Carley, Carnegie Mellon University, PA, USA Yves Demazeau, CNRS Laboratoire LEIBNIZ, France Ed Durfee, University of Michigan, USA Les Gasser, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
Trang 2SOCIALLY INTELLIGENT AGENTS
Creating Relationships with
Computers and Robots
Trang 3MULTIAGENT SYSTEMS,
ARTIFICIAL SOCIETIES,
AND SIMULATED ORGANIZATIONS
International Book Series
Series Editor: Gerhard Weiss
Technische Universität München
Editorial Board:
Kathleen M Carley, Carnegie Mellon University, PA, USA
Yves Demazeau, CNRS Laboratoire LEIBNIZ, France
Ed Durfee, University of Michigan, USA Les Gasser, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA Nigel Gilbert, University of Surrey, United Kingdom
Michael Huhns, University of South Carolina, SC, USA
Nick Jennings, University of Southampton, UK Victor Lesser, University of Massachusetts, MA, USA
Katia Sycara, Carnegie Mellon University, PA, USA
Gerhard Weiss, Technische Universität München, Germany (Series Editor)
Michael Wooldridge, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
Books in the Series:
CONFLICTING AGENTS: Conflict Management in Multi-Agent
Systems, edited by Catherine Tessier, Laurent Chaudron and Heinz-Jürgen
Müller, ISBN: 0-7923-7210-7
SOCIAL ORDER IN MULTIAGENT SYSTEMS, edited by
Rosaria Conte and Chrysanthos Dellarocas, ISBN: 0-7923-7450-9
CONCEPTUAL MODELLING OF MULTI-AGENT
SYSTEMS: The CoMoMAS Engineering Environment, by Norbert
Glaser, ISBN: 1-4020-7061-6
Trang 4SOCIALLY INTELLIGENT AGENTS
Creating Relationships with
Computers and Robots
Edited by
Kerstin Dautenhahn
University of Hertfordshire
Alan H Bond
California Institute of Technology
Lola Cañamero
University of Hertfordshire
Bruce Edmonds
Manchester Metropolitan University
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS Boston / Dordrecht / London
Trang 5Print ISBN: 1-4020-7057-8
©2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers
New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow
Print version ©2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers
Boston
All rights reserved
No part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher.
Created in the United States of America
Visit Kluwer Online at: http://www.kluweronline.com
and Kluwer's eBookstore at: http://ebooks.kluweronline.com
eBook ISBN: 0-306-47373-9
Trang 6Contributing Authors ix 1
Socially Intelligent Agents: Creating Relationships with Computers and
Kerstin Dautenhahn, Alan Bond, Lola Cañamero and Bruce Edmonds
2
Understanding Social Intelligence 21
Per Persson, Jarmo Laaksolahti and Peter Lönnqvist
3
Modeling Social Relationship: An Agent Architecture for
Voluntary Mutual Control
29
Alan H Bond
4
Developing Agents Who can Relate to Us: Putting Agents in Our Loop
via Situated Self-Creation
37
Bruce Edmonds
5
Party Hosts and Tour Guides: Using Nonverbal Social Cues in the Design
of Interface Agents to Support Human-Human Social Interaction
45
Katherine Isbister
6
Increasing SIA Architecture Realism by Modeling and Adapting to
Af-fect and Personality
53
Eva Hudlicka
7
Cooperative Interface Agents 61
Sebastiano Pizzutilo, Berardina De Carolis and Fiorella de Rosis
8
Playing the Emotion Game with Feelix: What Can a LEGO Robot Tell
Us about Emotion?
69
Lola Cañamero
Trang 7vi Socially Intelligent Agents
9
Creating Emotion Recognition Agents for Speech Signal 77
Valery A Petrushin
10
Social Intelligence for Computers: Making Artificial Entities Creative in
their Interactions 85
Juliette Rouchier
11
EgoChat Agent: A Talking Virtualized Agent that Supports Community
Knowledge Creation 93
Hidekazu Kubota and Toyoaki Nishida
12
Electric Elves: Adjustable Autonomy in Real-World Multi-Agent Environments 101
David V Pynadath and Milind Tambe
13
Building Empirically Plausible Multi-Agent Systems: A Case Study of
Innovation Diffusion
109
Edmund Chattoe
14
Robotic Playmates: Analysing Interactive Competencies of
Children with Autism Playing with a Mobile Robot
117
Kerstin Dautenhahn, Iain Werry, John Rae, Paul Dickerson, Penny Stribling, Bernard Ogden
15
Mobile Robotic Toys and Autism: Observations of Interaction 125
François Michaud and Catherine Théberge-Turmel
16
Affective Social Quest: Emotion Recognition Therapy for Autistic Children 133
Katharine Blocher and Rosalind W Picard
17
Pedagogical Soap: Socially Intelligent Agents for Interactive Drama 141
Stacy C Marsella
18
Designing Sociable Machines: Lessons Learned 149
Cynthia Breazeal
19
Infanoid: A Babybot that Explores the Social Environment 157
Hideki Kozima
20
Play, Dreams and Imitation in Robota 165
Aude Billard
Trang 8Contents vii
21
Experiences with Sparky, a Social Robot 173
Mark Scheeff, John Pinto, Kris Rahardja, Scott Snibbe and Robert Tow
22
Socially Situated Planning 181
Jonathan Gratch
23
Designing for Interaction: Creating and Evaluating an Empathic
Ambi-ence in Computer Integrated Learning Environments
189
Bridget Cooper and Paul Brna
24
Me, My Character and the Others 197
Isabel Machado and Ana Paiva
25
From Pets to Storyrooms: Constructive Storytelling Systems
Designed with Children, for Children
205
Jaime Montemayor, Allison Druin, and James Hendler
26
Socially Intelligent Agents in Educational Games 213
Cristina Conati and Maria Klawe
27
Towards Integrating Plot and Character for Interactive Drama 221
Michael Mateas and Andrew Stern
28
The Cooperative Contract in Interactive Entertainment 229
R Michael Young
29
Perceptions of Self in Art and Intelligent Agents 235
Nell Tenhaaf
30
Multi-Agent Contract Negotiation: Knowledge and Computation Complexities 243
Peyman Faratin
31
Challenges for Agent-Based Social Simulation of Multilateral
Negotiation
251
Scott Moss
32
Enabling Open Agent Institutions 259
Juan A Rodríguez-Aguilar and Carles Sierra
Trang 9viii Socially Intelligent Agents
33
Embodied Conversational Agents in E-Commerce Applications 267
Helen McBreen
Index 275
Trang 10Contributing Authors
Aude Billard
Computer Science Department, University of Southern California, HNB, 3641 Wyatt Way, Los Angeles 90089, USA billard@usc.edu
Katharine Blocher
Formerly of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Media Laboratory, 4615 Huron Ave., San Diego, CA 92117, USA kblocher@alum.mit.edu
Alan H Bond
California Institute of Technology, Department of Computer Science, Mailstop 256-80, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA bond@cs.caltech.edu
Cynthia Breazeal
The Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., NE18-5FL, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA
cynthiab@media.mit.edu
Paul Brna
Computer Based Learning Unit, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom P.Brna@cbl.leeds.ac.uk
Lola Cañamero
Adaptive Systems Research Group, Department of Computer Science, Univer-sity of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, Herts AL10 9AB, United King-dom L.Canamero@herts.ac.uk
Trang 11x Socially Intelligent Agents
Edmund Chattoe
University of Oxford, Department of Sociology, Littlegate House, St Ebbes, Oxford, OX1 1PT, United Kingdom
edmund.chattoe@sociology.oxford.ac.uk
Cristina Conati
Department of Computer Science, University of British Columbia, 2366 Main Mall, Vancouver, B.C Canada V6T 1Z4 conati@cs.ubc.ca
Bridget Cooper
Computer Based Learning Unit, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom B.L.Cooper@cbl.leeds.ac.uk
Kerstin Dautenhahn
Adaptive Systems Research Group, Department of Computer Science, Univer-sity of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, Herts AL10 9AB, United King-dom K.Dautenhahn@herts.ac.uk
Berardina Nadja De Carolis
Intelligent Interfaces, Department of Informatics, University of Bari, Via
Orabo-na 4, 70126 Bari, Italy decarolis@di.uniba.it
Fiorella de Rosis
Intelligent Interfaces, Department of Informatics, University of Bari, Via
Orabo-na 4, 70126 Bari, Italy derosis@di.uniba.it
Paul Dickerson
University of Surrey Roehampton, School of Psychology and Counselling, Whitelands College, West Hill, London, SW15 3SN, United Kingdom
p.dickerson@roehampton.ac.uk
Allison Druin
Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 742, USA allisond@umiacs.umd.edu
Bruce Edmonds
Centre for Policy Modelling, Manchester Metropolitan University, Aytoun Build-ing, Aytoun Street, Manchester, M1 3GH, United Kingdom
b.edmonds@mmu.ac.uk
Trang 12Contributing Authors xi
Peyman Faratin
Center for Coordination Science, MIT Sloan School of Management,
NE20-336, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
peyman@mit.edu
Jonathan Gratch
USC Institute for Creative Technologies, 13274 Fiji Way, Suite 600, Marina del Rey, CA 90292, USA gratch@ict.usc.edu
James A Hendler
Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA hendler@cs.umd.edu
Eva Hudlicka
Psychometrix Associates, Inc., 1805 Azalea Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA hudlicka@acm.org
Katherine Isbister
Finali Corporation, 3001 19th Street, 2nd floor, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA kath@cyborganic.net
Maria Klawe
Department of Computer Science, University of British Columbia, 2366 Main Mall, Vancouver, B.C Canada V6T 1Z4 klawe@interchg.ubc.ca
Hideki Kozima
Social Interaction Group, Keihanna Human Info-Communication Research Cen-ter, Communications Research Laboratory, 2-2-2, Hikaridai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0289, Japan xkozima@crl.go.jp
Hidekazu Kubota
Faculty of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan kubota@kc.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Jarmo Laaksolahti
Swedish Institute of Computer Science (SICS), Box 1263,
SE-164 29 Kista, Sweden jarmo@sics.se
Trang 13xii Socially Intelligent Agents
Peter Lönnqvist
Department of Computer and Systems Sciences, Stockholm University and Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden peterl@dsv.su.se
Isabel Machado
Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores (INESC), Rua Alves Redol 9, 1100 Lisboa, Portugal Isabel.Machado@inesc.pt
Stacy Marsella
USC Information Sciences Institute, 4676 Admiralty Way, Suite 1001, Marina del Rey, CA 90292, USA marsella@isi.edu
Michael Mateas
Computer Science Department, Carnegie-Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Av-enue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA michaelm@cs.cmu.edu
Helen McBreen
Centre for Communication Interface Research, Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, University of Edinburgh, 80 South Bridge, EH1 1HN, United Kingdom Helen.McBreen@ccir.ed.ac.uk
François Michaud
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering, Université
de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul Université, Sherbrooke (Québec) J1K 2R1, Canada francois.michaud@courrier.usherb.ca
Jaime Montemayor
Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA monte@cs.umd.edu
Scott Moss
Centre for Policy Modelling, Manchester Metropolitan University, Aytoun Build-ing, Aytoun Street, Manchester, M1 3GH, United Kingdom s.moss@mmu.ac.uk
Toyoaki Nishida
University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
nishida@kc.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Trang 14Contributing Authors xiii
Bernard Ogden
Adaptive Systems Research Group, Department of Computer Science, Univer-sity of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, Herts AL10 9AB, United King-dom bernard@aurora-project.com
Ana Paiva
Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores (INESC), Rua Alves Redol 9, 1100 Lisboa, Portugal Ana.Paiva@inesc.pt
Valery A Petrushin
Center for Strategic Technology Reasearch, Accenture, 3773 Willow Road, Northbrook, IL 60062, USA petr@cstar.accenture.com
Per Persson
Swedish Institute of Computer Science (SICS), Box 1263,
SE-164 29 Kista, Sweden perp@sics.se
Rosalind W Picard
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Media Laboratory, 20 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA picard@media.mit.edu
John P Pinto
Formerly of Interval Research Corporation johnppinto@yahoo.com
Sebastiano Pizzutilo
Intelligent Interfaces, Department of Informatics, University of Bari, Via
Orabo-na 4, 70126 Bari, Italy pizzutilo@di.uniba.it
David V Pynadath
Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, 4676 Admi-ralty Way, Marina del Rey, CA 90292, USA pynadath@isi.edu
John Rae
University of Surrey Roehampton, School of Psychology and Counselling, Whitelands College, West Hill, London, SW15 3SN, United Kingdom
j.rae@roehampton.ac.uk
Trang 15xiv Socially Intelligent Agents
Krisnawan Rahardja
Formerly of Interval Research Corporation rahardkk@yahoo.com
Juan A Rodríguez-Aguilar
iSOCO Barcelona, Alcalde Barnils, 64-68 Edificio Testa - bl A, 08190 Sant Cugat Del Valles, Spain Formerly of IIIA, Spanish Scientific
Research Council (CSIC), Spain jar@isoco.com
Juliette Rouchier
GREQAM (CNRS), 2 Rue de la Charite, 13002 Marseille, France
rouchier@ehess.cnrs-mrs.fr
Mark Scheeff
Formerly of Interval Research Corporation mark@markscheeff.com
Scott Sona Snibbe
Formerly of Interval Research Corporation scott@snibbe.com
Carles Sierra
Institut d’Investigació en Intel.ligència Artificial (IIIA), Spanish Scientific Research Council (CSIC), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain sierra@iiia.csic.es
Andrew Stern
www.interactivestory.net, andrew@interactivestory.net
Penny Stribling
University of Surrey Roehampton, School of Psychology and Counselling, Whitelands College, West Hill, London, SW15 3SN, United Kingdom P.Stribling@btinternet.com
Milind Tambe
Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California,
4676 Admiralty Way, Marina del Rey, CA 90292, USA tambe@isi.edu
Trang 16Contributing Authors xv
Nell Tenhaaf
Department of Visual Arts, 232 Centre for Fine Arts, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M3J 1P3
tenhaaf@yorku.ca
Catherine Théberge-Turmel
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering, Université
de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul Université, Sherbrooke (Québec) J1K 2R1, Canada catherine.t@hermes.usherb.ca
Robert Tow
AT & T Labs, 75 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
rtow@attlabs.att.com
Iain Werry
Department of Cybernetics, University of Reading, Whiteknights,
PO Box 225, Reading, Berks RG6 6AY, United Kingdom
Iain@aurora-project.com
R Michael Young
Department of Computer Science, Box 8206, College of Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
young@csc.ncsu.edu
Trang 18Chapter 1
SOCIALLY INTELLIGENT AGENTS
Creating Relationships with Computers and Robots
Kerstin Dautenhahn1, Alan Bond2, Lola Cañamero1, and Bruce Edmonds3
1University of Hertfordshire,2California Institute of Technology, 3Manchester Metropolitan
University
Abstract This introduction explains the motivation to edit this book and provides an
over-view of the chapters included in this book Main themes and common threads that can be found across different chapters are identified that might help the reader in navigating the book.
The field of Socially Intelligent Agents (SIA) is by many perceived as a growing and increasingly important research area that comprises very active research activities and strongly interdisciplinary approaches The field of So-cially Intelligent Agents is characterized by agent systems that show human-style social intelligence [5] Humans live in individualized societies where group members know each other, so do other animal species, cf figure 1.1 Although overlap exists, SIA systems are different from multi-agent systems that a) are often only loosely related to human social intelligence, or use very different models from the animal world, e.g self-organization in social in-sect societies, or b) might strongly focus on the engineering and optimization aspects of the agent approach to software engineering
In the past, two AAAI Fall Symposia were organized on the topic of So-cially Intelligent Agents, in 1997 and 2000 Both symposia attracted a large number of participants The first symposium gave a general overview on the spectrum of research in the field, and in the years following this event a vari-ety of publications (special journal issues and books) resulted from it1 Also,
a number of related symposia and workshops were subsequently organized2. Unlike the 1997 symposium, the 2000 symposium specifically addressed the issue of Socially Intelligent Agents - The Human in the Loop A special issue