Almost equal incidence of retention of placenta was reported by 13, 15, 17 for Murrah buffaloes in NDRI herd, 4 for Surti buffaloes and 3 for buffaloes at Jabalpur farm.. Lower incidence
Trang 1Materials and Methods
The present study was carried out in 27 villages of western Uttar Pradesh on 2160 respondent buffalo owners with 2701 observations characterized by several reproductive problems, such as anoestrus, repeat breeding, abortion, dystocia, pre-partum and post partum prolapse, retention of placenta and metritis during the years 2003-04 The data were collected and classified according to: 1) classes of parity: heifer, 1st calver, 2nd calver, 3rd calver and more than 3rd calver; 2) categories of farmers: landless, marginal, small and large; 3) seasons (the year was divided into five seasons based on climatologically conditions): winter (December to February), Spring (March to April), Summer (May to June), Rainy (July to September) and Autumn (October to November) Further more, it was found that buffalo owners were using cost effective and easily available resources to overcome this problem in the villages of study area The most prevalent ITK(Indigenous Technical Knowledge) / herbal treatments relevant to retention of placenta disorders are collected and documented in the study
Results and Discussion
The over all incidence of retention of placenta among the buffaloes under study was found to be 6.77 percent in 2701 observations (table -1) Almost equal incidence of retention of placenta was reported by 13, 15, 17 for Murrah buffaloes
in NDRI herd, 4 for Surti buffaloes and 3 for buffaloes at Jabalpur farm Lower incidence of retention of placenta compared to this study was reported by 5,8 for Murrah buffaloes at IVRI, Izzatnagar, 14at MDF, Ambala 3,6 for buffaloes However, comparatively higher incidence has been reported by 11,8 for Murrah buffaloes
Effect of season
Subjecting the data to statistical analysis it was found that season had highly significant effect on the incidence of retention of placenta (table -2) Significantly lowest incidence (4.81 percent) was found in summer season calvers com-pared to other seasons Whereas, highest incidence (10.06 percent) of retention of placenta was from in rainy season, these may be due to extreme hot and humidity in environment 3,6 also reported significant effect of season on this abnormality Whereas, non-significant effect of season on this trait had been reported by 7, 11,13,17 for Murrah buffaloes
Effect of parity order
The incidence of retention of placenta was significantly higher in more than 3rd calver buffaloes compared to earlier parity (table no.-2) This finding corroborated with the results of 5,11,13,16 reported similar trends that the incidence of retention of placenta increased with the advancement of number of parities of lactation 4 also reported that retention of placenta disorder was significantly increased from the first parity to fourth parities for Surti buffaloes herd in Agricultural University, Dharwad The highest incidence of retention of placenta in more than 3rd calver buffaloes may be due to more relaxation of genitalia and weak muscle tonicity which subsequently lead to buffaloes failed to expel it from genitalia
Effect of farmer's categories
The incidence of retention of placenta was found to be lowest (5.89 percent) among the buffaloes of landless category farmers, the highest (8.29 percent) among the buffaloes kept by small farmers followed by marginal (6.14 percent) and large (7.58 percent) farmer categories buffaloes, respectively However, the effect of farmer categories was found to be non-significant on the retention of placenta 12 observed significant effect on the retention of placenta under the field conditions in Karnal district of Haryana state
Locally resources used in case of retention of placenta
As depicted in table-3 that most of the common buffalo 89.81 percent owners provided, Kada (250 gm Gur + 10-15 gm Ajwain + Ghee or mustard and 82.83 percent respondents were feeding Gur + mustards seeds + cotton seeds to dropout the retained placenta The findings are inline with the 1,2,10 Feeding of mango leaves was practiced by 22.41 percent
of respondents for the same purpose It was found that Gur (Jaggery) with colostrums were feeding just after the calving
of buffaloes practiced by the 43.37 percent respondents and only colostrums feeding also was practiced by 3.84 percent
of respondents Surprisingly it was found that 14.25 percent respondents were allowing their animals to walk along with
Trang 2the logic behind this thing, as they explained is that it produce heat inside the buffaloes and resulting dropping to the placenta 9 also reported allowing animals to walk for treatment of retained placenta, whereas, 1.89 percent of the respon-dents tying small pieces of bricks with placenta so that retained placenta could easily be removed As per discussion with buffalo owners, the above said practices give positive response Therefore for multi-disciplinary research activities on ethno-veterinary medicines, for scientific evaluation and validation of such practices are suggested to overcome the reproductive problems in buffaloes so that the farmers can use these easily available and cost effective resources
Table 1: Average incidence of Retention of Placenta in buffaloes in relation to different factors:
Table 2: ANOVA showing the effects of different factors on Retention of placenta disorder (M.S Value):
Table 3: Locally resources/ITK used in case of retention of placenta
Trang 31 Jha, P.K 1998 A comprehensive study on crop and dairy farming practices in north Bihar Ph D thesis (unpublished) NDRI, Karnal.
2 Mohanty, M 1999 Study of the livestock feeding and health management system in Mayurbhanj district of Orissa M.Sc thesis, NDRI (Deemed
University), Karnal, India.
3 Mishra, U.K., Agarwal, R.G and Pandit, R.K 1998 Incidence of prolapse of genitalia in Murrah buffaloes in relation to season, pregnancy, parity
and management Indian Vet Journal 75 (3) : 254-255
4 Murugeppa, A and Dubey, B.M 1997 Puerperal period reproductive disorders in Surti buffaloes during different parity Indian J Anim, Reprod.
81(1) : 48-50
5 Murugeppa, A 1998 Studies on pathological termination of pregnancies in Surti buffaloes Buffalo Bulletin 17(3) : 51-52
6 Prasad, S and Prasad, R.B 1998 Measures of reproductive estimates in rural buffalo herds of Meerut district of Uttar Pradesh (Indian)
Buffalo-Bulletin 17 (2) : 27-29
7 Rawal, C.V.S and Singh, R 1991 Incidence of retention of placenta in buffaloes Indian Journal of Animal Science, 61 (8) : 841-842
8 Singh Jaspreet, Verma H.K., Gandotra V.K and Singh K.B 2005 Impact of management practices on reproductive disorders of dairy animals.
The Indain Journal of Animal Reproduction: 26(2): 153-158 Dec 2005
9 Sah, A K 1996 Descriptive study of existing dairy framing practices and constraints in adoption of improved dairy practices among dairy farmers
in Bihar M.Sc thesis (unpublished) NDRI, Karnal.
10 Sah, U 1999 An analysis of dairy animal breeding and management practices in hill zone of U.P A gender prospective Ph.D thesis
(unpublished), NDRI, Karnal.
11 Taraphder, S., Tomar, S.S and Gupta, A.K 2004 Incidence and inheritance of utero-veginal disorders in a herd of Murrah buffaloes Indian J.
Anim Health 43 (1); 67-71.
12 Tomar, K.P.S 1998 Reproductive problems in buffaloes under field management conditions M.V.Sc Thesis CCSHAU, Hisar.
13 Tomar, S.S and Tripathi, V.N 1983 Inheritance of calving problems in Murrah buffaloes 15th inter Cong Genet (Dec 12-22) held at New
Delhi.
14 Tomar, S.S and Tripathi, V,N 1991 Genetics of utero-vaginal disorders in Murrah Buffaloes Proceedings, Third World Buffalo Congress, Verna,
Bulgaria, May 1991, Vol II., 1991, 506-511
15 Tomar, S.S and Tripathi, V.N 1992 Estimates of heritability of utero-vaginal disorders in a herd of Murrah buffaloes Indian Journal of Animal
Science, 62(7) 663-664.
16 Tomar, S.S and Ram, R.C 1993 Factors affecting replacement rate and its components in a herd of Murrah buffaloes Indian J Dairy Sci., 48:
340-342.
17 Tomar, S.S and Trpathi V.N 1994 Incidence and association among certain reproductive problems in Murrah buffaloes Indian J Dairy Sci.
47(12) 1050-1052.
Trang 4Supplemental feeding for buffaloes with agroindustry by-products on silvopastoral
system in brazilian eastern amazon
Oliveira, K.C.C.1; Faturi, C.2; Garcia, A.R.3; Nahúm, B.S.4; Lourenço Júnior, J.B.5; Joele, M.R.S.P.6
1MSc Student in Animal Science, Federal University of Pará State-UFPA Scholarship of CAPES Av Augusto Corrêa, nº1 2Adjunct Professor, Federal Rural University
of Amazônia-UFRA Av Tancredo Neves, s/n 3Researcher Embrapa Eastern Amazon Tv Dr Enéas Pinheiro s/n Belém, Pará State, Brazil 4Researcher Embrapa Eastern Amazon Tv Dr Enéas Pinheiro s/n Belém, Pará State, Brazil 5 Postgraduate degree of Federal University of Pará State-UFPA and Federal Rural University of Amazônia-UFRA Tv Dr Enéas Pinheiro s/n Belém, Pará State, Brazil Professor Graduate in Animal Science and Agricultural Sciences 6DSc Student in Agricultural Sciences,
Federal Rural University of Amazônia-UFRA Scholarship of FAPESPA kellyconor@hotmail.com.
ABSTRACT
This paper aims to suggest alternatives for sustainable food production of buffalo meat in silvopastoral system-SPS, with African mahogany (Khaya ivorensis) and neem (Azadirachta indica) and Panicum maximum grass, in Embrapa Eastern Amazon, Belém, Pará State, Brazil (1º 28 'S 48º 27' W), Afi climate, with rainy season, from December to May, and less rainy season from June to November The experimental area has five paddocks in duration grazing, with six days of occupation and 24 days of rest Fifteen male buffaloes, Murrah and Mediterranean race, were managed in a single group, with mineralization ad libitum and food supplementation scheme, every morning, in individual stalls to control consumption
by weighing the feed offered and remains at the rate of 1% of body weight, with diet containing 19% crude protein (CP)
in three treatments: Treatment A (Control) = Pasture with diet supplement with 63% ground corn, 25% soybean meal and 12% wheat bran; Treatment B = Pasture with diet supplement with 70% of coconut cake, 11% bran wheat and 19% ground corn, and treatment C = Pasture with diet supplement with 70% palm dendê cake, 15% soybean meal, 13% wheat bran and 2% ground corn The weight of experimental animals were made at the end of each grazing cycle, fasted for 14 hours and water diet A completely randomized design with three treatments and five replications was used The average
of daily gain achieved 1.007 kilograms At the end of the fattening period, the experimental animals were slaughtered to evaluate the characteristics and carcass composition, obtaining an average of carcass yield of 58%
Keywords: Buffalo, food supplementation, silvopastoral system INTRODUCTION
Currently, the increased demand for quality protein derived from an animal reared on pasture and the requirements for more ecological production systems have presented a challenge to Brazilian beef and milk production The country is going to have great market to conquer, in order to obtain more precocious and quality animals through new technologies for the viability of a modern animal husbandry The development of a sustainable farming buffalo in the Amazon faces multiple
challenges, which require to be listed: a) the need to increase technical and economic productivity, b) promote technical training and management c) promote programs for the dissemination and technology transfer The buffaloes are rustic
animals, for this reason better digest food in low quality Thus, when given a diet with adequate levels of energy, protein, minerals and vitamins, they can better express their genetic potential for growth, reproduction and lactation
Trang 5MATERIALS AND METHODS
The research was conducted at the Embrapa Eastern Amazon, Belém, Pará State, Brazil (1º28'S e 48º27'W), in the Afi climatic type, with constant raining throughout the year, especially during the months of May to December, and less rainy from June
to November, pluviometric precipitation 3000.1 mm/year, annual temperature rate 26ºC/year, relative air humidity of 85% and insulation 2.400 hour/year (BASTOS et al., 2002) The research method system used was the silvopastoral system - SPS,
in which the experimental area is of 5.4 ha, divided in five paddocks, containing zootechnical facility consists of the arena, with waterfountain and trough covered for mineral supplementation and double electric fences (by perimeter and thick partition walls), where are planted African mahogany (Khaya ivorensis) and Indian neem (Azadirachta indica), intercalated
by four meters, intending to improve the animal environment and add value to the property The SPS was composed by Panicum maximum grass, managed in intensive rotation, with grazing cycle of 30 days, divided into six days of occupation and 24 days of rest (Figure 1A) The experiment used 15 male buffaloes, Murrah and Mediterranian races, with an average of
450 kg, that came from Embrapa's herd The animals were managed in the pasture, in a single group, from May to October
2009, with mineralization ad libitum and food supplementation scheme, every morning, in individual stalls to control consumption by measuring the feed offered and remains in stable located next to the pasture (Figure 1B), at the proportion
of 1% of body weight, with ration containing 19% of crude protein (CP) The animals were submitted to three different treatments: Treatment A (Control) = Pasture + Diet supplement with 63% ground corn, 25% of soybean and 12% of wheat bran; Treatment B = Pasture + Diet supplement with 70% of coconut cake, 11% of wheat bran and 19% of ground corn; and Treatment C = Pasture + Diet supplement 70% of palm dendê cake, 15% of soybean, 13% of wheat bran and 2% of ground corn The weight of experimental animals are made at the end of each grazing cycle, fasted for 14 hours and water diet
Figure 1A: Murrah and Mediterranean buffaloes in silvopastoral system,
with African mahogany (Khaya ivorensis), neem (Azadirachta indica)
and Panicum maximum grass.
Figure 1B: Stable, for supplementary feeding in individual pens.
At the end of the fattening period, the males were slaughtered to determine the characteristics and carcass composition The experimental design was completely randomized design with three treatments and five repetitions Data were submit-ted to analysis of variance and rate comparisons, using the "T" test, at 5% probability rate, utilizing the Statistical Analysis System (SAS, 1993)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1 shows the averages of consumption of the diet supplement and daily weight gain of experimental animals during the period May to July 2009, in Belém, Pará, Brazil It was observed that the control diet, despite being the most consumed did not provide greater weight gain compared to diets containing palm dendê cake or coconut cake, probably related to the replacement effect of diet on the grass
Trang 6Lower consumption was observed in buffaloes treated with diet containing coconut cake, which may be related to lower palatability of this ingredient, probably due to its susceptibility to rancidity The daily weight gain of animals, an average of 1.007 kg, was considered exceptional and highlights the potential of buffalo for meat production Since animals were raised in SPS, the availability of shade between 20% and 25% consisted in an important factor to physical environment management in tropical conditions, specially for buffaloes created in the Eastern Amazon, which can avoid wasting energy to animal thermoregulation Experimental animals were slaughtered, with an average of 650 kg, and presented an average carcass yield of 58% Franzolin and Silva (2001) found a rate of carcass yield from 50.88 to 51.57% for the animals supplemented with different levels of energy
Acknowledgements Authors thank to Embrapa Eastern Amazon (Animal Biotec Network; code 01.07.01.02.09.05),
Federal Rural University of Amazônia-UFRA; Federal University of Pará-UFPA; and Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq; process 481837/2007-8) for financial support
REFERENCES
1 Bastos, T X.; Pacheco, N A.; Nechet, D.; Sá, T D A 2002 Aspectos climáticos de Belém no últimos cem anos Belém: Embrapa Amazônia
Oriental, 31 p (Embrapa Amazônia Oriental Documentos, 128).
2 Franzolin, R; Silva, J.R 2001 Níveis de energia na dieta para bubalinos em crescimento alimentados em confinamento Características de carcaça.
Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.30, n.6, p.1880-1885.
3 SAS Institute 1993 Language reference: Version 6.09 Cary, USA 243 p.
Table 1: Mean values of consumption of supplemental feed and daily weight gain of
experimental animals during the period May to July 2009, in Belém, Pará State, Brazil
Treatment A - Control = Pasture with diet
supple-ment with 63% ground corn, 25% soybean meal and
12% wheat bran; Treatment B = Pasture with diet
supplement with 70% of coconut cake, 11% bran
wheat and 19% ground corn, and treatment C =
Pasture + 70% palm dendê cake 15% soybean meal, 13% wheat bran and 2% ground corn.
Trang 7Thermoregulatory answers in buffaloes
(bubalus bubalis) created on the shading
and sun, in the climatic conditions
of the brazilian eastern amazon
Silva, J.A.R.1,2; Santos, N.F.A.3; Araújo, A.A.4; Lourenço Júnior, J.B.5; Viana, R.B 2; Garcia, A.R.6; Nahúm, B.S.6.
1Graduate degree of Rural Federal University of Amazonia - UFRA - Tv Tancredo Neves, s/n Belém, Para State, Brazil 2 DSc Student in Zootecnic, Federal University
of Ceara - UFC 3 DSc Student in Agricultural Sciences, Rural Federal University of Amazonia - UFRA Tv Tancredo Neves, s/n Belém, Para State, Brazil CEP 66.095-100 4 Postgraduate degree of Federal University of Ceara - UFC Av Paranjana, 1700 - Campus do Itaperi, Fortaleza, Ceara State, Brazil 5 Postgraduate degree of Federal University of Para State - UFPA and Federal Rural University of Amazonia - UFRA - Tv Dr Eneas Pinheiro s/n Belem, Para State, Brazil - CEP
66.095-260 6 Researcher Embrapa Eastern Amazon Tv Dr Eneas Pinheiro s/n Belem, Para State, Brazil - CEP 66.095-100 e-mail: jamileandrea@yahoo.com.br
ABSTRACT
To evaluate the thermoregulatory answers of 20 females buffaloes, Murrah race, created on the sun and on the shading in the Embrapa Eastern Amazon, Belem, Para state, Brazil Were used in completely randomized design, two experimental groups (group on shading - S and group without shading - WS) The buffalos of Group S (n=10) had remained in rotation grazing, in silvopastoral system, shadings for the leguminous Acacia mangium, while of Group WS (n=10) was managed in poles without access to the shade,
in rotation grazing In both groups the animals use Brachiaria humidicola with access to water for drink and mineral salt "add libitum" The physiological variable studied were: rectal temperature (RT), respiratory frequency (RF), cardiac frequency (CF) and temperature of the corporal surface (TCS) and were surveyed in the turns in the morning (7:00 a.m.) and in the afternoon (13:00 p.m.) The results of the variance analysis had disclosed differences significant (P<0.05) between the turns, for the two treatments, sun and shading, being the RT, of the turn in the afternoon, 38.6 and 38.8ºC, respectively of Groups S and WS, superior to the morning, 38.4 and 38.4ºC The RF, in Group WS, the turn of the afternoon, was different (P<0.05) between the months, with bigger values in May (38 movement/minute) and less in June (31 movement/minute) The CF, also, had significant difference (P<0.05) between the turns, for the two treatments, being the CF, of the turn of afternoon, 65 and 71 beat/minute, significantly superior to the morning, 59 and 65 beat/minute, respectively of Groups S and WS The variance analyses showed differences (P<0.05) of the TCS between treatments and turns in the months of January, April, May and June The months of February and March had differences between turns to TSC Enters the months of the experimental period, had differences of the TSC, with bigger values in January, the turn
of the afternoon, of 34 and 36ºC, and less in May, the turn of the morning, of 27 and 28ºC, respectively for group S and WS
Keywords: Silvopastoral system, ambience, physiological variables, Brachiaria humidicola, intensive rotation grazing INTRODUCTION
The homoeothermic animals, as the buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis), get to keep constant its body temperature, inside of narrow limits, although the variations in the ambient temperature Under thermoneutral ambient conditions, has ability
to keep the balance between production and loss of heat On the other hand, in conditions of raised ambient tempera-tures, show intensification of mannering and physiological answers Although the adaptability to the most varied ambient conditions, the buffalos possess specific structural and functional particularitities, as high concentration of melanin in the skin and the hair, low amount of sweat glands, low density of hair and the dark skin, being, therefore, very sensible when displayed to the direct solar radiation However, in shade conditions, the buffalo acts as a typical "black body" heat radiator, therefore it recoups its thermal balance quickly 8 Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the thermoregulatory answers of buffaloes submitted to the sun and the shade of trees of the leguminous Acacia mangium,
in two periods of the day (7:00 A.M and 13:00 P.M.), in the climatic conditions of the Eastern Amazon Region
Trang 8MATERIALS AND METHODS
This Work was lead in the Unit of Research "Senator Alvaro Adolpho" (01°.26'.03" S and 48°.26'.03" W), Belem, Para State, Brazil, pertaining to the Embrapa Eastern Amazon, of January to June 2009 The local climatic type is the Afi, according to Köppen The pluvial precipitation annual average is 3,001 mm, annual average relative humidity of air 85%, annual average temperature 27ºC and 2,400 hours of annual insolation 2.Were used 20 Murrah buffaloes, between four and five years old, average weight 359kg, cyclical, non-lactating The animals were distributed, randomized, in two experimental groups (Group S - with shade and Group WS - without shade) The period of adaptation was of 14 days Group S (n=10) remained in rotation pasture, in poles with shade of trees of the leguminous Acacia mangium, in silvopastoral system, while Group WS (n=10) was kept without access to the shade, also, in rotation pasture
The feeding was exclusively the grass of the grassy "quicuio-da-Amazônia" (humidicola Brachiaria), with access the water
to drink and mineral salt ad libitum Were determined rectal temperature (RT), respiratory frequency (RF), cardiac fre-quency (CF) and temperature of corporal surface (TCS), surveyed two times per week, to 7:00 A.M and 13:00 P.M For attainment of the RT veterinarian clinical thermometer was used, with scale until 44ºC The RF was gotten by inspection and counting of the thorax-abdominal movements, during one minute The CF was measured for auscultation of the beatings, with a veterinarian stethoscope, per one minute The TCS was gotten with a laser thermometer, defendant in maximum distance of 1 meter of the points of measure in the animal: front, right side of the thorax and left side, in the direction of rumen, getting averages of these values
The referring climatic variable to the temperature of air (AT) and relative humidity of air (RHA) was gotten in the Meteoro-logical Station of the INMET- 2º DISME, located the 500 meters of the experimental area From them the Index of Tempera-ture and Humidity - ITH 10 was calculated: [0.8 x T + (RHA/100) x (T-14.4) + 46.4], where: T = temperaTempera-ture (ºC) and RHA
= relative humidity of air (%).Was made descriptive and variance analyses, 0.05% of significance, in the SYSTAT, version 12
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The averages of climatic variable and the index of temperature and humidity, in the experimental period, per the morning and to the afternoon, are in Table 1
Table 1: Average values of the relative humidity of air (HRA), temperature of air (AT) and index
of temperature and humidity (ITH), of January to June of 2009, in Belem/Para State, Brazil
The averages of the RT, in the experimental period, are illustrated in Figure 1 It had significant differences (P<0.05), between turns and treatments, per the afternoon (38.6 and 38.8ºC), significantly superior to the observed per the morning (38.4 and 38.4ºC), for groups S and WS, respectively Similar results were observed in Rondônia State, Brazil, in buffaloes created in silvopastoral system, where the RT was of 38.7ºC and 39.2ºC, per the morning and afternoon, respectively 6, what it demonstrates the influence of the ambient temperature, on this physiological variable
Had significant differences (P<0.05) between Groups WS and S and turns, in every month of the experimental period In Group WS, in both the turns, had significant difference (P<0.05) between the months, with lesser values in June (38.55ºC) This fact can have occurred due to adaptation acquired for the animals, in elapsing of the collection of data, when they presented differentiated behavior, when using mud puddles formed by the water of rain In them, the animals lay down, in order to keep the body temperature in normal levels, therefore in this group it did not have shade availability, similar behavior to the observed one in other localities, where the buffalos look water for bath, aiming at its thermoregulation 1
Trang 9In Figure 2 was observed variation of the RF, during the experimental period In the months of March and April, had significant differences (P<0.05) between Groups WS and S and turns In the others months the differences (P<0.05) was only between the turns In Group WS, to the afternoon, the difference (P<0.05) occurred between the months, with bigger value in March (38 mov./min.) and minors in June (31 mov./min.) In pasture, without shade, the buffaloes present significant rise in the RT, of 38.3 for 39.1ºC, and in the RF, of 22.6 for 48.4 mov./min., as form to waste the excess of corporal heat, in result of thermal stress, that harms productive performance 9
Are illustrated in the Figure 3 the averages of the CF, in the experimental period It had significant differences (P<0.05) between Groups WS and S and turns, in all months of the experimental period The averages observed in Groups WS and
S were, respectively, 65 and 71 beat/min., per the afternoon, superiors to averages in the morning, 59 and 65 beat/min When are considered the systems of creation, independent of period, the cardiac frequency are significantly lower in the animals created in Silvopastoral System The availability of shade in this system protects the animals of the direct incidence of the solar radiation, what confers thermal sensation of lesser temperature and, consequently, propitiates greater thermal comfort 7 Under temperatures of air lesser, the cardiac frequency of the buffaloes is less intense, between 60 and 61 beatings/minute However, from the moment where the average temperature of air exceeds 26.5°C, this physiolog-ical variable, also, increases and reaches 66 beatings/minute, when the temperature of air reaches 29°C 5 In Group WS, in both the turns, had significant difference (P<0.05) between the months, with lesser values in June (56 beat/min.) The averages of the TCS, in the experimental period, are illustrated in Figure 4 Differences (P<0.05) between treatments and turns had been observed, in January, April, May and June In February and March only had differences between turns
In all the experimental period, superiority (P<0.05) in the averages of the turn of the afternoon is observed (33.1 and 34.1), respectively, in Groups WS and S In the same way, in the wasteland of Pernambuco State, Brazil 3, the temperature
of the corporal surface of heifers buffaloes and buffaloes in gestation were bigger (P<0.05) to the afternoon, in compar-ison with the morning This effect can have the peripheral vasodilatation, as reply to the rise of the ambient temperature and consequent increase of the sanguine flow for the surface of skin 4
When the buffalos are created in systems without access to the shade or water, its thermoregulatory system immediately are activated, in order to keep the thermal balance, deviating energies that could be being used to get bigger produc-tivity Thus, the systems that allow access to the shade, as the Silvopastoral System, better promotes tolerance of the buffalos to the tropical heat
Acknowledgements: To the Supervision of Development of Amazônia - SUDAM, for the financial resources To the
Embrapa Eastern Amazon, for the availability of the area and experimental animals To the National Institute of Meteorology -INMET/2º District of Meteorology, for the supply of the climatic data
Figure 1 Variation of rectal temperature of buffaloes created without
shade (WS) and shade (S), of morning (7:00 A.M.) and to the
after-noon (1:00 P.M.), in Eastern Amazon.
Figure 2 Variation of respiratory frequency of buffaloes created
without shade (WS) and shade (S), of morning (7:00 A.M.) and
to the afternoon (1:00 P.M.), in Eastern Amazon.
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Florianóp-olis, SC Anais Florianópolis: Sociedade Brasileira de Etologia v.18, p.26-42.
10 Thom, E C 1959 The disconfort index Weatherwise v 12, p 57-59.
Figure 3 Variation of cardiac frequency of buffaloes created
with-out shade (WS) and shade (S), of morning (7:00 A.M.) and to the
afternoon (1:00 P.M.), in Eastern Amazon.
Figure 4 Variation of temperature of corporal surface of buffaloes
created without shade (WS) and shade (S), of morning (7:00 A.M.) and to the afternoon (1:00 P.M.), in Eastern Amazon.