With regard to medical populations, patients with toid arthritis (RA) and asthma were randomly assigned to write about either stressful experiences or a neutral topic (Smyth, Stone, Hurewitz, & Kaell, 1999) Four months fol- lowing intervention, those in the former group demonstrated signi“cant health bene“ts not gleaned from the group writing about neutral events Speci“cally, patients with RA demon- strated improvements in overall disease activity, while those with asthma demonstrated improved lung function Further- more, 47% of those writing about stressful events, compared

rheuma-to 9% in the other group, demonstrated clinically signi“cant improvements Positive mood and enhanced physical func- tion were also noted in another study in a group of patients with RA (Kelley, Lumley, & Leisen, 1997) Similar to the previous study, only participants randomly assigned to dis- close stressful events (this time via verbal means) gained psychological and physical bene“ts, while those randomly assigned to discuss a neutral topic showed no psychological

or physical health bene“ts.

Dance movement therapy (DMT) attempts to promote

expression and reduce tension through movement It has been prescribed in the clinical literature to help treat children and adults with behavior problems or expressive dif“culties DMT is believed to help decrease negative effects of stress (e.g., tension, fatigue) by gaining a sense of control through (a) the spiritual aspect of dance, (b) moving (e.g., increased

circulation), (c) distraction from stress, and (d) confronting

stressors by projecting them in dance (Hana, 1995).

While there are intervention studies investigating the

ben-e“ts of DMT for patients with a range of psychological

symptoms (Brooks & Stark, 1989; Stewart, McMullen, &

Rubin, 1994), most were conducted with poor

methodologi-cal control.

Music therapy (MT) involves the active or passive use of

music to enhance health and express emotions (Achterberg

et al., 1994) It has been used with adults and children who

exhibit cognitive and affective de“cits In addition, patients

with physical disabilities and chronic mental illness were

reported to bene“t from MT (Achterberg et al., 1994) A

review of the literature provides support for the use of MT to

decrease anxiety associated with speci“c events (i.e., sur gery

and medical procedures) in some populations (i.e., cardiac

patients and premature neonates; Snyder & Chlan, 1999;

and patients with asthma; Lehrer et al., 1994) With regard

to depression, one study observed the impact of elderly

pa-tients who were randomly assigned to either home-based MT,

self-administered MT, or waitlist control (WLC) over an

eight-week period (Hanser & Thompson, 1994) Results

demonstrated both MT groups achieved a greater decrease in

depression than those on the waitlist, and these bene“ts were

maintained at a nine-month follow-up assessment.

Art therapy entails using drawing, painting, or sculpting

to express oneself and increase self-awareness (Achterberg

et al., 1994) Art therapy has been connected with mental

health since the 1800s Few empirical studies have been

conducted investigating the ef“cacy of art therapy as a

treatment for speci“c medical or psychological disorders.

However, Anand and Anand (1997) discussed the bene“ts

gleaned from art therapy in patients following

laryngec-tomy Speci“cally, art therapy reportedly served as an

ad-junct assessment and treatment tool for patients who

experience depression, anxiety, grief, and concern regarding

physical appearance.

Mind/Body Therapies

Complementary and alternative therapies categorized as

mind/body interventions have often been derived from

decades of psychological and behavioral science They are

discussed in other chapters of this volume with regard to their

ef“cacy in treatment of psychological and physical

syn-dromes, such as pain, that are associated with various

medical disorders These include many cognitive and

behav-ioral interventions such as relaxation training, guided

visual-ization, cognitive restructuring, behavior modi“cation,

self-instructional training, stress inoculation training,

prob-lem solving, anger management, and psychoeducation, as well as other psychological interventions such as hypnosis and supportive group counseling.

When employed to reduce psychological distress (e.g., iety and depression), to manage stress, or to treat a range of other behavioral disorders, many of these therapies are well-tested and thus considered standard approaches to treatment For ex- ample, many clinical interventions falling under the rubric of cognitive-behavioral treatment have been documented through numerous studies, reviews, and texts as effective for a wide range of psychological and behavioral problems (Beutler, Harwood, & Caldwell, 2001) Many are listed as empirically validated techniques Cognitive-behavioral therapies are markedly present among the list of empirically supported psy- chotherapies (Chambless & Hollon, 1998).

anx-When the focus of such therapies is on the reduction of medical symptoms and disease, their use may be viewed as alternative or complementary, because they have not been traditionally prescribed or employed in a medical context However, as many of the chapters in this volume indicate, mind/body strategies have shown promise as potentially effective strategies that can alter the occurrence, course, or management of medical syndromes Additionally, their po- tential effectiveness regarding many medically unexplained symptoms has been suggested (A M Nezu, Nezu, & Lombardo, 2001) This is particularly relevant with regard to the large percentage of individuals who seek medical care each year from their primary care physicians, in which there exists no identi“able underlying medical disease that can ex- plain the persistent experience of certain physical symptoms (A M Nezu et al., 2001) Recent reviews concerning other interventions such as hypnosis have also shown promise

as both alternative and complementary interventions for medical disorders such as obesity, insomnia, hypertension, asthma, irritable bowel syndrome, and dermatological disor- ders (Nash, 2001).

Are all complementary and alternative therapies mind/ body? As traditional psychological interventions are more

frequently applied to both medical and psychological meters of disease, and as other complementary and alterna- tive treatments described earlier in this chapter gain wider public attention and acceptance, the dichotomous line be-

para-tween medical and nonmedical symptoms, disorders and

treatments can be rapidly blurred As such, the concept of mind/body therapies to maintain health and heal disease can

be expanded to include almost all interventions based on the understanding that such conditions represent an interac- tion of physical, psychological, emotional, and spiritual factors Most of the interventions described in this chapter are •mind/bodyŽ therapies.

References 607

COMMON THEMES

From a health psychology perspective, several important

themes emerge that concern the shared characteristics of

al-ternative and complementary treatments in the context of an

expanded mind/body rubric These include:

1 A biopsychosocial model, which incorporates biological,

immunological, psychological, spiritual, interpersonal, and

environmental variables, characterizes an underlying mind/

body philosophy of most complementary and alternative

approaches Psychological wellness is viewed as a critical

component of health regarding most of these therapeutic

systems Many psychological interventions, such as

cogni-tive-behavioral therapy, group therapy, and hypnosis, may

provide strategies that increase psychological well-being

and decrease distress.

2 A holistic, individualized case assessment approach is a

common method of diagnosis and treatment Although

each healing approach may vary in the methodology, such

as use of the interview, physical exam techniques, or tests

that are administered, there is a marked tendency to design

treatment speci“c to the individual case formulation rather

than rely on a standard prescription or dosage strategy.

3 The underlying philosophy on which many

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phys-ical, emotional, mental, and spiritual aspects of energy are

all given signi“cant weight and seen as interrelated.

4 Treatment ef“cacy is most often associated with

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etio-logically linked to cognition, behavior, and lifestyle This

covers a wide range of what have been historically

con-sidered medical disorders, such as cardiac problems,

diabetes, immune functioning disorders, asthma, pain

syn-dromes, and gastrointestinal disorders.

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Integration of Psychological Interventions and

Complementary and Alternative Therapies

Because psychological health is considered such an integral

part of most complementary and alternative approaches,

there is wide applicability for psychological interventions to

be delivered in conjunction with these approaches as part of

an overall health maintenance strategy Particularly helpful in

this regard would be the widespread provision of

psychoedu-cation and promotion of a biopsychosocial model, so that

patients can learn to view psychological interventions as part

of a comprehensive treatment, rather than an indication that health providers have labeled them as •crazyŽ or diagnosed their problem as •all in their head.Ž Additionally, psycholog- ical interventions speci“cally shown to be ef “cacious with comorbid symptoms of anxiety and depression, which occur with high prevalence in patients with diagnosed dif“culties such as cancer or heart disease, can be integrated with ongo- ing treatment aimed at the cancer itself.

alter-a walter-ay of coping with the malter-any decisions they must confront may serve as a particularly useful intervention in this re-

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Barnard, M., 361Barnes, G M., 572, 586Barnett, A., 214Barnett, P A., 60, 68Barnett, R C., 529, 530, 531, 532, 537, 541Barnhart, S., 105, 107, 110, 115, 119Baron, K P., 591, 593, 612Baron, R S., 61, 68, 82, 87Barone, D., 574, 586Barone, M., 145Barr, R G., 77, 89, 90, 401, 408, 410, 599Barraclough, J., 276, 287

Barre-Sinoussi, F., 230, 239Barreiro, M A., 399, 409Barrett, B., 598, 599, 608Barrett, D C., 88, 240, 343, 364, 528, 544Barrett, E J., 245, 262

Bell, R A., 551, 565Bell, R M., 155, 162, 163Bellinger, D L., 76, 93, 181, 186Bellodi, L., 88

Belsky, J., 447, 459Belzer, M E., 479, 482Bem, S L., 533, 537Bendel, R., 557, 562Bender, B., 78, 88, 104, 109, 115Bendtsen, L., 251, 265Bendtsen, P., 59, 68Benefante, R., 495, 503Bengtsson, C., 563Benjamin, C., 188, 413Bennett, B., 374, 386Bennett, D A., 496, 510Bennett, E J., 399, 408Bennett, P., 6, 15, 21, 127, 143, 405, 408, 518,

538, 550, 565Bennett, R M., 172, 181, 183, 186, 190Benotsch, E G., 234, 240

Benowitz, N L., 147, 162Benschop, R J., 94Ben-Shlomo, Y., 503, 506Bensing, J., 373, 389Benson, H., 254, 262, 332, 335, 353, 359,

406, 408Benson, L J., 559Benson, P., 280, 287Bentall, R P., 379, 389Bentley, G., 295, 314Benyamini, Y., 498, 506Benz, R L., 323, 336Ben-Zur, H., 38, 42, 44, 45Beresford, T., 159, 167Berg, C J., 543Berg, P A., 182, 187Berg, S., 500, 507Berga, S L., 93Berge, K., 364Berger, M., 600, 613, 614Bergeron, A M., 594, 607Bergman, L H., 457, 460Bergman, R., 217Bergman, W., 73Bergmann, B M., 319, 336Bergner, M., 306, 313Berkbigler, D., 109, 118Berkey, S C., 358Berkman, A H., 419, 431Berkman, L., 59, 61, 63, 68, 73, 82, 88, 323, 337,

342, 357, 498, 503Berkowitz, J., 314

Berkowitz, R I., 128, 130, 144Berlant, N., 457, 463Berlin, J A., 263, 363, 507, 543Berman, M B., 185, 189Berman, N., 611Berman, S., 73Berman, S M., 478, 480, 482Berman, S R., 327, 334Bernard, T M., 53, 71Bernardini, R., II., 190Bernbaum, M., 196, 211Bernotas, T D., 471, 482Bernstein, D., 190Bernstein, D A., 254, 262Bernstein, D I., 111, 117, 119Bernstein, E D., 489, 507Bernstein, I L., 111, 117, 119Bernstein, L., 516, 541, 544, 556, 562Berntorp, E., 73, 95

Berntson, G G., 88Berreman, C F., 412Berridge, K C., 151, 167Berry, C., 148, 153, 163, 164Berry, H., 69

Berry, J W., 41, 45Berson, J., 166Bertakis, K D., 534, 537Bertini, M., 55Bertolet, B D., 527, 537Besselman, L., 291Bessler, H., 81, 95Besson, C., 107, 115Betschart, J., 194, 211Beutel, M., 524, 537Beutler, L., 295, 300, 313, 606, 608Bevington, D J., 272, 290Beyrer, C., 240, 243Bhalerao, U., 360Bhapkar, M V., 483Bhatnagar, D., 531, 537Bhatnagar, S O D., 116Bhattacharya, S K., 601, 608Bickham, N L., 222, 244Biegel, D., 284, 291Bieliauskas, L A., 94Biernat, M., 125, 139, 533, 542Bierut, L J., 159, 162Bigby, J A., 540Bigelow, C., 539Biglan, A., 217, 223, 243, 402, 412, 479, 484Bijkerk, C., 172, 186

Bijlsma, J W., 66, 69, 177, 178, 187, 190Biller, B M K., 470, 483

Billings, A G., 276, 287Billings, J H., 362, 612Binkley, J K., 127, 139Binks, M., 434Birchler, G., 300, 314Bird, K., 386Biron, C A., 93Birstein, S., 433Bisbal, C., 385Bishop, A L., 116Bishop, D B., 144Bishop, D S., 104, 116

Boekeloo, B O., 225, 237, 239Boeren, R B., 295, 315Boersma, J W., 178, 187, 190Bogaards, M C., 252, 263Bogart, L M., 232, 234, 239, 240Bogduk, N., 180, 188, 295, 315Bohlander, J., 70

Boivin, J F., 330, 335Bolam, B., 19, 21Bolan, G., 242Boland, L L., 506Bolden, S., 268, 288Boldrin, M., 144Bolger, N., 65, 68, 77, 88, 173, 186Boline, P D., 594, 608

Boll, T J., 22Bolund, C., 272, 287Boman, G., 107, 116Bombardier, C., 187, 190, 375, 376, 377, 380,

381, 384, 426, 428, 431, 434Bonadonna, R., 612

Bond, C M., 167Bond, G G., 454, 459Bond, J T., 529, 530, 537Bond, K C., 240Bond, R N., 80, 94, 346, 363Bondy, B., 189

Bone, M E., 599, 608Bonica, J J., 313Bonneau, R H., 77, 80, 83, 90Bononi, P., 217

Bonte, L., 69Booher, P., 172, 190Book, S W., 46Bookbinder, M., 70Bookless, C L., 37, 47Bookwala, J., 40, 47, 277, 291, 532, 543Boomsma, D I., 158, 166

Boon, H S., 601, 614Boos, N., 294, 313Booth, M L., 552, 565Booth, R., 86, 94, 561Boothby, J L., 302, 313Bootzin, R R., 331, 334Bor, W., 411

Bordie, A K., 395, 409Bordley, W C., 446, 460Borecki, I., 140Borg, S., 524, 537Borgeat, F., 256, 263Borgens, R., 430, 431Borgo, S., 31, 46Borkman, M., 204, 211Borkovec, T D., 254, 262, 321, 334Borrelli, B., 157, 168

Borretzen, M., 179, 188Bors, K P., 519, 540Bortner, R W., 345, 361Borum, M L., 518, 538Borus, J F., 374, 384Borysenko, M., 89Boscarino, J A., 81, 88, 239

Bosley, C M., 109, 115Bosma, H., 342, 357Bosmajian, L., 394, 397, 413Bosmans, E., 81, 93Bostrum, A G., 340, 361Bosworth, H B., 487, 488, 496, 497, 498, 499,

500, 503, 508, 545Bouchard, C., 126, 139, 143, 362Boudreaux, E., 604, 608Boughal, T., 553, 566Boughton, C., 368, 388, 391Bou-Holaigah, I., 372, 385Boulet, L P., 110, 118Boulet, M J., 499, 507Bourassa, M G., 359Bourdony, C J., 483Bourestrom, N., 426, 431Bousquet, J., 107, 115Bousser, M G., 249, 265, 266Boustead, C., 159, 162, 163Boutelle, K N., 127, 140Boutsen, M., 166Bovasso, G B., 35, 47Bovbjerg, D H., 71, 79, 85, 88, 95, 282, 287Bowden, C A., 189

Bowden, J J., 107, 120Bowen, M., 598, 610Bower, A., 360Bower, J E., 80, 82, 88Bowler, R., 38, 46Bowles, C A., 78, 93Bowman, B., 142, 214Bowman, E D., 166, 167Bowser, D M., 235, 243Boyce, T., 528, 536Boyce, W T., 551, 567Boyd, J H., 389Boyd, N R., 166, 167Boyd, S C., 273, 288Boyer, B., 461Boyko, E J., 550, 559Bozzette, S., 239Braaten, L S., 240Brackbill, R M., 575, 588Bradford, K., 602, 610Bradley, C., 196, 198, 211, 212, 215Bradley, L A., 184, 185, 188, 314, 399, 412Bradshaw, B S., 548, 562

Bradshaw, S L., Jr., 381, 390Bradshaw-Robinson, S., 163Brady, M J., 290

Brambilla, F., 81, 88Brancati, F L., 198, 212Brancoti, F L., 361Brand, R J., 362Brand-Driehorst, S., 91, 360Brandenberg, Y., 272, 287Brandmaier, R., 598, 611Brandt, K D., 183, 186Branholm, I B., 203, 212Brannon, L., 1, 2, 34, 45Brantley, P J., 54, 69, 398, 409, 604, 608Brant-Zawadzki, M., 294, 314

Bras“eld, T L., 226, 242, 244Brask, T., 599, 609

479, 480, 482Brown, S., 91, 609, 612Brown, S A., 207, 211Brown, S E., 362Brown, T., 522, 537Browne, S., 105, 115Brownell, K D., 125, 127, 136, 138, 139, 140,

141, 142, 143, 144, 215, 413, 537, 538,

539, 541, 542, 543, 544Browning, S R., 557, 562Brownson, R C., 561Brozek, J., 361Bruce, B., 412Brucker, B., 429, 431Bruger, R A., 599, 608Brugman, S M., 103, 120Brummett, B H., 503, 508Bruneau, J., 229, 240Bruno, G M., 258, 262Brunson, K W., 93Brunton, R., 195, 214Brutsaert, D L., 358Bryant, G D., 107, 120

Bu, Y., 601, 611Bua, G., 426, 434Bubb, J., 214, 459, 483Buceta, J M., 112, 120Buchalter, E., 601, 611Buchanan, I., 459Buchanan, J., 12, 23Buchbinder, S., 243Bucher, J A., 281, 283, 285, 287, 289Buchowski, M S., 546, 551, 560Buchwald, D., 105, 115, 368, 369, 370, 375, 376,

377, 380, 381, 384, 385, 389Buchwald, D B., 110, 115, 389Buchwald, D S., 101, 119Buckelew, S A., 424, 432Buckelew, S P., 174, 186, 189, 428, 432Buckley, C E., 503

Buckloh, L M., 451, 462Buczek, Y., 152, 162Buddenberg, C., 55, 68Budin, W., 65, 68, 70Budzynski, T H., 249, 256, 263Buer, N., 294, 303, 314Buescher, K., 72Buist, A S., 120Buist, D S., 514, 542Bukberg, J B., 272, 287Bulaeva, N V., 429, 431Bulcroft, R A., 119Bulloch, K., 93Bulto, M., 226, 242Bultz, B D., 289Bunker, C., 363, 538Buono, L A., 456, 459Burack, J., 81, 88, 232, 240Burbridge, J., 81, 95

Burchette, R., 156, 163, 164Burch“el, C M., 548, 560, 562, 565Burch“eld, S R., 557, 560Burckhardt, C S., 184, 186Burdon, J G W., 102, 115Burg, M M., 57, 73, 341, 361Burgdoff, K., 475, 482Burger, A L., 409Burger, P C., 503Burgess, A P., 73Burgess, C., 276, 287Burgess, R L., 475, 482Buring, J E., 489, 505Burish, T G., 272, 275, 279, 287Burish, T J., 279, 289

Burkard, G., 601, 614Burke, E J., 250, 258, 262Burke, H M., 169, 175, 190, 518Burke, J D., Jr., 389, 543Burke, L., 499, 500, 503Burke, R J., 530, 537Burleson, M H., 77, 88, 173, 175, 190Burman, I., 609

Burn, P., 126, 136, 139, 433, 476, 485Burnett, C., 398, 413, 566

Burns, A S., 421, 424, 431Burns, B J., 483Burns, J W., 566Burns, R., 382, 385, 563Burns, S P., 421, 431Burrell, G., 357Burroughs, V., 387Burrows, L., 190Burt, V L., 352, 357Burton, H J., 64, 68Burton, L C., 532, 537Burton, L R., 133, 134, 141, 145Bury, R G., 400, 409

Bush, D., 361Bush, T M., 73Buske-Kirschbaum, A., 85, 88Buskila, D., 179, 186Busse, E W., 490, 491, 503Butler, B., 206, 210Butler, G., 140Butler, L D., 66, 68Butler, P M., 211, 401, 411Butler, R., 449, 451, 459, 462Butow, P N., 53, 55, 68Butter“eld, J., 202, 212Butterweck, V., 601, 608, 611Button, J., 73

Buysse, D J., 322, 325, 327, 334, 336Buzaglo, J., 461

Byosiere, P., 579, 587Byrd, B L., 274, 287Byrd, G., 291Byrne, D., 53, 68Cacioppo, J., 60, 73, 77, 83, 88, 92, 95, 244, 553,

557, 560, 566Cadieux, R J., 335Cadman, E C., 229, 241Cado, S., 399, 410Caetano, R., 547, 549, 560, 562

240, 242, 244, 272, 275, 279, 287, 456,

459, 517Carey, V., 543, 556, 563Cargill, V A., 244Carlin, M M., 459Carlisle, D M., 344, 358Carlson, B W., 264Carlson, L., 450, 459Carlson, S L., 76, 90Carlson, V., 117, 611Carmack, C L., 604, 608Carmelli, D., 157, 158, 159, 160, 162, 168,

490, 509Carmichael, S., 143Carnes, M., 534, 536, 537Carney, M., 57, 73Carney, R., 198, 214, 346, 347, 358, 360Carota-Orne, E., 459

Carpenter, J K., 90, 289Carpenter, K M., 125, 139Carr, A., 447, 460Carr, J E., 280, 291Carr, R E., 101, 103, 107, 110, 113, 115, 116, 117Carr, V J., 44, 49

Carretero, O A., 352, 354, 355, 358Carrico, A W., 366, 368, 373, 387Carrier, S., 256, 264

Carroll, D., 19, 21Carroll, M D., 121, 123, 140, 142Carrougher, G., 430, 433Carruthers, M., 362Carskadon, M A., 336Carson, J W., 460Carsons, S., 518, 519, 537Carstensen, L L., 84, 88, 507, 509Carter, W., 306, 313

Carter, A., 441, 461, 474, 483Carter, R., 193, 213, 474, 483Carter, W., 306, 313Carter, W A., 378, 390Carter, W R., 195, 205, 211, 213Carter-Nolan, P L., 552, 560Cartledge, J J., 204, 211Cartwright, S., 573, 576, 586Carty, J., 131, 141

Carver, C S., 34, 46, 57, 65, 68, 89, 276, 287Case, N., 63, 67

Case, R., 63, 67Casey, R., 458, 461Cash, J M., 186Cash, T F., 125, 143Casio, W F., 576, 586Casper, M L., 562Caspersen, C J., 546, 565Cassavia, E., 408Cassel, J., 59, 69, 82, 88, 353, 360Castellanos, L G., 561

Castelli, W P., 124, 141, 344, 358

Castés, M., 112, 115Castilla, A., 81, 88Castilla-Cortazar, I., 81, 88Castillo, J., 249, 264Castle, S., 78, 88Cataldo, M F., 402, 410, 454, 460, 483Cates, W., Jr., 478, 479, 480, 482Catley, D., 172, 178, 186Catz, S., 54, 63, 69, 232, 234, 235, 239, 240, 242Cauce, A M., 558, 560

Caulet, M., 322, 329, 336Cauley, J A., 489, 506Cavalieri, F., 186Cave, B., 15, 21Celentano, D D., 228, 229, 240, 243Celentano, E., 49

Celia, M., 542Cella, D., 272, 287, 290, 291Celum, C., 243

Cerise, F., 211Cerney-Seeler, B., 41, 49Cerrato, P L., 600, 608Cesari, H., 223, 243Chadwick, O., 141, 455, 459Chagnon, Y C., 126, 139Chaisson, C E., 186Chaitchik, S., 53, 71Chalder, T., 369, 370, 378, 379, 385, 389,

390, 391Chalmers, J C., 526, 540Chaloupka, F., 154, 155, 163, 167Chamaret, S., 239

Chamberlain, K., 109, 117Chamberlain, R M., 164, 167Chamberlin, K., 335Chambers, D., 233, 240Chambers, M J., 332, 334Chambers, W H., 93Chambless, D., 442, 459, 606, 608Chambless, L., 562

Champion, V., 529, 538, 540, 541, 578Chan, C Y., 91

Chan, J M., 124, 139Chan, K., 243Chan, L., 421, 431Chandler, H M., 596, 608Chandra, A., 525, 543Chandra, V., 83, 88Chaney, J., 432Chang, B H., 558, 566Chang, C H., 187Chang, C J., 364Chang, E., 423, 433Chang, H K., 196, 213, 561Chang, J., 81, 88

Chang, L., 175, 186Chang, M H., 561Chang, P F., 359Chape, C., 360Chapman, H A., 543Chapman, J., 598, 609Chapman, K R., 517, 538Chapman, T., 241Charlebois, E D., 239Charlifue, S., 419, 420, 426, 431, 433

186, 190, 373, 385, 484Chu, J., 501, 503

Chung, R C., 41, 46, 612Chung, S M., 612Chung, T H., 499, 503Chwalisz, K., 425, 431Chwalow, J., 71Chyou, P H., 562Ciambrone, D., 286Cinciripini, P M., 270, 287Citrin, C M., 294, 315Claghorn, J L., 196, 214Clancy, C M., 523, 538Clancy, M C., 523, 538Clapp-Channing, N., 360, 503Clare, A., 409

Clark, C L., 547, 549, 560Clark, D., 546, 552Clark, H B., 127, 133, 139, 140Clark, J., 208, 215

Clark, K., 358, 498, 509Clark, M., 389Clark, M B., 127, 140Clark, M C., 37, 48Clark, M R., 358, 375, 377, 385Clark, R., 545, 556, 557Clark, V., 547, 556Clark, W S., 552, 559Clarke, B F., 203, 214Clarke, D., 323, 336Clarke, P B., 151, 163Clarke, W L., 195, 205, 206, 211, 213Classen, C., 66, 68, 282, 288, 291Claudius, N., 611

Clauw, D J., 172, 173, 181, 186Clay, D., 432, 442, 459Clayer, J R., 37, 47Clayson, D E., 599, 611Clayton, G., 506Cleare, A., 378, 385, 389Clearman, R., 427, 434Cleary, G L., 510Cleary, P D., 236, 240, 532, 538Cleghorn, G., 403, 412Clement, C., 194, 211Clement, K., 144Clementi, F., 148, 149, 163Clements, C M., 40, 46Clemmer, D., 433Clemow, L., 207, 215Cleveland, S E., 362Cleven, K., 92Cline, C L., 299, 313Cline-Elsen, J., 280, 288Clipp, E., 501, 502, 504, 506Cloitre, M., 33, 48Cloninger, C R., 162, 504Clouse, R., 197, 198, 214

Clum, G A., 36, 47Coakley, E., 127, 139, 157, 168Coambs, R B., 152, 162Coate, D., 154, 166Coates, A S., 55, 68, 70Coates, T J., 66, 87, 88, 227, 232, 236, 239, 240,

241, 242, 321, 326, 334, 551, 566Cobb, J., 354, 358, 361, 490, 505Cobb, S., 36, 46, 59, 69, 82, 89, 354, 358,

575, 586Cochrane, G M., 109, 115, 165, 166, 167Coda, R., 73

Coderre, T J., 188, 294, 313Coe, C C., 79, 89

Coe, C L., 82, 91Coen, K M., 149, 151, 163Coglianese, M E., 543Cohen, B H., 158, 165Cohen, C J., 234, 240Cohen, D., 78, 87, 464Cohen, F., 79, 87Cohen, H J., 488, 505Cohen, J., 80, 94, 129, 139, 346, 363, 372, 388Cohen, K R., 273, 281

Cohen, L., 85, 87, 88, 283, 288, 527, 538Cohen, M., 256, 263, 273, 291, 314, 517, 538Cohen, N., 85, 93, 188, 372, 385

Cohen, R D., 359, 498, 505, 506, 509, 562Cohen, S., 34, 35, 46, 47, 59, 69, 70, 78, 79,

80, 83, 87, 88, 90, 91, 93, 99, 108, 115,

120, 164, 199, 211, 216, 277, 281, 282,

289, 342, 358, 380, 388, 547, 553, 560,

590, 608Coker, J., 433Colburn, R W., 181, 185Colder, C R., 153, 163Colder, M., 605, 612Colditz, G A., 124, 125, 126, 139, 143, 144, 145,

355, 360, 564, 567Cole, J A., 196, 210Cole, K., 200, 215Cole, S W., 63, 72, 77, 81, 89, 232, 240, 431Colecchi, C A., 333, 336

Colegrove, R., 456, 463Coleman, R E., 357Coley, B., 226, 242Colgan, S M., 404, 413Colin, P R., 355, 358Colket, J T., 46Colla, M., 178, 186Collett, D., 603, 609Collie, J., 296, 313Collier, A C., 231, 240Collier, G R., 126, 139Collins, A., 152, 163, 167Collins, C., 57, 73, 555, 556, 567Collins, F L., 250, 263Collins, J L., 472, 482, 557, 563Collins, L M., 495, 496, 503, 504, 506, 509Collins, P Y., 517, 538

Collins, R L., 554, 566Collins, V R., 124, 141Colon, E., 521, 541Coltman, C A., 501, 506Comarr, A E., 420, 431

538, 571, 578, 581Couper, J., 306, 314Cournos, F., 235, 244Couropmitree, N N., 186Cousins, M J., 421, 435Cousins, N., 90, 280, 281, 288Coutinho, R A., 229, 244Cover, H., 324, 334Covey, L S., 154, 163Covi, L., 398, 409Covino, N A., 92Cowles, M K., 110, 118Cox, C., 450, 459Cox, D., 95, 195, 196, 202, 204, 206, 211, 212,

213, 254, 263Cox, N K., 95Cox, R., 288Cox, T., 572, 586Coyle, C., 427, 429, 431, 433Coyle, D A., 346, 363Coyle, K., 224, 240Coyle, S., 223, 228, 240, 243Coyne, J., 58, 59, 69, 398, 410Coyne, L., 259, 266, 381, 390Cozzi, L., 452, 459

Crabbe, J C., 163Craft, L L., 604, 608Craig, A., 281, 288, 295, 423, 425, 431Craig, K D., 264, 297, 313

Craig, S E., 475, 483Craighead, L W., 604, 609Craighead, W E., 608Cram, J R., 250, 263Cramer, P., 58, 69Cramond, W A., 274, 288Crandall, C., 125, 139, 536, 538, 586, 587Crane, L A., 290

Crary, B., 76, 89Crary, J L., 139Craske, M G., 81, 94, 451, 459Craven, T., 174, 189

Crawford, D., 127, 139Crawley, J N., 152, 163Creamer, P., 185, 189Creed, F., 174, 186, 394, 403, 409, 410, 412Creer, T., 106, 108, 111, 114, 117, 118, 119,

453, 459Cremer, P., 342, 363Crespo, C J., 549, 560Crewe, N., 423, 427, 431Crews, D J., 604, 609Crilley, P., 273, 290Crimmins, E., 488, 504Crippens, D L., 564Criqui, M A., 361Criqui, M H., 506Criquim, M H., 363Crisco, J J., 456, 462Crisp, R., 428, 431Crisp, T C., 611

Crisson, J E., 174, 186, 187Crittenden, P M., 475, 483Crocker, M F., 296, 314Crockett, L J., 469, 483Crofford, L J., 178, 186Croft, P R., 188Croghan, T W., 499, 504Cromer, B A., 473, 481, 483Cromer, L., 561

Crommelin, R M., 207, 212Cropanzano, R., 569, 589Cross, C K., 529, 539Crouter, A C., 530, 542Crow, F., 426, 433Crowell, M., 394, 398, 412, 413Crowley, J J., 501, 506Crowther, R., 330, 335Croyle, R T., 54, 69Cruess, D G., 239Cruess, S., 239Crum, R M., 197, 212, 362Crump, C., 528, 542, 572, 587Crutch“eld, A B., 561Cruz, P T., 195, 214Cryer, P., 205, 212Crystal, S., 239Cuevas, J L., 394, 412Cuisinier, M C., 524, 540Culbert, J P., 332, 336Culjak, G., 55, 68Cullhed, I., 357Culliton, P D., 597, 609Cummings, C., 280, 291Cummings, G L., 547, 560Cummings, S R., 551, 566Cunningham, S J., 462Cunningham, W., 193, 213, 474, 483Cunradi, C B., 547, 560

Curb, J D., 560, 561, 562, 565Curie, C J., 377, 390Currie, S L., 244Currie, S R., 332, 334Currier, J S., 241Curtis, S., 15, 21Cutler, G B., Jr., 484, 485Cutler, J A., 352, 357, 358Cutler, R B., 312, 313Cutrona, C E., 59, 61, 68, 69, 82, 87Cutter, G., 344, 362

Cwikel, J., 44, 46Czajkowski, S M., 339, 357, 363, 553, 565Czeisler, C A., 336

Czekalla, J., 601, 609

Da Costa, I G., 454, 459daCosta, G A., 408Dadds, M., 66, 72, 411Daeschner, C W., 460D•Agostino, R B., 354, 361, 364, 490, 491,

504, 505Dahlberg, L., 173, 190Dahlem, N W., 110, 115, 117Dahlgren, L A., 154, 165Dahlquist, L M., 450, 451, 459Dahlstrom, W G., 346, 357, 508, 557, 559, 560

De Araujo, G., 110, 115Deardorff, W W., 2Deasy-Spinetta, P., 456, 459

De Becker, P., 385DeBolt, A J., 457, 459

de Boo, T M., 389

de Bruin-Kofman, A T., 261, 263Dechene, L., 367, 376, 385, 386Deci, E., 200, 217

Deckardt, R., 524, 537Decker, S., 428, 435Decker, T., 280, 288

De Clerck, L., 188DeCuir-Whalley, S., 474, 484Deeds, S G., 71

Deeg, D., 72, 94, 487, 504Defeudis, F V., 599, 612DeFlorio, M., 272, 288DeFrank, R S., 574, 586Defriese, G H., 446, 460Degner, L F., 289DeGood, D E., 196, 212, 302, 314

de Graauw, K P., 524, 540DeGroen, J H M., 46

de Groot, L C., 550, 561

De Groot, M., 214, 550, 561DeGuire, M J., 199, 213deGuman, M., 562

de Haes, J., 65, 69deHueck, A., 184, 187Deichmann, M M., 253, 264, 452, 453, 460Deitrich, R A., 551, 561

de Jonge, S., 189

De Jongh, R., 93Dekel, R., 38, 48Dekker, E., 100, 115Dekker, F W., 109, 115deKloet, E R., 178, 187

de la Bije, Y., 216Del Puente, A., 195, 216, 518, 538Delamater, A., 201, 214, 454, 459, 471, 483Delaney, B R., 80, 94

Delaney, K M., 243DeLawyer, D D., 459Delbanco, T L., 358, 609DeLeo, J A., 181, 185DeLisa, J., 418, 432, 435DelliCarpini, L., 273, 277, 290Deloria, M., 388

DeLuca, J., 372, 375, 376, 385, 387, 388Delvaux, M., 399, 409

Demakis, J G., 527, 538DeMarco, J., 109, 117Demark-Wahnefried, W., 501, 502, 504, 506Dembroski, T M., 345, 358

Demedts, P., 93

De Meirleir, K., 372, 385Dement, W., 328, 335, 336Demeter, L M., 241Demettre, E., 385Deminiere, J M., 152, 163Demitrack, M., 371, 385, 388

de Moor, C., 155, 163, 604, 608Demyttenaere, K., 54, 69, 203, 212Denis, P., 399, 409

Denmark, F L., 13, 21, 23, 515, 543Dennis, M., 293, 455, 459Denoillet, J., 347, 358De-Nour, A K., 280, 287, 537Dentinger, M P., 248, 253, 258, 263, 265

de Paredes, E S., 69Depner, M., 178, 186deProsse, C., 502, 503DePue, J., 164Derdiarian, A K., 284, 288

de Rivera, J L G., 112, 116Derogatis, L R., 271, 272, 273, 288, 328, 334,

398, 409

De Rosa, C J., 236, 240DeRubeis, R J., 80, 95

de Ruiter, J., 65, 69Desch, C F., 501, 507

de Silva, A., 139Desivilya, H S., 38, 46Des Jarlais, D C., 223, 229, 241Desmond, K., 273, 288

De Souza Silva, M A., 610Despres, J P., 143

de Swart, H B., 346, 361Desy, M., 240

Deuschle, M., 178, 186

de Valk, H., 216Devellis, R F., 190DeVeno, T., 258, 263Devereux, R B., 362Devesa, S., 502, 505DeVet, K A., 447, 461DeVevey, S., 149, 166DeVivo, M., 418, 419, 425, 430, 431, 432,

433, 434Devos, R., 126, 136, 139

de Vroome, E M., 55, 72Dew, M A., 93, 336Dewar, H A., 341, 362DeWilde, S., 104, 119Dewsnap, P., 396, 410Dexter, D., 597, 609Deyo, R A., 187, 294, 314Dhabhar, F S., 76, 77, 89, 93Dhivert, H., 115

D•Hoore, W., 515, 538Diaferia, G., 88Diamant, N E., 409Diamond, S., 253, 254, 258, 263, 264, 282, 288Diamond-Falk, J., 258, 263

Diaz, T., 549, 561, 563Diaz, Y E., 242Dibble, S L., 598, 609

Di Blasio, P., 103, 115

Di Chiara, G., 149, 151, 162, 163, 165Dickey, D., 93

Doswell, W M., 69Dotevall, G., 403, 412Dougherty, J., 56, 65, 66, 71Douglas, J M., 242, 243, 323, 334Douglas, J S., 359

Douglas, P., 343, 358Douglas, S D., 323, 334, 337Douvan, E A., 468, 483Dow, K H., 272, 288Dowler, R., 424, 425, 429, 431, 434Downey, J., 525, 538

Downey, K K., 153, 167Downie, R S., 579, 586Downs, W R., 528, 541Dowse, G K., 124, 141Dowsett, E G., 368, 369, 385Doyle, W J., 83, 89Dramaix, M., 156, 166Draper, G J., 502, 505Drazen, J M., 543Dreher, H., 278, 288Dressler, W W., 547, 561Drewnowski, A., 141, 213Drieu, K., 599, 612Drossman, D A., 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398,

399, 400, 407, 409, 411, 412Drotar, D., 458, 460, 463

Drougas, H., 137, 141Droy-Lefaix, M T., 599, 612Drucker-Colín, R., 154, 166Druley, J A., 67, 69Dubbert, B K., 521, 544Dubbert, P M., 214, 339, 355, 356, 358Dubitsky, A A., 37, 48

Dubois-Arber, F., 229, 230, 241Ducimetière, P., 492, 509Duckro, P N., 196, 211, 249, 263Dudley, D L., 110, 115Dudley, K., 610Duey, W J., 552, 561Duff, G W., 180, 190Duffy, F H., 372, 385Dufouil, C., 492, 509Dugoni, B L., 125, 143Dugowson, C E., 518, 538Duivenvoorden, H J., 276, 291, 358, 500, 509Duke, M., 413

Duke, P M., 466, 483Dulcan, M K., 483

Dulloo, A G., 131, 140Dumesic, D A., 125, 140Dunaif, A., 125, 140Dunbar, R., 354, 358Dunbar, V., 212Dunbar-Jacobs, J., 54, 69, 356, 358, 499, 503Duncan, G J., 556, 564

Duncan, S C., 153, 163Duncan, T E., 153, 163Dundore, D E., 296, 314Dungan, S., 458, 463Dunkel-Schetter, C., 56, 64, 65, 69, 74, 277, 278,

288, 292, 534, 538Dunn, A L., 137, 142, 214, 603, 609Dunn, C., 603, 609

Dunn, D S., 423, 428, 431Dunn, L., 37, 45Dunn, M., 423, 428, 429Dunn, S., 55, 68, 193, 194, 211, 212Dunning, E J., 356, 358

Dunsmore, G., 397, 412Dunstan, R H., 372, 385Dura, J R., 61, 71, 78, 89, 91, 112Duran, R., 65, 68, 91, 242Durand, E., 56, 74, 144Durant, L E., 240Durel, L A., 348, 361Dusek, D E., 373, 386Dutton, D B., 385, 528, 538Dutton, M., 44, 48, 518Duvall, K., 120Dvorak, H F., 92Dwivedi, C., 613Dworkin, H S., 372, 388Dworkin, R H., 295, 314Dworkin, S F., 175, 190Dwyer, J., 391, 492, 504Dwyer, K., 176, 188, 358Dyck, S., 284, 292Dye, C., 489, 504Dyer, A R., 124, 140, 504Dyer, C S., 92

Dyer, P H., 214Dzau, V J., 340, 358Dziuba-Leatherman, J., 475, 483D•Zurilla, T J., 285, 288, 607, 609Eagle Elk, M., 551, 561

Eagle, K A., 348, 358Eaker, E., 344, 357, 358, 364, 500, 504Eales, J., 127, 139

Eardley, I., 204, 211Earl, N L., 508Earles, J E., 261, 264Eastman, H B., 384Eastwood, J., 397, 410Eastwood, M A., 397, 410Eaton, C., 164

Eaton, S B., 128, 140Eaton, W W., 362Eaves, L., 159, 165, 167, 540Ebbesson, L., 550, 561Ebbesson, S O., 550, 561Eberhardt, K., 171, 186Eberl, G., 189

Ellegaard, J., 95Eller, L S., 86, 89Eller, M., 243Ellers, B., 454, 460Ellickson, P L., 155, 162, 163Elliot, D., 30, 37, 45Elliott, C., 451, 461Elliott, P., 124, 140, 357Elliott, T., 415, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428,

429, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435Ellis, S P., 257, 375, 385, 388

Elman, C., 557, 561Elman, M R., 532, 538Elmer, G I., 149, 168Elmer, P J., 362Elston, M A., 555, 564Elving, L D., 389Ely, D L., 61, 69Embury, S H., 452, 460Emery, G., 257, 262Emery, S., 155, 163Emmelkamp, P M., 93Emmott, S., 413Emshoff, J., 239Endicott, J., 367, 385Endicott, N A., 374, 385Endler, N S., 47, 48, 53, 69Eneroth, P., 68, 82, 95Engdahl, B E., 38, 46Engebretson, T O., 346, 363Engel, G L., 87, 89, 169, 186Engel, R., 443, 452, 464Engelgau, M., 214Engelhard, I M., 324, 524, 538Engelhardt, C L., 337England, R., 172, 188Engle, D., 295, 300, 313Engleberg, N C., 187English, A., 473, 477, 483Enns, M., 273, 287Enstrom, J E., 5, 21, 323, 335Enzlin, P., 203, 204, 212Epping-Jordan, J E., 55, 56, 69Eppley, K R., 596, 609Epstein, A M., 344, 364, 515, 537Epstein, D., 331, 334

Epstein, L., 141, 206, 208, 213, 217, 250, 263Epstein, N B., 104, 116

Erb, S., 152, 163Erbaugh, J., 328, 334, 396, 408Erfurt, J D., 360

Erhardt, D., 166Ericson, D., 38, 49Ericsson, K., 505Eriksson, J G., 343, 359Erkelens, D., 216Erlen, J A., 69Ernst, A R., 402, 411Ernst, D., 498, 509Ernst, E., 592, 593, 609Ernst, J A., 244Ernst, N D., 127, 140Eron, J J., 241

Erringer, E A., 236, 239Erwin, C W., 334Escarce, J J., 344, 363Escobar, J I., 37, 46Escobedo, L G., 546, 561Eshleman, S., 117, 540Esler, M., 354, 359Esparza, J., 127, 143, 550, 565Espie, C A., 330, 335Espino, D V., 550, 564Esposito-Del Puente, A., 195, 216Esterling, B A., 62, 69, 78, 80, 81, 82, 83, 86,

89, 90Eth, S., 48, 462Ettinger, K M., 120Ettinger, W H., 174, 184, 189, 355, 364, 503, 505,

506, 507, 509Euba, R., 369, 370, 385Evans, B., 5, 22, 603, 609Evans, D A., 496, 510Evans, D D., 263, 408Evans, G W., 61, 71Evans, J G., 489, 505, 507Evans, M., 195, 212Evans, N., 110, 115, 116, 148, 164Evans, R., 117, 245, 263, 412Evengard, B., 371, 385, 390Everaerd, W., 101, 104, 106, 108, 118, 119Ever-Hadani, P., 537

Everly, G S., Jr., 373, 386Evers, A W M., 66, 69Everson, C A., 324, 335Everson, S., 359, 496, 505, 557, 561Ewart, C., 357, 359

Ewbank, D., 499, 505Ewing-Cobbs, L., 455, 460, 462Ewy, G A., 358

Eyler, A A., 549, 552, 561Eysenck, H J., 396, 409Eysenck, S B G., 396, 409Fabian, R L., 275, 289Fabsitz, R., 124, 141, 159, 162Faddis, S., 267, 276, 277, 290, 607, 612Fagerström, K O., 156, 158, 159, 160, 163, 164,

165, 166Fagioli, L., 372, 385, 388Fahey, J., 78, 79, 80, 81, 84, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93,

94, 242, 288Fahrion, S., 256, 264Fairbank, J C., 306, 314Fairburn, C G., 136, 139, 141, 142, 143, 144,

538, 539, 541, 542, 543Fairclough, D., 456, 462Fairclough, P., 409Faith, M S., 125, 139, 277, 513Falger, P R., 38, 46

Falke, R., 56, 69, 534, 538Falus, A., 189

Fang, C Y., 277, 290Fanurik, D., 448, 450, 451, 458, 460, 463Faragher, E B., 404, 413

Faraone, S V., 538Farber, J., 282, 289Farberow, N L., 274, 288

Ferry, L., 156, 157, 163, 164Festa, J., 434

Feste, C., 211, 212Fett, S L., 400, 412Fetting, J., 271, 288Fex, E., 171, 186Fibiger, H C., 151, 163Fidanza, F., 122, 141Field, B J., 199, 213Field, T., 603, 609Fielder, K., 431Fields, H L., 5, 6, 8, 13, 161, 181, 186, 357, 367,

465, 503, 524, 530, 536Fi“eld, J., 66, 68, 176, 185Figley, C., 31, 46Figueroa, J B., 556, 560Fihn, S D., 359Filipp, S H., 49, 61, 71, 554, 563Fillenbaum, G G., 488, 505, 508Finch, A B., 447, 463

Finch, A J., 32, 48Findley, T., 388, 419, 430Fine, M., 424, 432Fine, P R., 419, 428, 431, 434Fine, R N., 453, 461Fingerhut, M., 566Finkelhor, D., 475, 482, 483Finkelstein, J S., 470, 483Finkelstein, J W., 466, 483Finlay, J., 71

Finney, J., 402, 410, 443, 447, 448, 454, 460, 461Finucane, M L., 499, 507

Fiore, M C., 156, 157, 164Fireman, P., 89

Firestone, P., 402, 411Firor, W., 360First, M B., 328, 337, 366, 390Fischl, M A., 230, 241, 244Fish, L., 120, 608Fishbach, R L., 554, 565Fishbain, D A., 313Fishbein, M., 224, 241, 242Fisher, C., 167

Fisher, D G., 561Fisher, E B., 194, 196, 210, 212Fisher, G., 555, 564

Fisher, J D., 223, 224, 226, 241, 360Fisher, L., 83, 91, 92

Fisher, P W., 48Fisher, W A., 223, 226, 241Fishman, B., 62, 72, 83, 94Fiske, S T., 382, 386Fisler, R., 81, 95Fitch, M., 65, 72Fitch, P., 402, 410Fitch, R J., 166Fitzgerald, J T., 211Fitzgerald, L Z., 175, 186Fitzgibbon, M., 125, 128, 136, 139, 140, 546, 561Fitzpatrick, K M., 534, 538

Flack, J., 359, 499, 505, 557, 567Flaherty, J., 199, 215, 370, 389, 484Flanery, R., 401, 402, 410Flannery, J T., 273, 288Flavin, K., 200, 215Flay, B R., 148, 155, 158, 164, 167Flegal, K M., 121, 123, 124, 130, 140, 142,

548, 563Fleishman, J A., 244Fleishman, S., 288Fleissner, K., 532, 543Fleming, I., 37, 38, 45, 46, 549, 552, 563,

564, 565Fleming, P L., 549, 563, 564Fleming, R., 61, 69, 552, 565Fleshner, M., 372, 388Fletcher, A P., 499, 506Fletcher, B., 423, 435Fletcher, E M., 189Fletcher, G F., 363Fletcher, J M., 455, 460Fletcher, L., 153, 164Fletcher, M A., 86, 89, 90, 371, 388, 389Fletcher, P J., 166

Fletcher, R D., 344, 362Fletcher, R H., 489, 505Fletcher, S., 489, 505Flier, J S., 126, 138Flietcher, M A., 70Flor, H., 258, 264, 294, 299, 301, 302, 312,

314, 315Florin, I., 103, 112, 116, 410Flory, J D., 93, 490, 507Flynn, K J., 546, 561Flynn, R., 73Foa, E B., 40, 46, 49Fobair, P., 273, 288Foege, W H., 121, 142, 553Fogelman, I., 499, 508Folen, R A., 261, 264Foley, B., 456, 460, 461Foley, D., 322, 335, 490, 506Folgering, H., 380, 384Folkman, S., 33, 51, 53, 58, 71, 174, 176,

188, 233, 240, 241, 276, 289,

528, 536Folks, D G., 396, 397, 410Follick, M., 299, 313, 342, 359Follman, D., 357

Folsom, A R., 124, 140, 361, 563Fonagy, P., 524, 539

Fong, G T., 227, 241Fong, K O., 560Fong, W., 548, 566Fonger, J., 358Fonner, E., Jr., 548, 562Fontaine, K R., 125, 138Fontana, S., 186Fontanetta, R., 367, 376, 385, 386Forastiere, F., 231, 244

Ford, D., 198, 212, 321, 322, 323, 324, 335, 347,

359, 362Ford, E., 124, 140, 214Ford, M J., 397, 410Ford, R M., 99, 116

Freedman, R., 154, 162Freedman, S M., 573, 587Freedman, Z., 200, 217Freeman, J M., 613Freeman, R., 372, 385, 389Freeston, M H., 110, 118Freitag, F G., 249, 264Freitag, M., 72Fremont, J., 604, 609French, J R P., Jr., 575, 586French, S., 125, 127, 131, 134, 138, 140, 141French, W J., 361

Frese, M., 585, 586Freudenburg, W R., 38, 46Freund, A., 474, 483Freund, K M., 518, 536, 563Freundlich, A., 254, 263Frey, R., 549, 563Fricano, G., 376, 386, 387Frid, D J., 357, 359Fridman, J., 384Friedberg, F., 365, 367, 374, 375, 376, 378, 379,

381, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 390Friedman, A., 70, 91

Friedman, H S., 498, 506, 509Friedman, J M., 145Friedman, L., 119, 480, 483Friedman, M., 85, 88, 345, 349, 353, 359, 362Friedman, R., 332, 335, 388

Friedman, S H., 273, 276, 279, 284, 288, 290,

534, 538, 607, 612Friedman, S R., 241Friedrich, W N., 399, 412, 570Frielich, M H., 419, 431Fries, J F., 124, 142, 183, 187, 497, 509Friesen, W V., 497, 504

Friman, P C., 460Frisch, C H., 610Fritz, G K., 102, 103, 116, 118, 119Fritz, H L., 277, 289

Fritz-Ritson, D., 594, 609Froguel, P., 144Fromage, S., 599, 612Fromholt, P., 500, 507Frone, M R., 572, 586Frongillo, E A., 125, 144, 548, 563Fross, J D., 159, 166

Fross, K H., 110, 115, 116Frost, P., 586

Frost, S A., 173, 176, 189Frye, R L., 495, 509Fuchs, B A., 94Fuchs, I., 82, 90Fudala, P J., 151, 164Fueuerstein, M., 401, 410Fugl-Meyer, A R., 203, 212Fugl-Meyer, K S., 203, 212Fuhrer, J., 243

Fuhrer, M., 424, 426, 427, 433, 434, 435Fujioka, K., 141

Fujiwara, R., 603, 611Fukuda, K., 366, 367, 368, 370, 383, 386,

389, 390

Fulcher, K Y., 379, 386Fulks, J S., 506Fuller, J., 195, 215Fuller, P R., 128, 129, 135, 142, 143Fuller, S A., 167

Fullerton, D., 422, 432Fulton, J E., 552, 566Funch-Jensen, P., 409Fung, L., 35, 46Funnell, M M., 194, 199, 211, 212Fuqua, R W., 402, 410

Furberg, C., 347, 358Furness, T., 430, 433Furst, C J., 86, 92, 282, 289Furth, P A., 261, 266Fusco, D., 231, 244Fuss, P J., 142Fuster, V., 340, 359, 363Futterman, A D., 79, 80, 81, 90Fydrich, T., 294, 314

Fyrand, L., 173, 187Gabbay, F H., 341, 348, 359, 361Gabriel, S E., 412

Gadde, K M., 510Gaffan, E A., 527, 541Gagne, D., 603, 609Gal, R., 38, 46Galama, J M., 390Galambos, N L., 469, 482Galasso, R., 49

Galbraith, J., 244Gale, M., 346, 363Galer, B S., 251, 266Galinsky, E., 529, 530, 537Gallagher, D., 425, 431Gallagher, M., 280, 288Gallina, D., 212Gallo, J J., 362, 496Gallo, L C., 508Gallo, R C., 230, 241Galovski, T E., 397, 400, 404, 408, 409, 410Galuska, D A., 144

Galvin-Nadeau, M., 187Gan, R., 565

Gandevia, S C., 107, 115Ganera, C E., 244Gange, J., 143, 215Gans, J E., 473, 483Gantz, N M., 386Ganz, P A., 273, 288Garada, B M., 389Garamendi, C., 279, 290Garbarino, J., 475, 482, 483Garber, J., 291, 401, 402, 410, 413Garber, R A., 359

Garcia, A W., 13, 21, 216, 399, 411, 537, 613Garcia-Barbero, M., 13, 21

Garcia de Alba Garcia, J., 216Garcia-Eroles, L., 537Garcia-Shelton, L M., 399, 411Garde, K., 508

Gardell, B., 571, 587Gardin, J M., 359Gardiner, H., 359

Gersh, B., 363, 543Gerst, M S., 322, 337Getz, G S., 361Gevirtz, F., 201, 215Gheldof, M., 69Giambanco, V., 601, 611Giannini, E H., 187Giardino, N D., 99, 112, 116Gibbon, M., 328, 337, 366, 390Gibbons, F X., 52, 70, 71, 73, 74Gibbons, R J., 348, 359Gibney, L., 239, 241Gibofsky, A., 183, 189Gibovsky, A., 66, 73Gibson, R C., 547, 562Gibson, R S., 363Gick, M L., 398, 407, 410Gidron, Y., 359

Giel, R., 31, 46Gifford, A L., 240Gil, K., 57, 70, 187, 310, 315, 452, 459, 460Gilbert, D G., 153, 164

Gilbert, D T., 382, 386Gilbert, L A., 532, 538Gill, J., 359

Gill, K., 551, 561Gillard, M., 42, 46Gillberg, M., 369, 384Gillette, R G., 181, 187Gilley, D W., 496, 510Gilligan, I., 35, 46Gilliland, M A., 319, 336Gillin, J C., 80, 91, 320, 324, 335Gillis, C N., 600, 609

Gilpin, E A., 148, 153, 163, 164Gilson, B., 306, 313

Ginsberg, K., 426, 433Giorgi, R G., 92Giovengo, S L., 182, 187Giovino, G A., 153, 164Girdano, D A., 373, 386Gislason, T., 323, 335Gisriel, M M., 61, 69Gissler, M., 556, 561Given, B., 284, 288Given, C W., 284, 288Gladstein, J., 452, 460Glaelke, G., 503Glajchen, M., 281, 287Glantz, L H., 161, 162Glaser, J L., 596, 609Glaser, R., 62, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80,

81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90,

91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 369, 386, 499, 507, 554Glasgow, R., 191, 193, 194, 196, 199, 201, 202,

203, 210, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217

Glasman, A., 357Glass, D C., 182, 187, 345, 361Glass, E., 273, 290

Glassman, A H., 154, 163, 164Glatzeder, K., 189

Glaun, D E., 111, 118Glaus, K D., 113, 116, 117Glazer, J P., 478, 479, 483Glazer, M., 216

Gleason, J R., 240Gledhill-Hoyt, J., 155, 168Gleit, M., 389

Gleitz, J., 600, 601, 611, 613Glennas, A., 173, 187Glenny, A M., 130, 140Glick, D., 42, 45Glick, E N., 181, 187Glick, I., 40, 46Glickman, S G., 613Glicksman, A., 503Glied, S., 522, 523, 539Glik, D C., 447, 448, 461Glinn, M., 337

Glogau, L., 411Glover, D A., 81, 94Glover, E D., 165Glovinsky, P B., 325, 337Gluck, H., 409

Glueck, C J., 72Glueckauf, R L., 429, 432Glushak, C., 447, 460Glynn, T J., 155, 164Gnys, M., 160, 167

Go, B., 418, 419, 431, 432, 434

Go, O., 467

Go, V F., 240Goadsby, P J., 248, 265Goate, A., 162Godaert, G L R., 178, 187Godfrey, E., 389

Godshall, F., 426, 428, 432Goebert, D., 601, 610Goeders, N E., 152, 164Goehring, P., 258, 266Goetsch, V L., 196, 213Goetz, R., 94, 243, 244Goff, D C., 154, 164, 561Golay, A., 144

Gold, A., 360Gold, D R., 556, 563Gold, E B., 556, 561Gold, M J., 78Gold, N., 402, 410Gold, P W., 80, 88, 90, 177, 186, 190Goldbaum, G., 239

Goldberg, D., 496, 505Goldberg, D E., 359, 505, 557, 561Goldberg, D M., 149, 164Goldberg, H I., 550, 562Goldberg, J., 63, 73, 168, 343, 359, 363, 368, 389,

393, 410Goldberg, K C., 344, 359Goldberg, L., 333, 337Goldberg, R., 83, 88, 500, 509, 515, 539Goldberg, S R., 149, 164, 168

Gotti, C., 148, 163Gottlieb, M S., 241, 244Gottman, J M., 84, 88Gotto, A M., Jr., 361Gotzkowsky, S., 599, 610Goudas, V T., 125, 140Goudsmit, E M., 368, 385Gould, K L., 362, 541, 602, 609, 612Goulding, N J., 177, 188

Goven, A., 85, 93Gow, J W., 372, 386Gowans, S E., 184, 187Gowing, M K., 570, 574, 586, 587, 588Grabow, T., 241

Graeber, R C., 336Graef, V., 177, 188Graefe, C., 178, 185Graf, M C., 513, 534, 538Graham, J R., 254, 262Graham, M., 41, 46Graham-Pole, J., 457, 463Grainger-Rousseau, T J., 107, 118Gramus, B., 44, 48

Grandinetti, A., 196, 213, 547, 561Grandits, G A., 345, 358, 362Graninger, W., 190

Granskaya, J., 242Grant, B F., 522, 539Grant, I., 185, 196, 213, 322, 337Grant, J., 531

Grant, R M., 241Grant, W., 199, 216Grasshoff, U., 337Grassi, L., 66, 70Gravel, G., 70Gravenstein, S., 78, 92Graves, D., 433Gray, D A., 571, 586Gray, J A., 129, 141Gray, M., 236, 242Gray, N S., 521, 533, 543Gray, R N., 252, 264, 265Gray, S L., 109, 116Gray-Bernhardt, M L., 239Grazzi, L., 248, 258, 264Greco, C M., 311, 315Greco, F A., 279, 287Green, A., 256, 264, 428, 432Green, B L., 30, 31, 37, 38, 46, 48Green, C A., 543

Green, E., 254, 256, 264, 266Green, J E., 574, 587Green, L W., 71Green, T A., 549, 564Greenan-Fowler, E., 454, 460Greenberg, A S., 141, 142Greenberg, D B., 275, 288Greenberg, M., 52, 70, 184, 188, 605, 609Greenberg, R L., 257, 262

Greene, B., 401, 402, 406, 408, 409, 410, 412Greene, J W., 401, 402, 410, 413

Greene, P., 459Green“eld, S., 200, 201, 213, 501, 508, 522, 539

Greenglass, E R., 43, 46Greenland, P., 340, 359, 504Greenlee, R T., 268, 288Greenlund, K J., 546, 561Greenwald, E., 399, 410Greenwald, S., 411Greenway, F L., 139Greenwood, K M., 332, 336Greer, S., 53, 54, 55, 70, 74, 271, 276, 277, 280,

288, 289, 290, 292, 501, 505, 509Greger, N G., 471, 482

Gregerson, M B., 85, 90Greil, A L., 525, 539Greineder, D K., 111, 116Grey, N., 428, 433Greydanus, D E., 472, 473, 477, 482, 483,

484, 485Grichnik, K., 510Grieco, M H., 241, 244Griep, E N., 178, 179, 187Grif“n, M A., 576, 587Grif“n, W A., 103, 118Grif“th, L., 197, 198, 199, 213, 214Grif“ths, A., 570, 586

Grigsby, T., 428, 432Grilo, C M., 125, 140Grimes, J M., 241Grimm, R., 362, 364Grimm, W., 598, 609Grimsley, E W., 600, 608Grissino, L M., 157, 164Gritz, E R., 148, 164, 270, 287Groddeck, G., 100, 116Grodner, S., 64, 70Grodstein, F., 360Groen, J., 100, 115Groenman, N H., 261, 263Grohr, P., 78, 94

Grontved, A., 599, 609Gross, J., 125, 143Gross, R T., 466, 483Grossman, C J., 179, 187Grossman, M., 154, 166Grossman, R M., 61, 73Grossman, S., 274, 291Grover, N., 596, 609Gruber, B L., 86, 90, 280, 289Gruber, J., 155, 164

Gruenberg, E., 543Gruenwald, D A., 489, 505Gruest, J., 239

Grunbaum, J A., 155, 164Grunberg, N E., 339, 361Grundy, S M., 340, 359Grunwald, J., 601, 614Grunze, H., 600, 614Grzesiak, R C., 295, 314, 426, 432

Gu, X., 488, 506Guadagnoli, E., 501, 508Guarnieri, P., 253, 263Guay, B., 336Guccione, M., 93Gudehithlu, C P., 613Gudmundsson, L J., 156, 162Guegan, G., 163

Hall, D G., 367, 386Hall, E M., 571, 587Hall, H., 262, 265Hall, J A., 523, 539Hall, J E., 352, 359, 369, 386Hall, J N., 336

Hall, K., 418, 423, 433, 435Hall, M., 85, 88, 120Hall, N R S., 90, 289Hall, W D., 352, 359Haller, A J., 553, 564Hallet, A J., 345, 362Halley, C S., 239Hallqist, J., 363Hallstrom, A., 357Halpert, J., 376, 386, 387Halsted, C H., 140Halter, J B., 489, 503, 505, 506, 507, 509Halvorson, S., 154, 164

Hamagami, F., 496, 506Hamalainen, H., 62, 70Hamarman, S., 323, 334Hamer, R., 117Hames, C G., 546, 561Hamilton, J R., 402, 411Hamilton, M A., 396, 410Hamilton, N., 175, 190Hamilton, S., 334Hamm, P., 543Hammer, A L., 38, 49, 466, 483Hammer, L D., 466, 483Hammer, S M., 231, 241Hammond, E C., 323, 335Hammond, M C., 416, 433Hampson, S., 193, 202, 203, 212, 213, 216Hamyari, P., 454, 461

Hana, J L., 606, 609Hancock, F M., 423, 431, 433Hancock, J., 456, 462Hancock, K., 423, 433Handwerger, B A., 449, 459Haney, T L., 364, 503, 509, 510Hann, D M., 280, 289Hanna, A N., 596, 610Hanna, E., 56, 73Hannah, S L., 258, 262Hannan, E L., 344, 359Hannan, M T., 186Hannan, P., 128, 140, 144, 224, 242Hanotin, C., 139

Hans, M., 346, 360Hansell, S., 60, 70Hansen, C., 474, 483Hansen, D L., 129, 140Hanser, S B., 606, 610Hansgen, K D., 600, 610

Hanson, B., 60, 62, 70, 72, 83, 94Hanson, C L., 199, 213Hanson, S., 428, 433Hanson, W., 477, 483Hanson Frieze, I., 40, 47Hansson, R O., 39, 48Harada, M., 213Harada, S., 189Harano, Y., 213Harbath, A., 431Harburg, E., 353, 359, 360Harden, H., 118

Harding, H., 337Hardtmann, F., 213Hargreave, F E., 102, 115Haritos-Fatouros, M., 31, 46Harlap, S., 476, 480, 483Harless, W., 363, 543Harlow, B L., 369, 386Harlow, L L., 517, 541Harman-Boehm, I., 186Harmon, D., 598, 610Harmsen, W S., 412Harnack, L., 127, 140, 143, 550, 562Harnish, B., 502, 505

Harrell, F E., 510Harrell, J S., 557, 562Harrer, G., 600, 610, 613Harrington, L., 180, 187Harris, A L., 323, 336Harris, D R., 85, 88Harris, E D., 170, 171, 183, 187Harris, H., 503

Harris, J K., 134, 141Harris, J R., 126, 144Harris, L J., 477, 485Harris, M I., 194, 211Harris, M., 243Harris, R., 282, 289, 322, 334Harris, S D., 57, 68, 287Harris, T., 33, 46, 214Harris-Kerr, C., 168Harrison, E R., 155, 162Harrison, R., 499, 508, 575, 586, 598, 610Harrist, R., 240

Harsch, H H., 167Harsha, D W., 358Hart, C L., 556, 562Hart, G J., 275, 289Hart, H.•t., 65, 71Hart, K., 424, 426, 427, 429, 433, 434, 435Hart, P M., 576, 587

Hart“eld, K., 239Hartford, T C., 522, 539Hartman, K A., 53, 71Hartmann, B R., 239Hartnett, S A., 547, 562Hartz, A J., 125, 141, 344, 359, 368, 386Harver, A., 114, 116, 117

Harvey, J., 141, 404Harvey, R., 410, 422, 432Harwood, M T., 211, 212, 242, 606, 608Hasan, M M., 117

Hasenohrl, R U., 599, 610Hasin, D S., 125, 139

Heisel, J S., 92Heishman, S J., 153, 165Heiss, G., 557, 560Heitkemper, M M., 398, 411Heitzman, C A., 208, 213Helgelson, V S., 277, 278, 281, 289Helgeson, F., 412

Helgeson, V., 59, 70, 85, 90, 92Helig, S., 274, 289

Heliovaara, M., 357Heller, B R., 398, 413Heller, D A., 488, 498, 499, 507Hellerstedt, W L., 133, 145Hellhammer, D., 61, 71, 85, 88, 372, 386,

554, 563Hellin, J., 372, 390Hellinger, J., 234, 240Helmick, C G., 187Helmrich, S P., 507Helms, C., 181, 188Helms, M J., 357, 509Helzer, J., 160, 167, 366, 389, 543Hemingway, H., 553, 562Hemmelgarn, B., 330, 335Hemminki, E., 499, 505, 556, 561Henderson, D C., 154, 164Henderson, M., 141Henderson, N., 163Henderson, P., 272, 289Hendrickson, R., 300, 313Hendriks, D., 93Henggeler, S., 427, 435Hening, W A., 601, 613Hennekens, C H., 129, 139, 143, 340, 360, 489,

495, 505Henning“eld, J E., 153, 167Henry, J G A., 520, 539Henry, J P., 353, 360Henry, M., 112, 116Hensrud, D D., 129, 139, 141Hentzer, E., 599, 609Hepburn, W., 559Herberman, R B., 54, 71, 92Herbert, M., 174, 189Herbert, T B., 34, 47, 77, 80, 87, 90, 91, 93, 282,

289, 553, 560, 591, 608Herbst, J H., 497, 504Hercberg, S., 144Herd, J A., 5, 22, 359

Herda, C., 410Herek, G M., 219, 241Hergenroeder, A C., 471, 483Herman, A., 555, 563, 611Herman, J., 195, 211Herman, S., 429, 431, 608Herman-Giddens, M E., 466, 483Herman-Liu, A., 456, 460Hermann, C., 251, 258, 264, 453, 460Hermann, J A., 344, 347

Hermann, W M., 599, 610Hermanns, J., 103, 116Herrell, R., 368, 389Herren, T C., 92Herrick, S., 426, 427, 432, 433Herrington, D., 431

Herrmann, C., 81, 91, 360Herrmann, M W., 608Hersh, S P., 90, 289Herskowitz, R D., 461Herst, C., 372, 386, 390Herter, C D., 204, 213Hess, G E., 193, 213Hess, M J., 609Hessen, M T., 78, 93Heston, L L., 77, 78, 91Hetta, J., 107, 116Heuser, I., 178, 186Hewett, J E., 174, 186, 190, 428, 433Hewitt, J K., 120, 159, 167Hewitt, M., 502, 505Heyerson, A T., 94Heyman, D J., 404, 410Heymann-Monnikes, I., 405, 408, 410Heyms“eld, S B., 126, 136, 141Hiatt, R A., 158, 165

Hibbard, J H., 531, 539Hibbard, M R., 455, 460Hickcoz, M., 160, 167Hicken, B., 426, 432Hickie, C., 80, 91Hickie, I., 80, 91, 107, 115, 368, 374, 375, 386,

388, 390, 391Hicklin, D., 61, 68, 82, 87Hickson, G., 401, 410Hicock, D A., 426, 432Hida, W., 117Hiemke, C., 600, 610Higgins, M., 343, 357, 360, 562Higgins, P., 59, 73, 173, 174, 185, 187Higgs, C., 102, 117, 119

Highton, J., 179, 190Hightower, N E., 258, 262Hilborne, L., 361Hildenbrand, G L., 602, 610Hildenbrand, L C., 602, 610Hilgard, E R., 85, 88Hill, J O., 127, 130, 131, 134, 137, 141, 142, 499Hill, M L., 297, 313

Hill, M N., 499, 505, 567Hill, N F., 375, 377, 386Hiller, J E., 68Hillhouse, J., 249, 263Hillier, L M., 448, 460Himelstein, B., 445, 461

Holmes, T H., 28, 32, 39, 47, 110, 115, 398,

399, 410Holodniy, M., 239Holroyd, J., 601, 609Holroyd, K A., 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 256,

257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 264Holtgrave, D R., 220, 238, 241Holub, B J., 599, 608Holzer, C E., 529, 539Hom, J., 367, 386Home, P., 201, 217Homma, M., 117Hommes, O R., 390Hondius, A J K., 42, 47Hong, C P., 140, 503Hood, H V., 226, 242Hood, J E., 399, 408Hooft van Huijsduijnen, R., 167Hoogduin, K A., 524, 540Hoogsteen, G., 614Hoover, D R., 93, 243Hope, B A., 235, 244Hopkins, F W., 213, 462, 543, 570, 589Hoppe, R T., 288

Hopper, E., 524, 539Hops, H., 105, 119, 153, 163, 470, 482Horgan, C., 148, 165

Horlick, L., 353, 360Horn, J L., 180, 181, 298, 429, 431, 495, 496,

503, 504, 506, 509, 601, 611Horne, J A., 319, 320, 335Hornquist, J., 59, 68Horn-Ross, P L., 567Horowitz, M J., 32, 47Horr, R., 600, 610Horsten, M., 61, 70, 507Hortnagl, J., 60, 71Horton, B T., 248, 265Horton, D J., 110, 115, 116Horwitz, R., 63, 68, 342, 357Horwitz, W., 451, 462Hosaka, T., 280, 289Hosch, W., 94Hosenpud, J D., 542Hoskins, C N., 65, 70Hoskins, P., 194, 212Hosmer, D W., 489, 506Hotopf, M., 365, 378, 387, 389, 391Houben, J J G., 614

Houck, C., 457, 463Houfek, J F., 54, 68Houghton, L A., 404, 410House, J., 60, 70, 82, 83, 91, 531, 536, 539, 547,

553, 556, 562, 563, 564, 565, 567

Houts, P S., 267, 271, 276, 277, 281, 283, 284,

285, 287, 289, 290, 607, 612Houwing-Duistermaat, J J., 186Hovell, M F., 144, 546, 565Hovens, J E., 46

Hovey, D., 562Howard, B V., 567Howard, G., 506Howard, K I., 467, 484Howard, M., 426, 431Howe, G R., 270, 291Howell, R H., 341, 360Howell, T., 422, 432Hoyert, D L., 2, 547, 562Hruby, R J., 593, 610Hsia, J., 542Hsu, L., 434, 521, 540

Hu, F B., 340, 351, 355, 360, 363, 497, 508

Hu, P., 244

Hu, S., 167

Hu, Y., 215Huang, A., 330, 335Huang, B., 548, 562Huang, C., 368, 387Hubbard, J R., 92Hubert, H B., 124, 141, 142, 497, 509Hubner, G., 78, 91

Hubner, W D., 600, 601, 609, 610, 613Hudes, E S., 239

Hudis, C A., 288Hudmon, K S., 147, 160, 164, 165, 167Hudson, J I., 174, 187

Hudson, M S., 174, 187Hughes, B G., 599, 608Hughes, G H., 508Hughes, J., 80, 83, 90, 148, 154, 156, 157, 159,

160, 165, 166Hughes, L E., 272, 289Hughes, M., 117, 241, 540Hughes, P., 524, 539Hujak, G., 337Hulley, S B., 345, 363, 557, 561Hulting, C., 433

Humble, C G., 501, 508Humiston, S G., 463Humphrey, J H., 85, 88Humphreys, P., 462Humphreys, R P., 455, 459Hunninghake, D., 361Hunt, B., 362Hunt, D G., 304, 314Hunt, J M., 53, 69Hunt, L W., 100, 116Hunt, M., 95Hunt, S C., 140Hunt, T., 141Hunt, W C., 83, 90, 501, 508Hurewitz, A., 86, 94, 106, 112, 119, 605, 613Hurrell, J J., Jr., 530, 540, 569, 570, 571, 572,

574, 575, 576, 586, 587, 588Hursey, K G., 252, 256, 257, 264Hurst, M W., 92

Hursti, T J., 86, 92, 282, 289Hurt, R D., 156, 165, 299, 303, 307, 440, 554Hurtig, A L., 451, 452, 460, 461