Biomimetics - Biologically Inspired Technologies - Yoseph Bar Cohen Episode 1 Part 1 ppsx

Rajat Agrawal Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware,Newark, DETony Aponick Foster-Miller, Inc., Waltham, MA Limor Bar-Cohen Department of Public Policy, School of

BIOMIMETICS Biologically Inspired Technologies

B IOMIMETICS Biologically Inspired Technologies

Yoseph Bar-Cohen

A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.

Boca Raton London New York

Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California, USA

Published in 2006 by

CRC Press

Taylor & Francis Group

6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300

Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group

No claim to original U.S Government works

Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-3163-3 (Hardcover)

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-3163-3 (Hardcover)

Library of Congress Card Number 2005048511

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated A wide variety of references are listed Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials

or for the consequences of their use.

No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers

For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA

01923, 978-750-8400 CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.

Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Bar-Cohen, Yoseph.

Biomimetics : biologically inspired technologies / Yoseph Bar-Cohen.

p cm.

Includes index.

ISBN 0-8493-3163-3 (alk Paper)

1 Biomimetics 2 Bionics I Title.

QP517.B56B37 2005

Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com

Taylor & Francis Group

is the Academic Division of Informa plc.

3163_Discl.fm Page 1 Wednesday, September 21, 2005 3:14 PM

Over the 3.8 billion years since life is estimated to have begun to appear on Earth, evolution hasresolved many of nature’s challenges leading to lasting solutions with maximal performance usingminimal resources Nature’s inventions have always inspired human achievement and have led toeffective algorithms, methods, materials, processes, structures, tools, mechanisms, and systems.There are numerous examples of biomimetic successes including some that are simple copies ofnature, such as the use of fins for swimming Other examples were inspired by biological capabil-ities with greater complexity including the mastery of flying that became possible only after theprinciples of aerodynamics were better understood Some commercial implementations of biomi-metics can be readily found in toy stores, where robotic toys are increasingly appearing andbehaving like living creatures More substantial benefits of biomimetics include the development

of prosthetics that closely mimic real limbs as well as sensory-enhancing microchips that are beingused to interface with the brain to assist in hearing, seeing, and controlling instruments In this book,various aspects of the field of biomimetics are reviewed, examples of inspiring biological modelsand practical applications of biomimetics are described, and challenges and potential directions ofthe field are discussed

v

Yoseph Bar-Cohen is a physicist who has specialized in electroactive materials and mechanisms,and ultrasonics nondestructive evaluation (NDE) A senior research scientist and group supervisor,Advanced Technologies, at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), he is also responsible for theNondestructive Evaluation and Advanced Actuators (NDEAA) Lab (http://ndeaa.jpl.nasa.gov/).The NDEAA lab established in 1991 is listed on the JPL’s Chief Technologies as one of the JPLunique facilities Bar-Cohen is a fellow of two technical societies: The International Society forOptical Engineering (SPIE) and American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT) Hereceived his PhD in Physics (1979) from the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel His notablediscoveries are the leaky Lamb waves (LLW) and polar backscattering phenomena in compositematerials Bar-Cohen has over 280 publications as author and coauthor, and 16 registered patents

He has made numerous presentations at national and international conferences and chaired and chaired 27 conferences As coauthor, editor, and coeditor, he has written and edited 4 books and 11conference proceedings He is the initiator of the SPIE Conference on electroactive polymers(EAP), which he has been chairing since 1999 He challenged engineers worldwide to develop arobotic arm driven by EAP to wrestle with humans and win, and he organized the competition aspart of the EAPAD conferences The first of this competition took place on March 7, 2005 For hiscontributions to the field of EAP, he has been named one of five technology gurus who are pushingtech’s boundaries byBusiness Week in April 2003 His scientific and engineering accomplishmentshave earned him many honors and awards including the NASA Exceptional Engineering Achieve-ment Medal in 2001, two SPIE awards — the NDE Lifetime Achievement Award (2001) and theSmart Materials and Structures Lifetime Achievement Award (2005)

co-vii

Rajat Agrawal Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware,

Newark, DETony Aponick Foster-Miller, Inc., Waltham, MA

Limor Bar-Cohen Department of Public Policy, School of Public Affairs, University of

California, Los Angeles, CAJon Barnes Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow,

Scotland, U.K

William Baumgartner Cardiac Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MDPeter J Bentley University College London, London, U.K

Reinhard Blickhan Science of Motion, Institute of Sportscience, Friedrich Schiller

University, Jena, GermanyPaul Calvert Department of Textile Sciences, Dartmouth, MA

Robert E Cleland University of Washington, Seattle, WA

Jack Cohen Newent, Glasgow, Scotland, U.K

John Conte Cardiac Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MDBob Dennis University of North Carolina, Department of Biomedical

Engineering, Chapel Hill, NCEzequiel Di Paolo Sussex University, Brighton, U.K

Tammy Drezner California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA

Zvi Drezner California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA

Wolfgang Fink Jet Propulsion Laboratory/Caltech, Pasadena, CA

Greg Fischer Strategic Analysis, Inc., Arlington, VA

Robert A Freitas Jr Institute for Molecular Manufacturing, Los Altos, CA

Udi Gazit University of Tel Aviv, Israel

Vincent Gott Cardiac Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore,

MD

ix

H Thomas Hahn Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California,

Los Angeles, CARoger T Hanlon Marine Resources Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods

Hole, MAWalter Herzog Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary,

Alberta, CanadaNeville Hogan Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA

George Jeronimidis Centre for Biomimetics, School of Construction Management and

Engineering, Reading University, Reading, Berkshire, U.K.Brett Kennedy Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA

Roy Kornbluh SRI International, Menlo Park, CA

Dimitris C Lagoudas Texas Institute for Intelligent Bio-Nano Materials, and Structures for

Aerospace Vehicles, Texas A&M University, College Station, TXMatthias Langer Universita¨tsklinikum Ulm, Ulm, Germany

Luke Lee Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, University of California,

Berkeley, CACornelius Leondes University of California, Los Angeles, CA

Hod Lipton Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and Computing and

Information Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NYJian R Lu Department of Physics, University of Manchester Institute of

Science and Technology (UMIST), Manchester, New HampshireMichael Lysaght Biomedical Engineering Artificial Organs Laboratory, Department

of Molecular Pharmacology and Biotechnology, Brown University,Providence, RI

John Madden University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

John Main DARPA, Washington, DC

Ajit Mal Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California,

Los Angeles, CAPaul S Malchesky International Center for Artificial Organs and Transplants,

Painesville and STERIS Corporation, Mentor, OHGeorge A Marcoulides California State University, Fullerton, CA

Adi Marom Research Artifacts Center Engineering, The University of Tokyo,

JapanWilliam Megill University of Bath, Bath, U.K

Chris Melhuish Intelligent Autonomous Systems Laboratory, CEMS Faculty,

University of the West of England, Bristol, U.K

Kenneth Meijer Universiteit Maastricht, The Netherlands

Dharmendra Modha Computer Science Department, IBM Almaden Research Center,

White Plains, New YorkYuki Nose Department of Surgery, Houston, TX

Michael E DeBakey Department of Surgery, Houston, TX

Qibing Pie Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of

California, Los Angeles, CAGlen Pennington East Tennessee State University Medical Center, Johnson City, TNGerald H Pollack University of Washington, Seattle, WA

Gill Pratt F.W Olin College of Engineering, Needham, MA

Sumitra Rajagopalan Biomedical Engineering Institute, Universite´ de Montre´al,

Montre´al, CanadaRoy E Ritzmann Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University,

Cleveland, OHNick Rowe Botanique et Bioinformatique, Montpellier, France

Said Salhi School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Birmingham,

Birmingham U.K

Gernot Schmierer BMW Group, Munich, Germany

Bill Seaman Digital Media Department, Rhode Island School of Design,

Providence, RI

Ji Su NASA Langley Research Center, Langley, VA

Mikhail Svinin RIKEN BMC, Nagoya, Japan

Ken Toda Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto

University, JapanTihamer ‘‘Tee’’ Toth-Fejel General Dynamics Advanced Information Systems, Arlington, VABlaire Van Valkenburgh Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at University of

California, Los Angeles, CAJames Weiland Doheny Eye Institute, USC, Los Angeles, CA

Stefan Wo¨lfl Klinik fu¨r Innere Medizin Friedrich Schiller Universita¨t, Jena,

GermanyJulian F.V Vincent Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Biomimetics and

Natural Technologies, University of Bath, Bath, U.K

Steven Vogel Duke University, Durham, NC

Masaki Yamakita Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan

Rajat N Agrawal

Doheny Eye Institute

University of Southern Carolina

Los Angeles, California

Departments of Biomedical Engineering,

Chemical and Biological Engineering,

Tufts UniversityMedford, MassachusettsStanislav N GorbMax Planck Institute for MetalsResearch

Stuttgart, GermanyKeyoor Chetan GosaliaNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, North CarolinaDavid Hanson

University of Texas at DallasHanson Robotics, Inc

Los Angeles, CaliforniaRobert Hecht-NielsenComputational NeurobiologyUniversity of CaliforniaSan Diego, CaliforniaHugh Herr

Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology

Media LaboratoryCambridge, MassachusettsShigeyuki Hosoe

RIKEN BMCNagoya, Japan

xiii

Mark S Humayun

Doheny Eye Institute

University of Southern Carolina

Los Angeles, California

Masami Ito

RIKEN BMC

Nagoya, Japan

David L Kaplan

Departments of Biomedical Engineering,

Chemical and Biological Engineering,

and Biology

Tufts University

Medford, Massachusetts

Gianluca Lazzi

North Carolina State University

Raleigh, North Carolina

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and

Computing and Information Science

Department of Biomedical Engineering

Technische Universiteit Eindhoven

Eindhoven, The Netherlands

Sean MoranDepartments of Biomedical Engineering,Chemical and Biological Engineering,and Biology

Tufts UniversityMedford, MassachusettsJuan C MorenoInstituto de Automa´tica IndustrialMadrid, Spain

Sia Nemat-NasserCenter of Excellence for AdvancedMaterials, Mechanical and AerospaceEngineering

University of CaliforniaSan Diego, CaliforniaSyrus Nemat-NasserCenter of Excellence for Advanced Materials,Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringUniversity of California,

San Diego, CaliforniaThomas PlaistedCenter of Excellence for Advanced Materials,Materials Science and Engineering

University of California,San Diego, CaliforniaHans H.C.M SavelbergDepartment of Health SciencesUniversiteit MaastrichtMaastricht, The Netherlands

Rainer StahlbergDepartment of BiologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattle, WashingtonAnthony StarrCenter of Excellence for Advanced Materials,Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringUniversity of California

San Diego, California

Cam Anh Tran

Departments of Biomedical Engineering,

Chemical and Biological Engineering,

Alireza Vakil Amirkhizi

Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials,

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering

University of California

San Diego, California

Julian F.V VincentDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringThe University of Bath

Bath, U.K

James WeilandDoheny Eye InstituteUniversity of Southern CarolinaLos Angeles, CaliforniaHidenori YokoiMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, Massachusetts

Shuguang ZhangMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, Massachusetts

Xiaojun ZhaoMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, Massachusetts

andInstitute for Nanobiomedical Technology andMembrane Biology

Sichuan UniversitySichuan, China

1 Introduction to Biomimetics: The Wealth of Inventions in

Nature as an Inspiration for Human Innovation 1Yoseph Bar-Cohen

2 Biological Mechanisms as Models for Mimicking:

Sarcomere Design, Arrangement, and Muscle Function 41Kenneth Meijer, Juan C Moreno, and Hans H.C.M Savelberg

3 Mechanization of Cognition 57Robert Hecht-Nielsen

4 Evolutionary Robotics and Open-Ended Design Automation 129Hod Lipson

5 Genetic Algorithms: Mimicking Evolution and

Natural Selection in Optimization Models 157Tammy Drezner and Zvi Drezner

6 Robotic Biomimesis of Intelligent Mobility, Manipulation, and Expression 177David Hanson

7 Bio-Nanorobotics: A Field Inspired by Nature 201Ajay Ummat, Atul Dubey, and Constantinos Mavroidis

8 Molecular Design of Biological and Nano-Materials 229Shuguang Zhang, Hidenori Yokoi, and Xiaojun Zhao

9 Engineered Muscle Actuators: Cells and Tissues 243Robert G Dennis and Hugh Herr

10 Artificial Muscles Using Electroactive Polymers 267Yoseph Bar-Cohen

11 Biologically Inspired Optical Systems 291Robert Szema and Luke P Lee

12 Multifunctional Materials 309Sia Nemat-Nasser, Syrus Nemat-Nasser, Thomas Plaisted,

Anthony Starr, and Alireza Vakil Amirkhizi

13 Defense and Attack Strategies and Mechanisms in Biology 341Julian F.V Vincent

xvii