See also affect domain effective functioning; architectural basis for affect; emotions architectural constraints, 220–29 and behavior, 34–35 as emotions, moods, feelings, and preferences
Trang 2Page numbers in bold indicate illustrations, figures, or tables Page numbers followed by n indicate
information in chapter endnotes, for example 198n.4 indicates note four on page 198
in robots, 195–96
at routine level, 182–85 and value, 174, 177 affective phenomena, 209 affective reasoner, 319–20
affective states See also architectural basis for
affect combining, 219 compared to non-affective, 213–15 complex, 218–19
conflicting, 219 and damping mechanism, 219 described, 212
“direction of fit,” 215 and emotions, 29, 204, 208–12
Kismet Project, 282–84, 284, 298
propositional content, 214 semantic content, 214
“track the truth,” 214 varieties of, 220
affective tags, 299–301, 300
affordances, 345, 349, 351 agent architecture, 285–87 agent-human teams (AI), 313 agent proxy, 317–18
agents (AI), 312 See also multiagent teamwork
(AI) aggression, 30–31, 56–58
AIBO (robot dog), 259–61, 261
AIP (anterior intraparietal area), 350–52
alarm mechanisms See interruption of higher
levels alcohol, 64, 135 alien intelligence, 225 altruism, 129 amphetamines, 139–40
accessory basal (AB) nucleus, 90, 91, 140
action, OED definition, 372
actions See also covert actions
and cortical networks, 159
and ideomotor action, 154
and motor imagery, 150, 158
neural basis of, 163
physiological basis for, 45
active, OED definition, 372
active avoidance, 121
active/passive response availability, 122
addiction See drug addiction
affect See also affect domain (effective
functioning); architectural basis for affect;
emotions
architectural constraints, 220–29
and behavior, 34–35
as emotions, moods, feelings, and preferences,
174
models for robots, 263–65
OED definition, 336
and opioids, 58, 61
varieties of, 212–20
affect and proto-affect model See affect domain
(effective functioning); effective
functioning model
affect domain (effective functioning)
differences by level, 175, 179
emotions, full-fledged, 185–89
emotions, limited, 175
emotions, primitive, 182–85
and feelings, 174
and learning, 196
proto-affect, 175, 178–82, 197
at reactive level, 175, 179–82
at reflective level, 185–89
Trang 3back projection, 94, 94–95, 99, 127
bodily feedback, 100
as center of emotions, 101–04, 139–40, 160
and cognition, 93–94
conditioning pathways, 90
and consciousness, 98–101
and danger detection, 94–95
and decision-making, 366
and dual route theory, 125, 126
effects of damage, 91, 95–96, 139
and emotional processing, 17, 92
and emotional states, 137, 138, 139
and facial expressions, 126, 140, 365
and fear, pathological, 95
fear and sex circuits, 103
and fear conditioning, 87–88, 89, 92–93
and fearful behavior, 364
and hysteresis, 132
and implicit route to action, 131–33
and learning, 92, 139–40, 363
and memory systems, 92, 96, 98–101, 126–27
and mental illnesses, 93
in monkeys, 365, 365
and orbitofrontal cortex, 140
and perception, 98
and prefrontal cortex, 95
in the primitive brain, 40–41, 41, 44
regions and subregions, 88 See also accessory
basal (AB) nucleus; basal (B) nucleus;
central (CE) nucleus; lateral (LA) nucleus
and reinforcement mechanisms, 139–40
and reward and punishment, 44, 365, 366
sensory systems diagram, 137
and social interactions, 93
and unconditioned stimulus (US), 90–91
and working memory, 95, 98–101
anger
and active/passive response availability, 122
as emotional category, 16
as facial expression, 126
in Kismet robot, 294
and reinforcement contingencies, 120
and reward omission, 119
angiotensin, 32, 35
animals See also individual animals
amygdala nuclei connections, 88
behavior as model for Kismet robot, 290–91
brain evolution of, 40–41, 41
and brain systems, 32
and dopamine, 31, 52–55, 64
drug addiction in, 61–62
and emotions, 101, 343, 355
fear conditioning across phyla, 87
and hysteresis, 369
instincts in, 37
opioids, role in, 59
and serotonin, 55–56
and subjective states, 81–82
anthropomorphism, 22
anxiety, 86, 93, 95
appetitive phase, 358 appraisal theories and BDI, 319–21 conscious/unconscious appraisals, 83 and coping behavior, 320–21 described, 319
and domain-specific emotion processing, 14–15 and effective functioning model, 177 evolutionary approach, 360 and fear, 322
and reward and punishment theory, 119 and robot emotions, 374
apprehension, 120
arbitrary operant response, 129 arbitration
in behavioral models, 253
and decision making, 289, 305
in Kismet robot, 285, 301, 305
architectural basis for affect See also affective
states; CogAff; design-based ontology affective/non-affective phenomena, 209 architectural constraints, 220–29
belief-like states See belief-like states
control states, 206–08 and deep/shallow models, 233–34 derived desires and beliefs, 208 described, 203–04
desire-like states See desire-like states
discussion, 233–39 emotion, generic definition, 229–31 fact-sensors, 206, 207
fear analysis, 231–33 and folk psychology, 227–29 functions & functional states, 204–06 goals and needs, 204–07
information processing architectures, 206–07 intermediate states, 207
meta-management, 207 omega architectures, 224 and research, 237–41
virtual machines See virtual machines
arousal (emotional) arousal dimension (Kismet), 282
arousal tag, 300
and brain activity coordination, 98 and consciousness, 98
networks in, 94–95 arthropods, 31
artifacts See robots artificial intelligence See also robots
and agents, 312 blackboards, 97 and CogAff, 224 and cognitive science, 81 computational models of emotions, 318–21
association learning See learning attachment See also love; pair-bonding
circuits, 103–04 computational models of, 256–58 emotions, role of, 126
in humans, 255–56
Trang 4in robot behavior, 246, 256–57, 259, 260
and sex, 102–03
attention, 100
attitudes, 213, 265
auditory stimuli, 89, 90
auditory system, 88–89, 140
autism, 275
automatic route See implicit route (dual route
theory)
autonomic response, 14, 87, 123
autonomy, 371
Avatar robots, 278, 317–18
awareness, role in consciousness, 354
backprojections, 94, 94–95, 99, 127
bacteria, 35–36, 36
basal (B) nucleus, 89–90, 90
basal accessory nucleus, 90, 91, 140
basal ganglia, 40–41, 41, 162
BDI See belief-desire-intention models (BDI)
bees, 55, 342 See also insects
behavioral control columns
and the cerebral cortex, 45–46, 48, 48–49
and cortical inputs, 44
described, 361–63, 369
function of, 32, 42–43
role of in the brain, 42
and sensory inputs, 43–44, 48, 48–49
behavioral ecology, 133
behaviorism, 11 See also robots, behaviorist vs.
feeling
behavior domain (effective functioning), 174
behavior hierarchy, 289–92, 290
behaviors
and affect, 34–35
arbitration See arbitration
biased by emotions, 356–57
cost-benefit curves, 133
and drives, 34–35
and emotions, 10, 12
flexible, 123–24
models, 251–52, 253
relationship with motivation/emotions, 42,
245, 358, 361, 363
and releasers, 37
rewarded, 129
and routine level (effective functioning), 175
in Tolman’s sowbug, 249
belief-desire-intention models (BDI)
and affective states, 214–15
and appraisal theories of emotion, 319–21
illustration, 317
uses in TOP, 313–14, 316–17
belief-like states, 206, 213–17 See also
architectural basis for affect; desire-like
states; emotional states
beliefs (in BDI), 313–14
bidirectionality test, 129
big 5 personality parameters, 192
bitter tastes, learned, 198n.4
blackboards (in artificial intelligence), 97
blindsight, 349
blood pressure changes, 86, 91 See also
autonomic response bodily feedback, 100
bonding See pair-bonding
boredom, in Kismet robot, 296
brain models See also architectural basis for
affect; Jacksonian analysis competition and cooperation, 340 evolutionary perspective, 345 grasping in, 350–52
H-CogAff, 226–27, 227
networks in, 39
triune brain, 41, 41–42 brain pathways, 138
brain research See emotion research
brain stem and the behavioral control column, 42, 361–63 and fear conditioning, 88
fear responses, 91 Broca’s area, 345, 352, 353
buffers See working memory
Buridan’s ass, 219 cAMP, 31, 53, 55 canonical neurons, 159 Carnegie, Andrew, 311 cats
agressive behavior in, 42 consummatory phase in, 358 vision in, 347–48, 350 causal column, 42–43
central (CE) nucleus, 89, 90, 91 central processing (CogAff), 221, 221, 222
central states, 13, 15, 17 See also internal states
cerebral cortex
and the behavioral control column, 45–46, 48,
48–49 role of in motivation/emotion systems, 44 chemical basis of emotions, 42, 46–47, 62–66 chemical reactions analogy, as emotions analogy, 228
chemotaxis, 35–36, 36
chimpanzee’s mental life (fictional), 335 chunking mechanisms, 223
cocaine See opioids CogAff See also architectural basis for affect;
design-based ontology
architectural subdivisions, 221, 223
and brain architecture, 226–28 and effective functioning model, 225–26 and evolution of brain mechanisms, 228–29 general framework, 221–25
H-CogAff, 226–27, 227, 231 reactive alarms, 222, 229–30
tertiary emotions, 226 virtual machines in, 221, 237, 241n.1 cognition
and the amygdala, 93–94 and emotional states, 338 and emotion research, 81
Trang 5cognition (continued)
evolution of in humans, 274
influenced by emotions, 98
in Kismet robot, 287–92, 293, 296–97,
302–07
and the limbic system, 83–85
and the medial prefrontal cortex, 96
and the mental trilogy, 83
as non-affective state, 213
and reflective level (effective functioning), 177
unconscious processing, 81
Cognition and Affect project See CogAff
cognition domain (effective functioning), 174
comfort level, 255–57, 258, 259
common currency for responses, 129–30, 133
communication
definition of, 342
and empathy, 156
facial expression in, 153–54
between individuals, 148–49
and Jacksonian analysis, 354
and language, 343
monkeys, 353
role of emotions in, 147–48
and shared representations, 163
and simulation theory, 156
social, and robots, 18
and social behavior, 18–21
communication plexus, 354
competition and cooperation (in the brain), 340
computational models, 104–05, 256–58, 318–21
See also emotion research
computational neuroethology, 344
computers See robots
computer tutor, need for emotions, 334–35, 373,
375
“Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” 11
conceptual neural evolution, 344
conditioned stimulus (CS)
CS-US association, 90
and fear conditioning, 86, 89
pathways to amygdala, 88–89
conditioning, 90, 178–79, 231–33 See also fear
conditioning
conscience, and dual route theory, 136
conscious control route See explicit route (dual
route theory)
consciousness
and the amygdala, 98–101
and awareness, 354
and the communication plexus, 354
determining nature of, 97–98
and emotion research, 96–98
and explicit route (dual route theory), 134
and language, 82, 134, 353–55
linkage to emotion, 142, 368–70
and positive/negative affect, 219
and prefrontal cortex, 354
and reflective level (effective functioning), 177,
185
and routine level (effective functioning), 182
and simulation theory, 97–98 and syntax, 118
and working memory, 97–98, 368–70
consummatory phase, 358 See also cats
contagion, 154, 155
contextual fear conditioning See fear conditioning
contextual representations, 91
contextual stimuli, 90
control states, 206–07, 208, 212–14 coping behavior, 319, 320–21 core affect, 16
correctness checking, of sensors, 214 cortical-amygdala pathway, 105 cortical levels, 21, 94–95 cortical networks, 29, 159
cortical pathway, 88–89, 89
cost-benefit curves, 133 covert actions, 149, 150–51 CREB, 31
crocodile attack example, 187–88 cross talk, in cortical networks, 29 crustaceons, and serotonin, 56–57
CS (conditioned stimulus) See conditioned
stimulus (CS) curiosity, in robots, 194 Cyborg robots, 277–78 damping mechanism, 219
danger, 86, 94, 94–95
decoupled reflexes, 12 defensive responses, 86–87
deliberative layer See CogAff; design-based
ontology depression and active/passive response availability, 122 amygdala, role of, 93
as complex affective state, 218–19 and damping mechanism, 219 role of serotonin in, 30–31, 56–58 derivative states, 208, 216–17 descretizing mechanisms, 223
design-based ontology See also CogAff; control
states and analysis of fear, 233 architectural effects, 224–25 central processing, 221, 222
“chunking” categories, 223
deliberative layer, 211, 221, 221–23
described, 211–12 and evolution of brain mechanisms, 207
meta-management layer, 207, 211, 221, 222,
233 primary, secondary, tertiary emotions, 211, 231
reactive layer, 211, 221, 222
desire-like states See also architectural basis for
affect; belief-like states; emotional states defined, 212–14
and derivative states, 216–17 direct/mediated, 216 introduced, 206
in simple and higher organisms, 215
Trang 6desires (in BDI), 313–14
diencephalic, 40–41, 41, 44
dimensional approach to emotion categories, 16
direct/mediated states, 216
direct route See implicit route (dual route theory)
disembodied agents, and CogAff, 225
disgust
as domain-specific emotion, 14
as emotional category, 16
as facial expression, 126
in Kismet robot, 294–95, 304
dogs, robotic, 258–61, 261
domain-specific emotion processing theory, 14–
15
dopamine
and animal behavior, 31, 64
and behavior, 52–55
and brain evolution, 55
in monkeys, 35
and neuromodulation, 366–67
receptors in mammals and insects, 50
role of in reward and plasticity, 30, 89–90
dorsal stream, 351
Dream Robot, 262
drives
adversive, 357
appetitive, 357
and behavior, 34–35
in Kismet, 287–89, 291, 300–301, 305
and motivation, 355
role of in behavior, 39
as stimuli, 32
drug addiction
in animals, 61–62
chemical basis of, 63–66
and dopamine, 53
in humans, 61
in monkeys, 35
and opioids, 59, 61
and serotonin, 56
dual route theory See also explicit route (dual
route theory); implicit route (dual route
theory)
alcohol, effect of, 135
conscience, 136
described, 118, 124–26, 131–36
diagram, 125
and emotional processing, 105
id, ego, and superego, 136
impulses and inhibitions, 136
instrumental learning, 124
language systems, 125, 133
long- vs short-term benefits, 136
and planning, 133–34
pregnant woman example, 135
route usage, 134–35, 136
stimulus-reinforcer association learning, 124
eBug, 250
ecological niche, 343, 344, 374
ecstasy, 16, 120
Edison/Russell dialog, 3–7, 336 effective functioning model affect domain at each level, 179–89 anatomical mapping of levels, 177 and appraisal theories of emotion, 177 and classical conditioning, 178–79 and CogAff, 225–26
described, 174–79
domains of functioning, 174, 197 See also
affect domain (effective functioning); behavior domain (effective functioning); cognition domain (effective functioning); motivation domain (effective functioning) emotional range by level, 177
emotions vs feelings, 174
as framework for discussion, 178–79, 193, 198
interruption of higher levels, 175, 175, 179,
181, 183, 197
levels of processing, 174–75, 175, 194–95 See
also reactive level (effective functioning);
reflective level (effective functioning); routine level (effective functioning) and neurotic personality, 191, 192
organism functions by level, 176
personality See personality (effective
functioning) and robot design, 192–96 and temporal representation, 175–77 ego, and dual route theory, 136
elation, 120
Electric Elves (E-Elves), 317–18, 323 embarrassment, 14, 20
embodied self, 148, 154–55, 156
emotional narrative See meeting cancellation
narrative
emotional states See also belief-like states; central
states; desire-like states; internal states and cognitive states, 338
communication of, 126 conscious and unconscious, 123 and facial expressions, 20, 343–44 intentional, 122
interaction with memory, 127, 339 and interrupts/alarms, 230 Kismet Project, 300–301 object of, 122
and reinforcers, 119–20, 121, 123 representation in the brain, 137, 139 and simulation theory, 20
as states of organism, 12 termination of, 338–39, 360 emotion research
advanced by robot research, 10, 18–19, 23 and brain mechanisms, 80–81
and CogAff, 225 and cognitive science, 81 and computational models, 104–05 and consciousness, 96–98
“credibility problem,” 81 experimental aspects, 13 fear and basic principles, 85–86, 101, 104
Trang 7emotion research (continued)
future of, 80–83, 105
integrating cognition and emotion, 93
and limbic system theory, 81
and multiagent systems, 79
neural basis of emotions, 82
ontologies, 210, 211–12 See also CogAff;
design-based ontology
personality (effective functioning), 190
processing approach to emotion, 82–83
and subjective states, 81–82
terminology disputes, 209
unconscious nature of emotions, 82
emotions See also arousal (emotional); emotion
research; emotional states; evolution, of
brain mechanisms; facial expressions;
robots, behaviorist vs feeling; robots,
emotions
body
autonomic systems, 123, 151
bodily state primacy, 15
body state mappings, 14
endocrine responses, 123
and instincts, 38
somatic changes, 14
and visceral processes, 236–38
brain design
adaptive/regulatory aspect, 13
and the amygdala, 92, 101–04, 160
in animals, 355
basis in evolution, 66, 293–96
brain pathways, 138
brain systems, 136–42
chemical basis of, 31, 46–47
and complexity, 373
fast and slow paths, 105
inputs, 105
limbic system, 40, 85
mirror neurons, 160
neural basis, 15, 82, 157–58, 163
neuromodulation, 366–68
orbital cortex, 99–100
orbitofrontal cortex, 140–42
and reflexes, 12
and self-model, 21–23
superior temporal sulcus, 154
universality, 103
cognition
analysis of stimulus, 122
effect of emotion on, 126–27
effect on decision-making, 95
influenced by emotion, 98
and the mental trilogy, 83
relationship with cognition, 33–35
similarity to emotions, 83
consciousness, 96–98, 142, 368–70
definitions of
basic principles, 105
common names for, 198n.5
described, 246
OED definition, 336
scientific definition, 208–10 word origin, 34
feelings built in, 10 and empathy, 155–56 relationship with emotion, 19–22, 336–37 memory, 105, 122, 127–-28
models See also specific model
as appraisals, 83 architectural-based, 229–31
as cluster concept, 209, 234 computational model of, 318–21 domain specific, 14–15 emotion gateway, 302 full-fledged emotions, 177, 182–89, 197 heated emotions, 187, 197, 360–70, 373–74 limited emotions, 175
mental trilogy, 83 primitive emotions, 182–85, 197 proto-affect, 175, 178–82, 197
and reinforcers, 117, 120, 121
and reward and punishments, 118–19, 126, 293
simulation theory, 19–20 motivation
distinguished from emotion, 357 maintained by emotion, 127 relationship to emotion, 245 relationship with cognition, 33–35 nature of
active/passive response availability, 122
as affective states, 29, 204, 208–12 and attention, 100
and biological dependence, 239 categorizing, 16
chemical basis of, 42, 46–47, 62–63 chemical reaction analogy, 228 chimpanzee’s mental life (fictional), 335 cue processing, primates, 99–100 factors, 121–23
flexible responses, 123–26
in humans, 247, 273–74, 361, 366, 370
as indicator of emotional state, 12 negative consequences, 334 overview, 13–18
reason for, 123–31 relationship with language, 343, 369 ubiquity of, 273–74
understanding, 104
as value measurement, 14
primary, secondary, tertiary See design-based
ontology social aspects of and bonding, 101, 126 and communication, 13, 18–21, 126, 147– 48
and contagion, 154–55 and culture, 14, 16–17 and language, 21, 239 and loss of control, 372–73 moral aspects, 14, 20
Trang 8multiagent teamwork (AI), 321, 326
and social behavior, 23
and social context, 20
empathy, 154–56, 370
endocrine response
control in brain stem, 88
to emotion, 14
and fear conditioning, 87
as function of emotion, 123
endorphins, 367
episodic memory, 127
ERGO architecture, 261–62
escape, 121
ethology, 246, 258, 286–88
evaluation checks, 16
evolution, of brain mechanisms
and basis of emotions, 293–96
and chemotaxis, 35
and CogAff, 228–29
cognitive system in humans, 274
common currency for responses, 129–30
dopamine, role in, 55
and drug addiction, 63–66
and emotional heat, 360–70
emotional route to action, 123–24
emotion circuits, universality of, 85, 105
and emotions, 30–31, 373
emotions vs reflexes, 12
fact- and need-sensors, 207
fitness of responses, 129–31
general framework, 30–31, 341–44
goals as adaptive, 124
mapping in H-CogAff, 226–27
and meta-management, 207
and motivational states, 33
and motivation/emotion, 35–37, 357
and the neuropeptide genes, 50
neurotransmitter role, 46–48
and reward and punishment, 117, 123–24,
369
seeking novel stimuli, 130
serotonin, role in, 55–56
and survival, 30, 33, 81, 130–31, 274–75,
293–96
and the triune brain, 40–41, 41
vision and language support, 344–55
executive functions (working memory) See
working memory
explicit route (dual route theory) See also implicit
route (dual route theory)
and consciousness, 134
described, 133–36
effect of alcohol, 135
and errors in implicit route, 135
explicit response path, 125
“if then” statements, 133, 134
and planning, 133–34
role of syntax, 118, 133–34, 369
extrastriate cortex, 17
extroversion, 178, 191, 192
eye blink responses, 87
F5 neurons, 350–53 facial expressions and the amygdala, 126, 140 and appraisal theories of emotion, 319 and brain networks, 153–54 communication role, 153–54 emotional content, 14, 126, 360, 365 and emotional state, 20, 343–44 and the extrastriate cortex, 17 fear conditioning, 92–93
in Kismet robot, 281, 282–84, 283
meaning, 142
in multiagent systems, 323–24 and orbitofrontal cortex, 141 recognition, 126, 162 and schizophrenia, 162 and simulation theory, 20 and stimulus evaluation checks, 16 universality of, 126
fact-sensors, 206, 207, 213 See also architectural
basis for affect
FARS model, 351, 351–52, 364
fatigue, as drive state, 32 fear
and appraisal theories, 322 architecture-based analysis, 231–33 and association learning, 232
as behavioral bias, 356
as behavioral cue, 313
in the behavioral model of a mantis, 252 and brain stem, 91
chemical basis for, 47 and danger detection/response, 86
as domain-specific emotion, 14 and emotion categories, 16 and emotion studies, 85–86, 101, 104 emotions vs reflexes, 12
as facial expression, 126
and fearful behavior, 364
forms of, 231 and hypothalamus, 91
in the Kismet robot, 289, 295, 304–05 measurable effects of, 86
in multiagent systems, 321–22, 324–26 and oxytocin, 103
pathological, 95 and punishers, 119 regulation, and medial prefrontal cortex, 99
and reinforcement contingencies, 120
sex circuits interactions, 103 and social interaction, 20, 103 therapy, 95
triggered by memories, 96 why we run from a bear, 80 fear conditioning
across phyla, 87
auditory vs context, 90 and conditioned stimulus (CS), 86, 89 contextual, 89–90, 90
described, 86–91
in humans, 92–93
Trang 9fear conditioning (continued)
neural pathways, 89
neuroanatomy, 87–88
timing and responses, 87
feelings (emotional), 96–101, 174, 336–37 See
also emotions
female recognition, and prey recognition, 356
finite-state machines, and robot emotions, 234–35
first route See implicit route (dual route theory)
flexibility and plasticity See plasticity and
flexibility
fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging),
89
folk psychology, 227–29
four Fs, 355, 374–75
freezing response, 86, 87, 91
“Friday,” 318
frogs/toads
motivation, 356–57
vision, 346–47, 348, 350
frustration
as emotional category, 16
and orbitofrontal cortex, 141
and reinforcement contingencies, 120
and reward omission, 119
functional equivalence of animal emotions See
robots, behaviorist vs feeling
functional features of emotion See architectural
basis for affect; internal representation (of
emotional systems)
functional groups, 290, 290–92
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI),
89
functional states See architectural basis for affect
future, past, and present, 176
general-purpose motor pattern generators, 357
general purpose systems, 32
goals, 207, 247
Go/NoGo tasks, 140
G proteins, 47, 53, 56
grasping
brain mechanisms, 350–52
and language evolution, 352–53
and mirror system, 350–52
in monkeys, 159, 352, 359
and motor imagery, 150, 158
and the superior temporal sulcus, 352
grief, 120, 122
guilt, 14, 216
gulls, pecking at spot, 124
gustatory system, diagram, 137
HAL (in 2001 movie), 193
hallucination, 161, 162
happiness, 16, 118, 126
H-CogAff See CogAff
heat (emotional)
and effective functioning model, 187, 197
evolutionary approach, 360–70
and robot emotions, 373–74
helicopter mission rehearsal and fear, 321–23
illustration, 314, 315
as multiagent teamwork illustration, 324–26
role allocations in fearful teams, 325
in TOP, 314–16 hippocampus and contextual representations, 91 and fear conditioning, 89–90
in the primitive brain, 40–41, 41, 44
role in cognition, 84 and TAM-WG, 359–60
“you are here” function, 363 homeostasis
and domain-specific emotion processing, 14
in Kismet robot, 288–89, 293, 300–301, 302 and self-model, 22
hormone release See endocrine response
“how” visual system See vision human-robot interactions See also Kismet Project;
robots, emotions emotions, and Electric Elves (E-Elves) sensing human emotions, 323
emotions, need for, 275–76 home-cleaning, 272–73 human comfort level, 247–48 need for emotions, in computer tutor, 334–35,
373, 375 robot as Avatar, Cyborg, Partner, Tool, 277–79 and robot interaction models, 263–66 robot paradigms, 276–77
social interaction, 10, 279–80 and Sony corporation, 258 teamwork in, 312
humans See also emotions; human-robot
interactions; infants and the amygdala, 92–96, 160, 365, 366 anxiety disorders, 93, 95
and attachment theory, 255–56 and autonomy, 371
behavior defined in ethology, 246 consciousness in, 354
coping behavior, 319–21 and dopamine, 53 and facial expression processing, 153–54 fear conditioning, 92–93
and ideomotor action, 154 and interest, 296 joy and human interaction, 295
language in See language
and opioids, 61 and oxytocin, 103 reward and punishment, 369–70 and serotonin, 31, 56, 58
as social species, 279–80 and subjective states, 82 and vasopressin, 103 vision in, 343, 347, 348–49 hunger
in the behavioral model of a mantis, 252
as domain-specific emotion, 15
Trang 10as drive state, 32
effect on taste, 140–41
evolution of, 129
opioids, role in, 59–61
as stimulus, 357
hypercolumns, 347
hypothalamus
and the appetitive phase, 358
and behavior, 42–44, 46, 358, 361, 363
and emotion, 40
and fear response, 91
and thirst, 32
hysteresis, 132, 369
id, and dual route theory, 136
ideomotor action, 154
IE (instinct/emotion) model See instinct/emotion
(IE) model
“if then” statements See explicit route (dual
route theory)
implicit route (dual route theory), 125, 131–35.
See also explicit route (dual route theory)
impulses, 136
incentive motivation, 132
infants
affect of voice on, 297
and attachment theory, 255–56
and biological actions, 153
and biological movement, 151
and emotion recognition, 155, 274, 296, 303,
322
as models for Kismet Project, 282
inferior occipital gyrus, 153
information processing architectures See
architectural basis for affect
inhibitions, 136
insects See also praying mantis
bees, language of, 342
and dopamine, 50, 55
opioid receptors, 62
serotonin receptors, 50, 51
sowbugs, 245, 248–51
instinct/emotion (IE) model, 259–62
instincts, 37, 38, 39
instrumental actions, 119, 123–24
intentions, 213, 313–14
interest, and exploration, 296
internal architecture (of emotional systems), 23
See also central states; internal states
internal aspects of robots See robots, behaviorist
vs feeling; robots, emotions
internal representation (of emotional systems), 18
internal states, 18 See also central states
interruption of higher levels, 211, 235 See also
CogAff; effective functioning model
intrinsic physical states See central states
introversion, 178
Jacksonian analysis
in communication, 354
evolution of hierarchical systems, 341–42
of motivation, 355–60 and schemas, theory of, 344 James-Lange theory of emotions, 188–89 jealousy, 20, 213
joy, in Kismet robot, 295 Kismet Project
affective states, 282–84, 284, 298
agent architecture, 285–87 animal models, 290–91
arbitration in, 285, 301–02, 305 architectural overview, 284–87, 285
arousal dimension, 282
behavior hierarchy, 289–92, 290
cognitive systems, 287–92, 293, 296–97, 302– 07
as design case study, 275–76 disgust response, 304 drives, 287–89, 291, 300–301, 305
emotive systems, 282–84, 292–307, 294 facial expressions, 281, 282–84, 283
fear response, 304–05
functional groups, 290, 290–92
and homeostasis, 288–89, 293, 300–301, 302
pitch contours, 297–99 project overview, 271–72 releasers, 287–88, 291, 296–301 rewards and punishments in, 293 stance dimension, 282 task-achieving goals, 289 valence dimension, 282 value-based system, 287 vision in, 304 Klüver-Bucy syndrome, 139 language
and affective states, 215 bees, 342
and communication, 343 and consciousness, 82, 134, 353–55
and dual route theory, 125, 133
and emotions, 21, 239, 369 evolution of, 350–55 and mirror system, 350–55 and planning, 134
lateral (LA) nucleus, 88, 89, 90, 90
lateral fusiform gyrus, 153–54 learning
and affect domain, 196 and the amygdala, 92, 139–40, 363 and belief-like states, 217
of emotions, 14 and fear, 86, 232 and positive/negative affect, 217–18 prepared, 93
and reinforcers, 120, 132–33
type, by processing level, 176
leucotomies, effects, 141–42 ligand-gated ion channels, 47
limbic system, 40, 83–86 See also amygdala