WORLD OF MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY VOL 2 - PART 10 ppsx

See Cold Common variable immunodeficiency, 1:294 Competent cells, 1:103 Competitive exclusion of bacterial adhesion.. See Immunodeficiency disease syndromes Complement fixation tests,

See also Mutations and mutagenesis

Chemoautotrophic and chemolithotrophic bacteria, 1:115–116, 2:451

carbon cycle, 1:101 extremophiles, 1:211–212 hydrothermal vents, 1:282–283 methane oxidizing and producing bacteria, 2:378–379 photosynthetic microorganisms, 2:437

sulfur cycle, 2:536 Winogradsky column, 2:601 Chemotaxis, 1:47

See also Bacterial movement

Chloroflexus auranticus, 1:249

Chlorophyceae, 1:119

Chlorophyll, 1:119

Chlorophyta, 1:119–120 chloroplasts, 1:82, 1:120, 1:155 protozoans, 2:462

Chronic bacterial disease, 1:123–124

ear infections, 1:172 helicobacteriosis, 1:262 Chronic fatigue syndrome, mycoplasma, 2:408 Chronic gastritis, 1:262

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), 1:297 Chronic hepatitis, 1:264, 1:314

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), 2:415, 2:416

Chrysochromulina polylepis, 2:482 CHS See Chediak-Higashi syndrome

Chyrids, 1:232 Chytridiomycetes, 1:284, 2:407

cI protein, 1:356 Ciguatera, 1:157 Ciliates, 2:459 Ciliopa, 2:459 Ciprofloxacin, 2:467 Citric acid cycle, 2:484

Clinical microbiology See Microbiology, clinical

Clonal deletion, 2:539 Clonal selection theory, 1:302

Cloning: applications to biological problems, 1:124, 1:230, 2:412, 2:658,

2:660 embryo cloning, 1:75 molecular cloning, 1:75 plasmids, 1:200, 2:442–443 positional cloning, 1:75 shotgun cloning, 1:49, 1:242, 2:515 therapeutic cloning, 1:124 yeast artificial chromosome (YAC), 2:610–611 Cloroxybacteria, 2:436

Clostridium See Botulism Clostridium baratii, 1:84, 1:85 Clostridium botulinum, 1:16, 1:84–85, 2:576 Clostridium butyricum, 1:101

Clostridium difficile, 2:465 Clostridium perfringens, thermal death, 2:546 Clostridium tetani, 2:543

Club fungi, 1:232

CML See Chronic myelogenous leukemia

CMV See Cauliflower mosaic virus

Cohn, Ferdinand Julius, 1:127, 1:326, 2:648, 2:649

Cold (common cold), 1:127–128, 1:128

enterovirus infections, 1:190 home remedies, 1:129 viruses, 1:128–129 Cold-loving bacteria, 2:466

See also Bacterial growth and division

Colorado tick fever, 2:423

Common cold See Cold

Common variable immunodeficiency, 1:294

Competent cells, 1:103

Competitive exclusion of bacterial adhesion See Anti-adhesion methods

Complement, 1:26–27, 1:131, 1:287, 2:416–417

Complement activation pathway, 1:131

Complement deficiency See Immunodeficiency disease syndromes

Complement fixation tests, 1:83

Completed tests See Laboratory techniques in microbiology

Complex media See Growth and growth media

Composting, microbiological aspects, 1:132, 1:132–133

biogeochemical cycles, 1:68–69 economic uses, 1:174–175 soil formation, involvement of microorganisms, 2:523

Compound microscope See Microscope and microscopy

Computational biology See Bioinformatics and computational biology

Confirmed tests See Laboratory techniques in microbiology

Confocal microscopy

biofilms, 1:68 Congenital immunodeficiency, 1:293

Giardia and giardiasis, 1:248–249

hygiene, 1:283–284 indicator species, 1:308 luciferase reaction, 1:73 mesophilic, 2:376 mycobacteria, atypical, 2:407 nosocomial infection, 2:411–412 release prevention protocol, 1:134–135

Salmonella food poisoning, 2:503–505, 2:558 Shigella, 2:514–515

transmission of pathogens, 2:553 water pollution and purification, 2:591–592

See also Contamination and release prevention protocol

Contamination and release prevention protocol, 1:134–135

fume hood, 1:229–230, 1:284 Vozrozhdeniye Island, 2:585

Contamination, bacterial and viral, 1:135–136, 1:136

Contractile vacuole, 2:531 Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, and theStockpiling of Bacteirological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and

on Their Destruction, 1:71 Cooking, food preservation, 1:224 Copeland, Herbert F., 2:458 Coronavirus, 1:129, 2:575 Correns, Carl, 2:651 Corticosteroids, allergies, 1:11 Cortisone, 1:218

Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 1:53, 1:136–137

Coryneform bacteria, 1:136–137 Costerton, John William, 1:137 Coulter counter, 1:137–138

Coulter, Wallace H., 1:137 Cowie, Dean B., 1:343

Cowpox, 1:28, 1:138, 1:272, 1:274, 1:287, 1:319, 2:584

Coxiella burnetii, 1:199, 2:471–472

Coxsackie virus eye infections, 1:258 hand-foot-mouth disease, 1:258

“Cradle cap,” 2:517 Creighton, Harriet B., 2:653

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease See BSE and CJD disease

Crick, Francis, 1:87, 1:114, 1:138–141, 1:139, 1:162, 1:239, 1:269,

2:655, 2:656 Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, 1:263 cro protein, 2:433

“Cross-talk,” 1:130 Croup, 1:10 Crustacea, 2:616 Crustose lichens, 1:348

Curing, 1:224

Cuvier, Georges, 2:646

Cyanobacteria, 1:82–83, 1:203, 2:436

chlorophyll, 1:119 chloroplast, 1:120 evolution of, 1:208 fossils, 1:228 gas vacuoles, 1:235 Cyclops, 2:616

DARPA See Defense Advanced Research Project

Darwin, Charles Robert, 1:150–151, 2:647, 2:648

Defects of cellular immunity See Immunodeficiency disease syndromes

Defense Advanced Research Project (DARPA), 1:77

Desiccation, 1:154

Desulfovibrio hydrocarbonoclasticus, 2:432 Detection of mutants See Laboratory techniques in microbiology

d’Hérelle, Félix, 1:55, 1:149–150, 1:356, 2:652

Diaptomus, 2:616 Diarrhea

Cryptosporidium parvum, 1:143, 1:236, 1:315

enterobacterial infection, 1:188 gastroenteritis, 1:236 giardiasis, 1:249 pseudomembranous colitis, 2:465

See also Dysentery; Gastroenteritis

Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, 2:482 Diatomic nitrogen, 2:410

Dinophysis, 2:481

Diphtheria, 1:157–158

Behring, Emil von, 1:58–59, 1:178 coryneform bacteria, 1:136–137 history of, 1:59

Loeffler, Friedrich, 1:353 Schick, Bela, 2:505–506 Diphtheria toxin, 1:189 Directional selection, 2:506 Directly Observed Therapy (DOT), 2:557

Disease outbreaks See Epidemics and pandemics

Disinfection and disinfectants, 1:158–160

antiseptics, 1:31–32 chlorination, 1:118–119 contamination, 1:134 disposal of infectious microorganisms, 1:160–161 HACCP, 1:259–260

hygiene, 1:283–284 wastewater treatment, 2:590

Disposal of infectious microorganisms, 1:160, 1:160–161, 2:590

antiviral drugs, 1:33 bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), 1:48–49

base pairing, 2:490

Berg, Paul, 1:60–62 Brenner, Sydney, 1:86–87 Cech, Thomas R., 1:101–102 cell cycle and cell division, 1:103–105 chips and microarrays, 1:164 conjugation, 1:133

double helix, 1:162, 1:162

episomes, plasmids, insertion sequences, and transposons, 1:200 eukaryotes, 1:120–122, 1:204

genetic code, 1:238–240 hybridization, 1:165 The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR), 2:544 life, origin of, 1:349–351

luciferase reaction, 1:73 lysogeny, 1:356–357 Miller-Urey experiment, 2:389–390, 2:403 mitochondrial DNA, 2:393

“naked” DNA, 1:10 nucleus, 2:412 origin of life, 1:351 phenotype and phenotypic variation, 2:435 plasmids, 1:200, 2:442–443

polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 2:446–447 protein crystallography, 2:452

proteins and enzymes, 2:455–457 radiation-resistant bacteria, 2:478–479 recombinant DNA, 1:60–62, 1:230, 2:480–481 recombination, 2:481

replication, 1:163

restriction enzymes, 2:485 retroposons and transposable elements, 2:485–486 shotgun cloning, 1:49, 1:242, 2:515

taq enzyme, 2:540, 2:540–541

transcription, 2:548–549 transduction, 2:439 transformation, 2:549–550 transposable elements, 2:485–486 transposition, 2:554

transposons, 2:554

Watson, James D., 1:114, 1:138, 2:594–595, 2:595

See also Molecular biology and molecular genetics; Mutations

and mutagenesis; Polymerase chain reaction

DNA chips and microarrays, 1:164, 2:446–447, 2:458

DNA fingerprinting, 1:175, 2:658

DNA hybridization, 1:165

cloning, 1:124 plasmids, 1:200, 2:442–443 polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 2:446–447 taq enzyme, 2:540–541

transgenics, 2:550–551 DNA phages, 1:55

DNA polymerase, 1:108, 2:540

Dobzhansky, Theodosius, 2:653

Dochez, Alphonse, 1:337

Dodge, Bernard O., 2:652

Doering, William E., 2:602

Dogs, viral infections of, 2:575

Dropping pipette, 2:439 Dry heat sterilization, 2:532 Dry rot, 1:232

du Bois-Reymond, Emil, 1:73

Dubos, René, 1:116, 1:166–168

Duclaux, Pierre, 2:649 Duggar, Benjamin Minge, 1:116 Dulbecco, Renato, 1:56, 2:655, 2:657 Dust mite, allergies, 1:11

Dutrochet, René-Joachim-Henri, 2:646 Dyes

acridine orange, 1:2–3, 1:24 fluorescent dyes, 1:222

See also Biochemical analysis; Laboratory techniques in

immunology; Laboratory techniques in microbiology

Dysentery, 1:168–170, 1:169

amebic dysentery, 1:11–12, 1:169, 1:186–187, 1:248–249, 2:423,2:462

bacillary dysentery, 1:168, 2:514

Entamoeba histolytica, 1:169, 1:186–187 Shigella dysenteriae, 1:168, 2:514–515

the stomach and gastrointestinal tract

Economic uses and benefits of microorganisms, 1:174–175

biodegradable substances, 1:66–67 bioremediation, 1:73–74 chemical mutagenesis, 1:114–115 composting, 1:132–133 fermentation, 1:217–218 genetic engineering, 1:75 kelp, 1:323–324 lactic acid bacteria, 1:336 luminescent bacteria, 1:354 marine microbiology, 2:366 petroleum microbiology, 2:431–432 radioisotopes, 2:479–480

Rhodophyta, 2:488 wastewater treatment, 2:590 wine making, 2:599–601

See also Biotechnology

EcoRI, 2:485

Edelman, Gerald M., 1:29, 1:175–176, 2:391

EGF See Epidermal growth factor Egregia menziesii, 1:323

transmission electron microscope (TEM), 1:179, 1:179–181,

2:388

Electron microscope, transmission and scanning, 1:179–180

Electron microscopic examination of microorganisms, 1:180–181, 1:222

Electron paramagnetic resonance, 2:524

Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), 2:525

Electron transfer chain, 2:484

Electron transport system, 1:182, 2:377, 2:437

Electrophoresis, 1:182–183, 1:333

gel electrophoresis, 1:242 immunoelectrophoresis, 1:298 pulsed field gel electrophoresis, 1:122 spectroscopy, 2:524–525

See also Immunoelectrophoresis

Elephantiasis, 2:423

Elford, William J., 2:653

Elion, Gertrude Belle, 1:116, 1:183–185

ELISA See Enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay

Elk horn kelp, 1:323

Enterobacteriaceae, 1:187–188, 2:386

infections, 1:188–189, 1:236

Shigella, 2:514–515

Enterobacterial infections, 1:188–189, 1:236

Enteropathogenic E coli (EPEC), 1:315

Enterotoxin and exotoxin, 1:189

blue-green algae, 1:82 botulism, 1:84–85

Clostridium difficile, 2:465

E coli infections, 1:171

Enterobacteriaceae, 1:187 food safety, 1:225–226 lipopolysaccharide and its constituents, 1:351–352 protein export, 2:453–454

Pseudomonas, 2:466

red tide, 2:481

Salmonella, 2:505 Shigella, 2:514–515

toxic shock syndrome, 2:547–548 Enterotoxin B, 1:189

Enterovirus infections, 1:190, 1:258

Enzyme induction and repression, 1:191–192

Enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA), 1:8, 1:190–191, 1:191,

1:333–334 Enzyme repression, 1:192

Enzymes, 1:192–194, 2:456

acne and, 1:2

Azotobacter, 1:41

cell cycle, 1:243 cell cycle regulation, 1:106 cytokines, 1:145

defined, 1:15 glucose degradation, 2:484 growth factors, 1:104, 1:106 induction and repression, 1:191–192 lysosome, 1:357

phenol oxidase, 1:142–143 restriction enzymes, 1:56, 1:61, 1:182, 1:183, 2:485 structure of, 1:192

taq enzyme, 2:540–541

See also Proteins and enzymes

Enzymes, induction and repression, 1:191–192

EPEC See Enteropathogenic E coli

Ephrussi, Boris, 2:397 Epidemic Information Exchange (Epi-X), 1:79

Epidemic parotitis See Mumps

Epidemic typhus, 2:492, 2:493, 2:560

Epidemics See Epidemics and pandemics; Epidemics, bacterial;

Epidemics, viral; Epidemiology

Epidemics, bacterial, 1:195–196

bubonic plague, 1:93–95, 1:94, 1:188, 1:193–194, 1:195, 1:274

cholera, 1:193, 1:196 dysentery, 1:168–169 epidemiology, 1:198–200 leprosy, 1:196, 1:346–348 meningitis, 1:195–196 pertussis, 2:429–430 syphilis, 1:251 tuberculosis, 1:196

See also Bacteria; Bacterial infection; Epidemics and pandemics;

History of public health

Epidemics, viral, 1:196–198

AIDS, 1:7–9 epidemiology, 1:198–200 foot-and-mouth disease, 1:227–228, 1:354 Great Flu Epidemic of 1918, 1:220–221 hantavirus and Hanta disease, 1:198, 1:258–259 hemorrhagic fevers, 1:197

hepatitis, 1:264 HIV, 1:197 influenza, 1:193–194, 1:196–197, 1:220–221, 1:312 smallpox, 1:196, 2:520–522

yellow fever, 2:613–614

See also Epidemics and pandemics; History of public health;

Viral infection; Viruses

Epidemics and pandemics, 1:193–194, 1:194, 1:195, 1:197, 1:275

epidemiology, 1:198–200 germ theory of disease, 1:28, 1:246–247, 1:273 historical chronology, 2:643–660

rinderpest, 2:648 smallpox, 2:520, 2:521 tracking diseases with technology, 1:199–200 transmission of pathogens, 2:553

See also Epidemics, bacterial; Epidemics, viral

Epidemiology, 1:198–200

Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 1:110–112 epidemics, 1:196–198

foot-and-mouth disease, 1:227–228, 1:354 germ theory of disease, 1:28, 1:246–247, 1:273 hantavirus and Hanta disease, 1:258–259 Pasteur, Louis, 2:424–426

protozoa, 2:462–464 selection, 2:506–507 tracking diseases with technology, 1:199–200 tuberculosis, 2:555–557

See also Epidemics and pandemics; Infection control

Epidemiology, tracking diseases with technology, 1:199–200

Epidermal growth factor (EGF), 1:104, 1:106

colony, 1:129 detection of, 1:308 drinking water, 2:593

enteropathogenic E coli (EPEC), 1:315

F genes, 1:133 foodborne illness, 1:225, 1:226 genetic studies, 1:123, 2:660 growth of, 1:3, 1:49, 1:254–255 0157:H7 infection, 1:171, 1:203, 1:226, 2:658 Hfr strains, 1:133

matrix porin, 1:110

phages, 1:55

porins, 2:447, 2:448

protein export, 2:454 sterilization, 2:531 thermal death, 2:546 transmission, 2:576 water pollution and purification, 2:591–592

Escherichia coli 0157:H7 infection, 1:171, 1:203, 2:658

genetic regulation, 1:106–108, 1:242–244 glycocalyx, 1:47–48, 1:68, 1:228, 1:250 paramecia, 2:421–422

protein synthesis, 2:454–455

Protista, 2:458–462 retroposons, 2:486

See also Cell cycle (eukaryotic), genetic regulation of;

Chromosomes, eukaryotic; Cytoplasm, eukaryotic;

Eukaryotic chromosomes; Genetic regulation of eukaryoticcells; Mycology

Eukaryotic chromosomes See Chromosomes, eukaryotic

Euler-Chelpin, Hans von, 1:205–206 Evans, Alice, 1:206–207, 2:425 Evolution and evolutionary mechanisms, 1:207–208

Archaea, 1:34 biogeochemical cycles, 1:68–69 cladistics, 2:438

conjugation, 1:133–134 Darwin, Charles, 1:150–151 DNA hybridization, 1:165 evolutionary origin of bacteria and viruses, 1:208–209 gene, 1:237–238

Miller-Urey experiment, 2:389–390, 2:403 Murchison meteorite, 2:403

phylogeny, 2:437–438 radiation mutagenesis, 2:477–478 rare genotype advantage, 2:480 selection, 2:506–507

See also Life, origin of

Evolutionary origin of bacteria and viruses, 1:208–209

Archaea, 1:34 biogeochemical cycles, 1:68–69 DNA hybridization, 1:165, 1:170 life, origin of, 1:349–351 Miller-Urey experiment, 2:389–390, 2:403 Murchison meteorite, 2:403

mutants: enhanced tolerance or sensitivity to temperature and pHranges, 2:404–405

photosynthesis, 2:436–437 photosynthetic microorganisms, 2:437 phylogeny, 2:437–438

Prokaryotae, 2:450–451 radiation mutagenesis, 2:477–478 rare genotype advantage, 2:480 selection, 2:506–507

See also Fossilization of bacteria; Life, origin of

Exobiology, 1:343

Exotoxin See Enterotoxin and exotoxin

Extraterrestrial microbiology, 1:209–211, 1:210

extremophiles, 1:211–212 fossils, 1:228

Murchison meteorite, 2:403

Extremophiles, 1:211–212, 1:212

acid-loving bacteria, 1:211 alkaline-loving bacteria, 1:211 autotrophic organisms, 1:39 Brock, Thomas D., 1:88 chemoautotrophic and chemolithotrophic bacteria, 1:115–116 evolution of, 1:208

extraterrestrial microbiology, 1:209–211 halophilic bacteria, 1:211

hydrothermal vents, 1:282–283 Jannasch, Holger Windekilde, 1:319 marine bacteria, 2:366

mesophilic bacteria, 2:376 methane oxidizing and producing bacteria, 2:378–379

pH, 2:433

psychrophilic bacteria, 2:466 radiation-resistant bacteria, 2:478–479 sensitivity to pH and temperature, 2:404–405 sulfur cycle, 2:536

taq enzyme, 2:540–541 thermophiles, 1:211

See also Mutants: enhanced tolerance or sensitivity to

tempera-ture and pH ranges

Feather boa kelp, 1:323

Feldman, Harry Alfred, 1:216–217, 1:252

Feline leukemia, 2:487

Feline leukemia virus (FELV), 2:487, 2:575

Fermentation, 1:174, 1:217, 1:217–218, 2:377

carbon cycle, 1:100–101 defined, 1:224 mold, 2:394–395 wine making, 2:599–601

Fertility See Reproductive immunology

Fertility genes (F genes), 1:133

FFI See Fatal familial insomnia

FGF See Fibroblastic growth factor

Fibrinolysin, 1:125

Fibroblastic growth factor (FGF), 1:104, 1:106

Field ion microscope, 1:180

See also Influenza

Flukes, 2:423 Fluorescein isothiocyanate, 1:286

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), 1:221–222, 2:415

Fluorescence microscopy, acridine orange and, 1:2–3

Fluorescent dyes, 1:65, 1:222

acridine orange, 1:2–3, 1:24 antibiotic resistance tests, 1:23–24

See also Biochemical analysis; Laboratory techniques in

immunology; Laboratory techniques in microbiology Fluorescent probes, 2:415

Folic acid, 1:116 Foliose lichens, 1:348–349 Folliculitis, 2:516 Food additives, 1:225

Food preservation, 1:222–225

Appert, Nicolas François, 1:33–34 enzymes, 1:192–194

mold, 2:394–395 pasteurization, 1:54, 1:246, 1:272, 2:426–427, 2:532, 2:569

Salmonella, 2:503–504 Shigella, 2:514–515

toxoplasmosis, 2:548 yeast, 2:612–613 Foodborne illnesses, 1:225, 1:226 paralytic shellfish poisoning, 1:157, 2:482

Fossilization of bacteria, 1:228

diatoms, 1:154–155 photosynthetic microorganisms, 2:437

See also Evolutionary origin of bacteria and viruses

Fox, George E., 2:658 Fracastoro, Gerolamo, 1:273, 2:644 Fraenkel-Conrat, Heinz, 2:655 Frameshift mutations, 2:405

Francisella tularensis, 2:557

Franek, Frantisek, 1:176 Franklin, Rosalind Elsie, 1:162, 2:595, 2:598, 2:655 Freeze-drying, 1:223

Freezing, 1:224 Frerichs, Friedrich von, 1:177 Freund, Jules, 2:653

Freund’s Complete Adjuvant, 1:5

fungicides, 1:232 infection control, 1:310–311 skin, 2:517

chitin, 1:117–118 colony and colony formation, 1:129–130 cryoprotection, 1:141–142

cryptococci and cryptococcosis, 1:142–143 hyphae, 1:284

lichens, 1:348–349, 2:407, 2:411 mesophilic, 2:376

Gelidiuim, 2:488 Gelidium comeum, 1:6

Gene, 1:236–238, 2:489

Berg, Paul, 1:60–62 oncogene, 1:104, 1:243, 2:415, 2:558 restriction enzymes, 2:485

See also Genetic identification of microorganisms; Genotype and

phenotype; Mutations and mutagenesis Gene amplification

restriction enzymes, 2:485 yeast artificial chromosome (YAC), 2:610–611

Gene chips See DNA chips and microarrays

Gene flow, 1:207 Gene splicing, 1:85 Gene therapy, 1:60–62, 2:510, 2:578–579

Genetic code, 1:162, 1:238–240, 1:239, 2:550

Berg, Paul, 1:60–62 gene, 1:237–238 genotype and phenotype, 1:245–246 operon, 1:237, 1:354, 2:398, 2:416 proteins, 1:15

restriction enzymes, 2:485 Genetic diseases, 1:121 Genetic diversity, conjugation, 1:133 Genetic drift, 1:207–208

Genetic engineering, 1:75, 1:134

Genetic identification of microorganisms, 1:240–241

bioterrorism, 1:77 gene, 1:237–238 genetic code, 1:239–240 genotype and phenotype, 1:245–246 microbial taxonomy, 2:383–384 restriction enzymes, 2:485

See also DNA; Microbial genetics

Genetic mapping, 1:241, 1:241–242

gene, 1:237–238 The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR), 2:544

restriction enzymes, 2:485, 2:485

Genetic regulation of eukaryotic cells, 1:106–108, 1:242–244

cell cycle, 1:106–108 DNA, 1:161–164 recombinant DNA molecules, 2:480–481 restriction enzymes, 2:485

RNA, 2:488–492

See also Cell cycle (eukaryotic), genetic regulation of

Genetic regulation of prokaryotic cells, 1:244–245

bacteriophages and bacteriophage typing, 1:55–56 cell cycle, 1:108–109

DNA, 1:161–164 recombinant DNA molecules, 2:480–481 transcription, 2:548–549

translation, 2:551–553

See also Cell cycle (prokaryotic), genetic regulation of

Genetic screening, karyotype analysis, 1:121

Genetically engineered vaccines See Vaccine

Genetics

defined, 1:161 history of, 1:161–163

See also DNA; Fungal genetics; Gene; Genetic code; Genetic

identification of microorganisms; Genetic mapping; Geneticregulation; Genotype and phenotype; Immunogenetics;

Microbial genetics; Molecular biology and molecular ics; Mutations and mutagenesis; Phage genetics; Phenotypeand phenotypic variation; Proteomics; Radiation mutagenesis;

genet-Recombination; RNA; Transgenics; Transplantation genetics;

Viral genetics Geneva Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating,

Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of

Genomics, bioinformatics and computational biology, 1:69–70

Genotype and phenotype, 1:245–246

gene, 1:237–238 phenotypic variation, 2:435 transduction, 2:439

See also Phenotype and phenotypic variation

Gotschlich, Emil Carl Anton Constantin, 1:252

Gotschlich, Emil Claus, 1:252

Gowans, C.S., 1:288 Grabar, Petr Nikolaevich, 1:298

Gracilaria verrucosa, 1:6

Graffky, Georg, 1:353

Gram, Hans Christian Joachim, 1:53, 1:253, 2:650

Gram-negative bacteria, 1:51, 1:53, 1:189, 1:253, 2:373, 2:447 Gram-positive bacteria, 1:51, 1:53, 1:158, 1:253, 2:373, 2:412, 2:428,2:462

Gram staining, 1:253–254, 1:335

Grana, 1:120 Great Flu Epidemic of 1918, 1:193, 1:220–221 Green algae, 2:460

Gregaria, 2:526

Greider, Carol, 2:658 Gresser, Ion, 1:288 Griffith, Frederick, 1:338, 2:382, 2:652 Griffith, J.S., 2:464

Group A streptococci, 2:534 Group B streptococci, 2:534–535 Group G streptococci, 2:535

Growth and growth media, 1:254, 1:254–255, 1:335–336

agar and agarose, 1:5–7 blood agar, 1:80 Petri, Richard Julius, 2:430–431 Growth factors, 1:104, 1:106

Gruber, Max von, 1:255–256, 1:339

Gruber-Widal test, 1:255

GSS syndrome See Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome

Guanarito virus, 1:34 Guerin, Camille, 2:432, 2:555 Guignard, Jean-Louis-Léon, 2:650 Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), 1:313, 2:574

Haemophilus, 1:10, 1:257

Haemophilus aegyptius, 1:257 Haemophilus ducreyi, 1:257, 2:512 Haemophilus influenzae, 1:195, 1:257, 2:374–375

genome, 2:659 history, 2:432 protein export, 2:454 Hair follicle, acne and, 1:1, 1:2 Hairpin telomere, 1:123 Hairy cell leukemia virus, 2:493 Haldane, J.B.S., 1:350

Halimeda, 1:119

Haller, Albrecht von, 2:645 Halobacteria, 2:436–437

Halobacterium NRC-1, 1:235 Halobacterium salinarum, 1:211 Halococcus, 1:255

Halophilic bacteria, 1:211 Halorhodopsin, 2:437 Hamilton, Robert, 2:402

HAN See Health Alert Network

Hancock, Robert Ernest William, 1:257–258, 2:447

Hantavirus and Hanta disease, 1:198, 1:258–259, 2:659

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), 1:258, 1:259, 1:263

HBV See Hepatitis and hepatitis viruses

HCV See Hepatitis and hepatitis viruses

HDV See Hepatitis and hepatitis viruses

Health Alert Network (HAN), 1:79

Hearst, John, 1:102

Heart disease, Chlamydia trachomatis, 1:123

Heartworm, 2:423

Heat, bacteriocidal methods, 1:54

Heat shock proteins, 1:113, 1:261

Heat shock response, 1:47, 1:261

Heating, for food preservation, 1:224

Hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), 1:262–263

Hemolysis and hemolytic reactions, 1:80

Hemophiliacs, blood borne infection, 1:82

Hemophilus See Haemophilus

Hemorrhagic colitis, 1:171

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), 1:258, 1:259

Hemorrhagic fevers and diseases, 1:80–82, 1:263–264

arenavirus, 1:34–35 dengue fever, 1:153–154, 1:263, 2:499 Ebola virus, 1:172–173

epidemics, 1:197 hantavirus and Hanta disease, 1:258–259

as public health issue, 2:467 Henle, Friedrich Gustav, 2:647

HEPA filter See Fume hood

Hepadnaviruses, 1:264, 1:264, 2:584

Hepatitis and hepatitis viruses, 1:264–267, 1:265, 2:513

chronic, 1:264, 1:314, 2:558 hepatitis A virus (HAV), 1:264, 2:580 hepatitis B virus (HBV), 1:264, 1:265–266, 2:508, 2:558, 2:584 hepatitis C virus (HCV), 1:264, 1:266–267, 2:508

hepatitis D virus (HDV), 1:267 hepatitis E virus (HEV), 1:264, 1:267 hepatitis G virus (HGV), 1:267 seroconversion, 2:508 vaccine, 1:265, 2:513

Herpes and herpes virus, 1:267–268, 1:340, 2:513, 2:581, 2:584

blood borne infection, 1:82 chemotherapeutic agent, 1:116 Epstein-Barr virus, 1:82, 1:201, 1:267, 2:399, 2:584 herpes zoster virus, 1:212

HHV4, 1:267 HHV5, 1:267 HHV6, 1:267 HHV7, 1:267 HHV8, 1:267 HSV-1 (HHV1), 1:267 HSV-2 (HHV2), 1:267 Herpes zoster virus (HZV), 1:212

Herpetosiphon, 1:249

Hershey, Alfred Day, 1:114, 1:268–270, 2:654, 2:655, 2:657

Hertwig, Wilhelm, 2:649, 2:650 Hesse, Walter, 2:649

Heterokaryon, 1:230

Heterotrophic bacteria, 1:203, 1:255, 1:270, 1:270

HEV See Hepatitis and hepatitis viruses Hfr strains, Escherichia coli, 1:133 HFRS See Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome HGV See Hepatitis and hepatitis viruses

HHV See Herpes and herpes virus High efficiency particulate air filter See Fume hood

Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART), 1:9 Hildegard of Bingen, 2:644

Hillier, James, 1:180 Hinshelwood, Cyril, 1:86 Hinton, William A., 2:538 Hippocrates, 2:643

Histamine, 1:11, 1:16, 1:270–271 Histocompatibility, 1:271, 1:280

History of development of antibiotics, 1:116, 1:276, 1:276–277

Fleming, Alexander, 1:218–219

germ theory of disease, 1:28, 1:246–247, 1:273 nosocomial infections, 2:411–412

penicillin, 2:427, 2:511 sulfa drugs, 2:535

History of immunology, 1:271–273

Avery, Oswald Theodore, 1:39–41 historical chronology, 2:643–660 Koch’s postulates, 1:247, 1:274, 1:327, 1:328, 1:353 measles, 2:368–369

mumps, 2:402–403 Schick, Bela, 2:505–506

History of microbiology, 1:273–274, 1:274

DNA, 1:161–163 fermentation, 1:217–218 food preservation, 1:222–225 food safety, 1:224–225 germ theory of disease, 1:28, 1:246–247, 1:273 historical chronology, 2:643–660

Koch’s postulates, 1:247, 1:274, 1:327, 1:328, 1:353

History of public health, 1:274–276, 1:275

Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 1:110–112 chemotherapy, 1:116–117

food preservation, 1:222–225 germ theory of disease, 1:28, 1:246–247, 1:273 gonorrhea, 1:251

Koch’s postulates, 1:217, 1:247, 1:274, 1:328, 1:353 measles, 2:368–369

mumps, 2:402–403

nosocomial infections, 2:411–412 pertussis, 2:429–430

poliomyelitis and polio, 2:445–446 Sabin, Albert, 2:499–501 Salk, Jonas, 2:501–503 sexually transmitted diseases, 2:510–512 sulfa drugs, 2:535

World Health Organization (WHO), 2:603–604

See also Epidemics, bacterial; Epidemics, viral; Epidemics and

pandemics; Epidemiology Hitchings, George Herbert, 1:116, 1:184, 1:185

HIV See Human immunodeficiency virus

Hives, 1:311

HLA See Human leukocyte antigen

Hobby, Gladys Lounsbury, 1:277

Hospitals, infection control, 1:310

Hot tub folliculitis, 2:516

HPS See Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

HPV See Human papillomavirus

HSV See Herpes and herpes virus

HTLV See Human T-cell leukemia virus

Huang, Alice Shih-Hou, 1:56, 1:278–279

Huber, Robert, 2:436

Huggins, Charles, 1:116

Hughes, Arthur, 1:140

Human Genome Organization (HUGO), 2:659

Human Genome Project, 1:164, 2:516, 2:574, 2:575, 2:659, 2:660

Human granulytic ehrlichiosis, 1:82

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 1:279–280, 1:295, 1:340–341,

2:487, 2:493, 2:512

antiviral drugs, 1:33 chemotherapy, 1:116 epidemics, 1:197 history of, 1:7, 2:401 mechanism of action, 2:519 seroconversion, 2:508

See also AIDS

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA), 1:27, 1:280, 1:288, 2:363, 2:554

Huxley, Thomas Henry, 2:648

Hybridization See DNA hybridization

IgG See Immunoglobulins and immunoglobulin deficiency syndromes IgM See Immunoglobulins and immunoglobulin deficiency syndromes

vaccine, 2:568–572

Immune synapse, 1:286–287 Immune system, 1:287–288

adjuvant, 1:4–5 AIDS, 1:7–9 allergies, 1:10–11 amino acids in, 1:16 anaphylaxis, 1:17 antigenic mimicry, 1:30–31 autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases, 1:38

B cells (B lymphocytes), 1:43 complement, 1:131

histamine, 1:270–271 histocompatibility, 1:271 human leukocyte antigen (HLA), 1:280 immunosuppressant drugs, 1:306–307 interferons, 1:313–314

miscarriage, 2:483 phagocyte and phagocytosis, 2:434–435 stimulation by external source, 1:286

T cells (T lymphocytes), 2:539–540

See also Antibody and antigen; Antibody-antigen, biochemical

and molecular reactions; Immunity; Immunochemistry;

Immunodeficiency; Immunologic therapies; Immunology

Immunity, 1:287–291

active, passive, and delayed, 1:288–290, 1:289

cell mediated, 1:290 cytokines, 1:145 globulins, 1:249–250 humoral regulation, 1:290–291 immunosuppressant drugs, 1:306–307 major histocompatibility complex (MHC), 2:361–363 measles, 2:368–369

T cells (T lymphocytes), 2:539–540

See also Immune system; Immunity, active, passive and delayed;

Immunity, cell mediated; Immunity, humoral regulation;

Immunization; Immunochemistry; Immunologic therapies;

Immunology

Immunity, active, passive and delayed, 1:288–290, 1:289

adjuvant, 1:4–5 antiserum and antitoxin, 1:32

B cells, 1:43 opsonization, 2:416–417 phagocyte and phagocytosis, 2:434–435 seroconversion, 2:508

T cells (T lymphocytes), 2:539–540 vaccine, 2:568–572

Immunity, cell mediated, 1:290

AIDS, 1:9

B cells, 1:43 phagocyte and phagocytosis, 2:434–435

T cells (T lymphocytes), 2:539–540 vaccine, 2:568–572

Immunity, humoral regulation, 1:290–291

phagocyte and phagocytosis, 2:434–435

T cells (T lymphocytes), 2:539–540 vaccine, 2:568–572

Immunization, 1:291–292

Behring, Emil von, 1:58–59 immune stimulation, 1:286 phagocyte and phagocytosis, 2:434–435 Salk, Jonas, 2:501–503

See also Vaccination; Vaccine

Immunochemistry, 1:292–293

Avery, Oswald Theodore, 1:39–41 cytokines, 1:104, 1:145

globulins, 1:249–250 immune system, 1:287–288 major histocompatibility complex (MHC), 2:361–363 reproductive immunology, 2:483–484

seroconversion, 2:508 severe combined immunodeficiency, 2:509–510

T cells (T lymphocytes), 2:539–540 vaccine, 2:568–572

See also Immunity; Immunoglobulins and immunoglobulin

defi-ciency syndromes; Immunologic therapies; Immunologicalanalysis techniques

Immunodeficiency, 1:293–295

AIDS, 1:7–10 animal models of infection, 1:19 candidiasis, 1:100

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 1:279–280 human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), 1:281 immunosuppressant drugs, 1:306–307 RNA tumor viruses, 2:493–494 thrush, 2:546–547

See also Immunodeficiency disease syndromes;

Immunodeficiency diseases

Immunodeficiency disease syndromes, 1:295, 1:295–296

major histocompatibility complex (MHC), 2:361–363 severe combined immunodeficiency, 2:509–510

See also Immunodeficiency diseases

Immunodeficiency diseases, 1:293

animal models of infection, 1:19 congenital, 1:293

cytokines, 1:104, 1:145 genetic causes, 1:296–297 histocompatibility, 1:271 human leukocyte antigen (HLA), 1:280 major histocompatibility complex (MHC), 2:361–363 mycobacterial infections, atypical, 2:406–407

severe combined immunodeficiency, 2:509–510 toxoplasmosis, 2:548

See also Immunodeficiency disease syndromes

Immunodeficiency diseases, genetic causes, 1:296–297 Immunoelectrophoresis, 1:182–183, 1:298, 1:333

See also Electrophoresis

Immunofluorescence, 1:298–299

bioluminescence, 1:72–73 fluorescent dyes, 1:222

See also Biochemical analysis; Fluorescence; Laboratory

tech-niques in immunology; Laboratory techtech-niques in ogy

microbiol-Immunofluorescence microscopy, 1:299

Immunogenetics, 1:299–300

Berg, Paul, 1:60–62 chemical mutagenesis, 1:114–115 cloning, 1:124

gene, 1:237–238 genetic engineering, 1:74 genotype and phenotype, 1:245–246 major histocompatibility complex (MHC), 2:361–363 oncogene research, 2:415–416

phagocyte and phagocytosis, 2:434–435 radiation mutagenesis, 2:477–478 retroviruses, 2:486–487 severe combined immunodeficiency, 2:509–510 transplantation genetics and immunology, 2:553–554 vaccine, 2:568–572

in vitro and in vivo research, 1:307–308 See also Microbial genetics; Molecular biology and molecular

genetics

Immunoglobulin deficiency See Immunodeficiency; Immunodeficiency

disease syndromes Immunoglobulins and immunoglobulin deficiency syndromes,

1:300–301

agammaglobulinemia, 1:293, 1:301 anaphylaxis, 1:17

globulins, 1:249–250 isotypes and allotypes, 1:315–316 opsonization, 2:416–417 severe combined immunodeficiency, 2:509–510

See also Antibody and antigen; Antibody-antigen, biochemical

and molecular reactions; Antibody formation and kinetics;Immunodeficiency; Immunodeficiency disease syndromes;Monoclonal antibodies

Immunologic therapies, 1:301–302

globulins, 1:249–250 immune stimulation, 1:286 immune system, 1:287–288 immunomodulation, 1:305–306 reproductive immunology, 2:483–484 transplantation genetics and immunology, 2:553–554 vaccine, 2:568–572

Immunological analysis techniques, 1:302–303

enzymes, 1:192–194 major histocompatibility complex (MHC), 2:361–363

Immunological aspects of reproduction See Reproductive immunology

Immunology, 1:303–305

allergies, 1:10–11 autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases, 1:38 Behring, Emil von, 1:58–59

Berg, Paul, 1:60–62 Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 1:110–112

history of, 1:271–273 immune system, 1:287–288 immunosuppressant drugs, 1:306–307 interferons, 1:313–314

See also Antibody and antigen; Antibody-antigen, biochemical

and molecular reactions; Immune system; Immunity;

Immunochemistry; Immunogenetics; Immunologic therapies;

Laboratory techniques in immunology; Reproductiveimmunology

Immunology, nutritional aspects, 1:305

Immunomodulation, 1:305–306

Immunosuppressant drugs, 1:306–307

Borel, Jean-François, 1:84 thrush, 2:546–547 transplantation genetics and immunology, 2:553–554

In vitro and in vivo research, 1:307–308

Incineration

disposal of infectious microorganisms, 1:161

Indicator species, 1:308, 2:616–617

Indirect Coombs’ test, 2:488

Industrial microbiology See Economic uses and benefits of

microorgan-isms

Infection

animal models of infection, 1:18, 1:18–19

anti-adhesion, 1:23–24 bacteremia, 1:44 chemotherapy, 1:116–117 complement, 1:131 complications of, 1:312–313 defined, 1:309

germ theory of disease, 1:28, 1:246–247, 1:273 immune system, 1:287–288

intracellular, 1:315 invasiveness, 1:315 microbial flora of the oral cavity, dental caries, 2:379–380 microbial flora of the skin, 2:380

microbial flora of the stomach and gastrointestinal tract,2:380–381

nosocomial infection, 2:411–412 pertussis, 2:429–430

phagocyte and phagocytosis, 2:434–435 prions, 2:449

skin infections, 2:516–517 sulfa drugs, 2:535 symptoms, 1:312

See also Bacterial infection; Fungal infection; Infection and

resistance; Infection control; Viral infection

Infection and resistance, 1:308–310, 1:309

invasiveness and intracellular infection, 1:315

See also Bacterial infection; Fungal infection; Infection control;

Viral infection

Infection control, 1:310–311, 1:311

antiseptics, 1:31–32 chlorination, 1:119–120 hygiene, 1:310–311 microbial flora of the oral cavity, dental caries, 2:379–380

microbial flora of the skin, 2:380 microbial flora of the stomach and gastrointestinal tract,2:380–381

Pasteur, Louis, 2:424–426 steam pressure sterilizer, 2:530–531 sterilization, 1:31, 1:154, 1:158, 2:530, 2:531–532, 2:546

See also Epidemiology; Infection; Infection and resistance

Infection hypothesis, 1:31

Infectious mononucleosis, 1:201, 2:399

Inflammation, 1:311, 1:311

autoimmunity, 1:38 histamine and, 1:16 phagocyte and phagocytosis, 2:434–435

Influenza, 1:311–313, 1:312

epidemics, 1:193–194, 1:196–198, 1:312 Great Flu Epidemic of 1918, 1:193, 1:220–221 history of, 1:193

Influenza virus, 1:262, 1:312, 1:312, 2:570

Ingenhousz, Jan, 2:645 Inhalation anthrax, 1:70, 1:76 Inherent resistance, 1:47 Inoculating loop, 1:335

Insecticides, Bacillus thuringiensis, 1:43–44, 1:44

Insertion mutations, 2:405, 2:406 Insertion sequences, 1:200, 2:486

The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR), 1:49, 2:544

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF), 1:104, 1:106

Interferon actions, 1:313, 2:568–572

Interferon-alpha, 1:314 Interferon-gamma, 1:314 Interferon-tau, 1:314

Interferons, 1:313, 1:313–314, 2:568–572

Interleukin-2, 1:233, 1:234 Intermediate yellow fever, 2:613 Interphase, 1:103, 1:243 Intracellular infection, 1:315 Introns, 2:457

Invasiveness and intracellular infection, 1:315

immune system, 1:287–288 virus replication, 2:581–582 Iridovirisae, 2:536

Irish potato famine, 1:231

“Iron” bacteria, 1:115, 2:514 Isaacs, Alick, 1:314, 2:656 Isayev, Vasily Isayevich, 2:432 Iso-Sensitest agar, 1:23 Isoelectric focusing (IEF), 1:183

Isotypes and allotypes, 1:315–316 Ivanovsky, Dmitri Iosifovich, 1:316, 2:528, 2:650

J

Jacob, François, 1:87, 1:141, 1:317–319, 1:318, 2:375, 2:381, 2:398,

2:655, 2:656 Jacobs, William, 2:660

Jannasch, Holger Windekilde, 1:283, 1:319, 2:658

Janssen, Hans, 2:644 Janssen, Zacharias, 2:644 Japanese B encephalitis, 2:499

JC papovirus, 2:519 Jeffreys, Alex, 2:658 Jenner, Edward, 1:28, 1:32, 1:196, 1:246, 1:271, 1:272, 1:274, 1:287,

1:292, 1:303, 1:319–321, 1:320, 2:521, 2:569, 2:584, 2:646

Klebs, Edward Theodore, 2:650

Klebsiella, ultrastructure of, 1:52

Pfeiffer, Richard, 2:432 tuberculosis, 1:327, 2:555

Kristensen, Reinhardt Mobert, 2:659

Kühne, Wilhelm Friedrich, 2:649

ELISA, 1:190–191, 1:333–334 enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA), 1:190–191 epidemiological tools, 1:199–200

fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), 1:221–222, 2:415

growth and growth media, 1:254–255, 1:335–336 immune complex test, 1:285–286

immunoelectrophoresis, 1:298, 1:333 Koch’s postulates, 1:247, 1:274, 1:327, 1:328, 1:353 monoclonal antibodies, 1:334

pipette, 2:438–439 protein crystallography, 2:452 Pyrex, 2:468–469

recombinant DNA molecules, 2:480–481 spectroscopy, 2:524–525

in vitro and in vivo research, 1:307–308 See also Biochemical analysis techniques; Immunological analy-

sis techniques; Microscope and microscopy

Laboratory techniques in microbiology, 1:335, 1:335–336, 2:439

acridine orange and, 1:2–3, 1:24 agar and agarose, 1:5–7 agar diffusion, 1:7 antibodies, 1:27 bacteriophages and bacteriophage typing, 1:55–56 blood agar, hemolysis, and hemolytic reactions, 1:80 buffer, 1:95–96

conjugation, 1:133–134 contamination, 1:133–135 Coulter counter, 1:137–138 culture, 1:144–145 dilution theory and techniques, 1:156 disposal of infectious microorganisms, 1:160–161 electron microscopic examination of microorganisms, 1:180–181 epidemiological tools, 1:199–200

fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), 1:221–222, 2:415

germ theory of disease, 1:28, 1:246–247, 1:273 Gram staining, 1:253–254

growth and growth media, 1:254–255, 1:335–336 Koch’s postulates, 1:247, 1:274, 1:327, 1:328, 1:353 Petri, Richard Julius, 2:430–431

pipette, 2:438–439 polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 2:446–447 protein crystallography, 2:452

Pyrex, 2:468–469 radioisotopes, 2:479–480 recombinant DNA molecules, 2:480–481 spectrophotometer, 2:523–524

spectroscopy, 2:524–525 steam pressure sterilizer, 2:530–531 sterilization, 2:531–532

thermal death, 2:546

in vitro and in vivo research, 1:307–308 See also Biochemical analysis techniques; Microscope and

microscopy

LAC See Lupus anticoagulant

Lactic acid bacteria, 1:336, 2:381

Lactobacillus, 1:23, 1:336–337

Lactobacillus acidophilus, 1:174, 1:337, 2:450 Lactobacillus bulgaricus, 1:337

Lactobacillus GG, 1:337, 2:450 LAD See Leukocyte adhesion defect

LAV See Lymphadenopathy-associated virus

Laveran, C.L Alphonse, 2:649

Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent, 2:645, 2:646

LCR See Ligase change reaction

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), 2:393

Leukemia virus See Human T-cell leukemia virus

Leukocyte adhesion defect (LAD), 1:297

Luciferase, 1:72, 1:73, 1:354 Luciferase reaction, 1:73 Luciferin, 1:72, 1:73 Lucretius, 2:643 Ludwig, Carl Friedrich Wilhelm, 1:255 Ludwig, Ernst, 1:339

Luminescent bacteria, 1:354, 2:474

Lupus anticoagulant (LAC), 2:483 Luria, Salvador E., 1:55, 1:268, 1:269, 2:594, 2:653, 2:654, 2:657 lux gene system, 1:354

LuxR, 1:354 Lwoff, André, 1:317, 2:397, 2:398, 2:656

Lyme disease, 1:82, 1:123, 1:355–356, 1:356, 2:468

Lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV), 2:400

Lymphocytes See T cells (T lymphocytes)

Lymphokines, 1:291

Lysogeny, 1:340–341, 1:356–357, 2:434 Lysosomes, 1:146, 1:357

M

M protein, 1:338 Machupo virus, 1:34

MacLeod, Colin Munro, 1:114, 1:274, 2:359–360, 2:367, 2:654

Malaria and physiology of parasitic infections, 2:363–364, 2:443, 2:461

Mallon, Mary, 2:559 Malphigi, Marcello, 2:645

MALT See Mucus-associated lymphoid tissue

“Malta” fever, 1:206 Mamamorosch, Karl, 2:655 Mantoux test, 1:290 Marburg hemorrhagic fever, 1:263 Marburg virus, 1:264, 2:585

Margulis, Lynn, 2:364–365, 2:657

Marine microbiology, 2:365, 2:365–366

bioluminescence, 1:72–73, 1:354 Jannasch, Holger Windekilde, 1:319 kelp and kelp forests, 1:323–324 Marrack, John, 2:653

Mars bacterial fossils in Martian rocks, 1:228