Volume 01 - Properties and Selection Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys Part 4 ppsx

UNI standardsSwedish standards References cited in this section Annual Statistical Report, International Metallic Materials Cross-Reference, Stahlschlüssel Key to Steel, References 198

= =<

DIN standards

JIS standards

British standards

AFNOR standards

UNI standards

Swedish standards

References cited in this section

Annual Statistical Report,

International Metallic Materials Cross-Reference, Stahlschlüssel (Key to Steel),

References

1989 SAE Handbook, Materials,

The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel,

1989 SAE Handbook, Materials,

Steels Heat Treatment and Processing Principals,

The Physical Metallurgy of Steels,

Alloying Elements in Steel, Ferrous Physical Metallurgy,

Steels Microstructure and Properties, Annual Statistical Report,

Scr Metall.,

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on the Strength of Metals and Alloys,

Encyclopedia of Materials Science and Engineering,

1989 SAE Handbook, Materials,

1989 SAE Handbook, Materials,

1989 SAE Handbook, Materials,

1989 SAE Handbook, Materials, International Metallic Materials Cross-Reference,

Stahlschlüssel (Key to Steel),

Physical Properties of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels *

μ

μ

μ μ

μΩ

≤ ≤

≥

Production of Carbon Steel Sheet and Strip

Drawing Quality.

Structural quality

t

Mechanical Properties of Carbon Steels

n r

Fig 1 Typical mechanical properties of low-carbon steel sheet shown by the range of properties in steel

furnished by three mills Hot-rolled sheet thickness from 1.519 to 3.416 mm (0.0598 to 0.1345 in., or 16 to 10 gage); cold-rolled sheet thickness from 0.759 to 1.519 mm (0.0299 to 0.0598 in., or 22 to 16 gage) All cold-rolled grades include a temper pass All grades were rolled from rimmed steel except the one labeled special killed See Table 5 for the mechanical properties of structural (physical) quality sheet

Fig 2 Scatter in Olsen ductilities of hot-rolled low-carbon steel sheet

Mill Heat Treatment of Cold-Rolled Products

Annealing.

Surface Characteristics

Stretcher Strains.

Strain Aging.

References cited in this section

Steel Plate, Sheet, Strip, Wire, Vol 01.03 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Materials, SAE Handbook,

Low-Alloy Steel**

Production of Sheet and Strip

Bearing quality

Aircraft quality

Aircraft structural quality

Mill Heat Treatment

Annealing

Spheroidize annealing

Reference cited in this section

Steel Plate, Sheet, Strip, Wire, Vol 01.03 Annual Book of ASTM Standards,

Note cited in this section

Direct Casting Methods

Fig 3 Key components of a continuous casting operation Source: SMS Engineering, Inc

•

•

•

Fig 4 Flowchart of operations for various strip casting processes Source: Ref 3

Thin Slab Casting.

Fig 5 Key components of a thin slab casting facility Compare with Fig 3 Source: SMS Engineering, Inc

In thin strip casting,

33 Met Prod.,

Iron Age, Fachber Hüttenprax Metallweiterverarb.,

Iron Age,

References

Steel Plate, Sheet, Strip, Wire, Vol 01.03 Annual Book of ASTM Standards,

Materials, SAE Handbook,

Iron

33 Met Prod.,

Iron Age, Fachber Hüttenprax Metallweiterverarb., Iron Age,

Precoated Steel Sheet

Revised by R W Leonard, USS Corporation, Division of USX Corporation

Introduction

Zinc Coatings

μ μ

Fig 1 Use of zinc-coated steels in a 1987 model by one U.S automaker Source: Ref 1

Fig 2 Pie chart illustrating typical usage of zinc-coated steel components for body, chassis, and power train

applications in a 1986 car manufactured by a U.S automaker Source: Ref 1

Corrosion Resistance.

•

•

Fig 3 Service life of zinc-coated steel sheet Service life is measured in years to the appearance of first

significant rusting

Coating Test and Designations.

μ

Chromate Passivation.

Painting.

Packaging and Storage.

Hot dip galvanizing

ζ

δ

Γ

Fig 4 Photomicrograph of a typical hot dip galvanized coating The molten zinc is interlocked into the steel by

the alloy reaction, which forms zinc-iron layers and creates a metallurgical bond 250×

Fig 5 Microstructure of continuously galvanized steel In continuous hot dip galvanizing, the formation of

various iron-zinc alloy layers is suppressed by the addition of 0.1 to 0.2% Al

Corrosion, ASM Handbook, Metals Handbook.

Zincrometal

Zinc alloy coated steels

x

Zinc spraying

≥

References cited in this section

Proceedings of the Automotive Corrosion and Prevention Conference,

Proceedings of the Automotive Corrosion and Prevention Conference,

Fig 6 Microstructure of aluminum coatings on steel Left: Type 1 coating from top: a nickel filler,

aluminum-silicon alloy, aluminum-aluminum-silicon-iron alloy, and steel base metal Right: Type 2 coating forms a layer of essentially pure aluminum (top) with scattered gray particles of aluminum-iron; the light gray center layer is aluminum-iron, and the bottom layer is the base steel Both 1000×

Fig 7 Typical galvanized and aluminized steel rear suspension components used in American front-wheel drive

automobiles Source: Ref 1

Base Metal and Formability.

The mechanical properties

Reference cited in this section

Proceedings of the Automotive Corrosion and Prevention Conference,

Aluminum-Zinc Alloy Coatings

Fig 8 Coating thickness loss of 55Al-Zn-coated steel in four atmospheres Source: Ref 7

Fig 9 Microstructure of an aluminum-zinc coated sheet Etched with Amyl nital 500×

Reference cited in this section

Mater Perform.,

Tin Coatings

Terne Coatings

•

•

•

•

•

•

Phosphate Coatings

Preprimed Sheet

Reference cited in this section

Corrosion-Resistant Automotive Sheet Steels,

Organic Composite Coatings

μ μ

Fig 10 Corrosion of heavily worked samples of a composite-coated steel, Zincrometal, and cold-rolled steel in

a laboratory cyclic test Test consisted of 28-min cycles of dipping in 5% saline solution at 40 °C (100 °F), humidifying at 50 °C (120 °F), and drying at 60 °C (140 °F) Source: Ref 9

Fig 11 Scanning electron micrograph of cross section through a composite-coated sheet steel Source: Ref 12

Organic-Silicate Composite Coatings

References cited in this section

et al., Proceedings of the Automotive Corrosion and Prevention Conference,

Proceedings of the Automotive Corrosion and Prevention Conference,

et al.,

Proceedings of the Automotive Corrosion and Prevention Conference,

Proceedings of the Automotive Corrosion and Prevention Conference,

Corrosion-Resistant Automotive Sheet Steels,

Prepainted Sheet

Selection of Paint System.

Design Considerations.

Shop Practices.

Packaging and Handling.

References

Proceedings of the Automotive Corrosion and Prevention Conference,

Proceedings of the Automotive Corrosion and Prevention Conference,

Proceedings of the Automotive Corrosion and Prevention Conference,

et al.,

Proceedings of the Automotive Corrosion and Prevention Conference,

Proceedings of the Automotive Corrosion and Prevention Conference,

Corrosion-Resistant Automotive Sheet Steels,

Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Plate

Revised by F.B Fletcher, Lukens Steel Company

Austenitic Grain Size.

General Categories

Carbon steel plate

Low-Alloy Steel Plate.

•

•

High-strength low-alloy steels

•

•

Steel Plate Quality

Regular quality

Structural quality steel plate

Pressure Vessel Plate.

Aircraft quality plates

Forging quality plates

Reference cited in this section

Plates; Rolled Floor Plates: Carbon, High Strength Low Alloy, and Alloy Steel,

Mechanical Properties

The static tensile properties

Fig 1 Effect of thickness on tensile properties of 0.20% C steel plate

Fig 2 Distribution of tensile properties and chemical composition of carbon steel plate Data represent all the

as-hot-rolled plate, 6 to 50 mm ( to 2 in.) thick, purchased to these specifications by one fabricator during a period of 8 years

Fig 3 Distribution of tensile properties and chemical composition of ASTM A 285, grade C, carbon steel plate

Data represent all the as-hot-rolled plate (224 heats from 6 mills) purchased to this specification by one fabricator during a period of 8 years

Fig 4 Relation of tensile properties for hot-rolled carbon steel

Fig 5 Effect of carbon and amount of residuals on tensile properties of hot-finished carbon steel Curves

marked high residuals represent steel containing 0.06 to 0.12% Ni, 0.06 to 0.13% Cr, and 0.08 to 0.13% Mo Curves marked low residuals represent steel containing 0.05% Ni max, 0.05% Cr max, and 0.04% Mo max Total of 58 heats tested

Fig 6 Relation between hardness and tensile strength of steel Range up to 300 HB is applicable to the

hot-finished steel discussed in this article

Fatigue Strength.

Low-Temperature Impact Energy.

Elevated-Temperature Properties.

Directional Properties.

Fabrication Considerations Formability.

Machinability.

Weldability

Fig 7 Ratio (welded to unwelded) of bend angle for normalized steel plate A high value of the ratio indicates

high weldability Source: Ref 2

Reference cited in this section

Weldability of Steels,

References

Plates; Rolled Floor Plates: Carbon, High Strength Low Alloy, and Alloy Steel,

Weldability of Steels,

Hot-Rolled Steel Bars and Shapes

Revised by Timothy E Moss, J.M Hambright, and T.E Murphy, Inland Bar and Structural, Division of Inland Steel Company;and J.A Schmidt, Joseph T Ryerson and Sons, Inc

Introduction

•

•