systems of production markets organisations and performance phần 2 doc

The objective was to evaluate the production of buffalo meat kept in field under natural pastures from weaning to shipment for slaughter.. Meat production in field under natural pastures

The goal of this ration is to give an extra shot of protein to the cows with about 100 grams of urea per day and to force the ingestion of minerals in adequate quantity In effect it is an "insurance" to protect the lactating herd from the risk

of a sudden down fall in protein levels or minerals, especially during the summer months Thus the purchased feed ration

is not designed to substitute grass, as it is not profitable to replace grass with grain based feeds in most of Latin American countries, and especially so in Venezuela

CONCLUTION

With this feeding strategy Bufalinda achieves:

• An average stoking rate of 1,8 adult buffalo per ha, equivalent to about 3 steers per ha

• Buffaloes are in excellent condition year round, and milk production remains in general unaffected by the dry season

• Paddocks are protected from over grazing at the end of the dry season, as buffaloes are incrementally restricted of direct grazing and more haylage under confinement is delivered

Rotational Paddocks

There are two types of RP´s those with fixed lot area (RP with FLA) and those with variable lot area (RP´s with VLA) RP´s with FLA are ideal for situations where the size of herd can be increased or decreased according to the supply of forage For example if a Lot of an RP with FLA has 120 fattening steers and it can only sustain 100 head for one day, then the 20 head in excess are removed and sent elsewhere in order to avoid overgrazing and Cycle acceleration So this type

of RP is suitable for non lactating herds

On the other hand in lactating cows, herd count cannot be easily changed therefore the VLA RP´s are recommended Thus

if we have a 200 cow herd that we need to feed for half a day (typically a twice a day rotation is used) then the farm hand will determine and layout the precise lot area in order to accommodate and feed the 200 buffalo cows during half a day without restrictions

Design of FLA RP´s and VLA RP´s

Boundary fencing is shown with three lines, internal electric fencing is show in black with one line, moveable fencing for dividing for front/back grazing of each lot are shown in red, and the rotational sequence is shown with blue arrows This FLA RP has 10 main lots which are divided into 20 with the moveable electric fence

Other Considerations For The Design and

Construction of RP´s

1 A sturdy at least three wire perimeter fence

is required (middle line electric)

2 The central circulation street should be

no less than 20 meters wide, to guarantee

year round stress free transit to buffaloes

3 The width of each Lot in a FLA RP should

be no more than 150 meters in order to make

it easy to change the portable fence, from

Lot to Lot

4 The width of each band in a VLA RP should

be not wider than 200 meters for the same

reason mentioned above

Other Considerations in RP Management

1 During times of rapid pasture growth Cycles

have to be accelerated and some paddocks left

behind for haylage production Special care has

to be taken to avoid overgrowth and

lignifica-tion of the grass

2 During times of slow growth herd size has to

be decreased or alternatively the herd can be

re-stricted of direct grazing while it is fed with

hay-lage Special care should be taken to avoid Cycle

acceleration and overgrazing of the paddock

• Distribución del rebaño en el pico de lactancia (enero a abril):

400 búfalas en ordeñe requieren 420 has (0,83 x 85%/80%) por lo tanto ocupan los 10 rotativos de bandas de 400 has y piden prestado algunas parcelas más cercanas a los rotativos fijos

Alternatively if a farmer does not want to deal with the added labor and complications of VLA RP´s, the six paddocks could be replaced by four FLA RP´s for a total of 8 identical FLA RP´s

A Final Design

An ideal final design for a standard 500 ha milking unit would have six VLA RP´s for milking herds, one FLA RP for surrogate mothers two for heifers and one for dry pregnant cows, for a total of 10 RP´s The milking installations would

be located at the middle and the Surrogate Mother Barn at one side:

Buffalo Production Systems in Argentina

Eng Marco A Zava

Executive Director - Argentine Buffaloes Breeders Association Cap Gral Ramón Freire 183 - p 2 - of 40 - (1426) Buenos Aires - Argentina

bufalosmz@fibertel.com.ar

Keywords: buffalo, production systems, subtropical area, Argentina.

ABSTRACT

An agricultural revolution started in Argentina in the last 30 years A new generation of technologies produced a massive expansion of the agricultural frontier, specially in the case of soybean Cattle breeding has been displaced from a large part of the humid pampas An extraordinary cattle-breeding node is being developed in the Argentine northeast (NEA) and more recently in the northwest (NOA) of the country This scenario favored a great expansion of the buffalo, above

12 % per year The NEA holds most of the buffalo heads Of the 100,000 existing heads, the province of Formosa has 35,000 and Corrientes has 30,000 The buffalo production systems that we will describe are located in both provinces, mostly in open low fields, with humid subtropical climate, north of 31° south latitude, with 1000-2500 mm annual rainfall, located in the Parana River basin, where cattle breeding is not very efficient In the region, buffaloes occupy not only the low lands but also the high fields, since under extensive conditions this allows for 20 % additional calving compared to cattle, and 70-100 % additional weight gain, which results in slaughtering animals one year earlier It should also be highlighted that the buffalo cow productive life doubles that of cows

The buffalo is becoming a fantastic tool for meat production in the subtropical regions of Argentina; and more recently, since 1992, also for dairy production The production datas described in this paper really are an objective to be reached

by the livestock industry in the country, specially in northern areas, possibly by means of buffaloes

Buffalo's Grazing of Natural and Improved Sward Pasturelands in Protected Environments

of Mediterranean European Union*

Martiniello1** P.; Annicchiarico1 G.; Caternolo1 G.; Sabia4 E.;Terzano2 G.M.; Odoardi3 M.;

Ursino3 A.; Pacelli4 C.; Mazzi2 M.

1CRA ZOE, Bella-Scalo; 2CRA PCM, Roma, 3CRA FLC, Lodi; 4University of Basilicata, Potenza.**Corresponding author: CRA ZOE,

S.S per Napoli Km 12, 71100-Foggia (Italy) Tel +390881880482; E-mail: pasquale.martiniello@entecra.it

ABSTRACT

Herbage pasturelands production of 9 regions of Mediterranean European Union (EU) was weakened with drastic conse-quences on animal feeding and geological stability of land The effect of fertilizer applications on herbage was evaluated

by grazing with buffalo heifers and tested with a similar flock bred in cowshed The determinations were carried out on grass harvested in protected areas of sward The fertilizer application increased 47% biomass yield, herbage quality and small influence on flora composition and biochemical characteristic of topsoil The mean heifers body gain was not differed in buffaloes bred in intensive system using unifeed alimentation

Keywords: fertilizers application, flora composition, herbage yield, pasturelands.

INTRODUCTION

The Italian protected pasturelands of Mediterranean European Union, (National Park, NP; Sites with Community Impor-tance, SIS and Zones with Special Protection, ZPS), scattered over the territories amount about to 7.2 millions of hectare The biodiversity existing in these areas is protected by European law: 1,2 In the last decade, the agro-pastoral activity stress the sward of the pastures with intensive grazing causing overgrazing of sward The increase of soil of Ap horizon with chemical applications favouring germination of the indigenous seedbank born present in the sward, devel-opment of native flora, productivity and increasing biomass production and quality of the herbage of natural pasture-lands The experiments aimed to detect the effect of the increase in topsoil on flora composition, biomass and nutritive value of herbage and biochemical composition of soil

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The effect of fertilizer not influence substantially the soil parameters content (Table 1)

Table 1: Biochemical characteristics of topsoil horizon (Ap35 cm) of the sward.

Table 2: Dry matter mean among phenological stage in natural and improved sward.

The non variation of soil organic matter between control and fertilizer treatment evidenced that the compounds required for sustain the increase of dry matter production was achieved by microbial activity favoured the increase of soil fertility (Table 2):3

The content of crude protein, MFU and fibre in grass of improved sward (12%, 6% and 4% higher than the control) showed statistical significance in harvests (Table 3) The effect of fertilizer application on average increased the

Gramin-ea flora by 34% and 6% those of 29.5% in Legume The presences of flora species belonged to Compositae

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The experiments was established in two pasturelands sites of southern Italy in 2006-7 (Environment I, Gioi and Environ-ment II, Monterotondo) 18 buffalo heifers of about 6 months hold begun to graze the sward and were removed 18 months later Pasturelands of sites, in November of each year, were fertilised with combined nitrogen and phosphorous, respectively at the rate 36 and 96 kg ha-1: 4 The characteristics of the herbages and soil were assessed in protected surface of 2.25 m2 by iron fenced net boxes The dynamics of grass growing and the intake of herbage browsed, was determined by harvests of biomass present in the surface of 1 m-2, in side and outside of the iron box, at phenological stage: herbaceous, harvest I (November), beginning of shooting, harvest II (March), heading harvest III (April), flower-ing harvest IV (May) and dead plant harvest V (June), respectively for I, II, III, IV and V harvest The flora species were grouped into Graminaceae, Leguminousae and Compositae botanical families All others were included in a miscellaneous group The data of the traits reported in the tables consider only the effect of improved treatment over sites Compari-sons among means were performed according to LSD statistical test at P=0.05 level of probability

The effect of pasture improvement increased qualitative and dry matter characteristic in all harvests The flora composi-tion as affect of fertilizer shoved small variacomposi-tion of botanical species Pasture improvement increase the availability of herbage feeding, the morphological, physiological peculiarity of animal and the opportunity to safeguard soil erosion, valorise ecological and nutritional aspects of natural pasture

REFERENCES

1 Boitani L., Falcucci A., Maiorana L., Montemaggiori A 2002 Rete ecologica Nazionale Il ruolo delle aree protette nella conservazione dei

vertebrati Ministero dell'Ambiente, 88 p.

2 Gazzetta Ufficiale 1991 Legge quadro sulle aree protette Gazzetta Ufficiale Supplemento Ordinario N 83 alla G.U n 291, 1991.

3 Hill JO., Simpson RJ., Wood JT., Moore AD., Chapman DF 2005 The phosphorous and nitrogen requirements of temperate pasture species and

their influence on grassland botanical composition Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 56: 1027-1039.

Table 3: Grass qualitative characteristic among harvests in natural and improved sward.

and Miscellaneous was 6% and 21%,respectively increased and reduced (Table 4)

Table 4: Effect of the improved treatments among the harvests on improved sward.

*G=Graminea, *L=Legume; *C=Compositae, *M= Miscellaneous.

As consequences of fertilizer application on flora species with high nutritive values the content of MFU was 5.7% higher than those of the control (Tables 3 and 4).

Buffalos steers pos-weaning growth rearing on natural pastures in the northwest of Corrientes

Rébak, G.I.1; Capellari, A.2 , Ynsaurralde Rivolta, E.A.3

(1) Prof Tit Tecnología de Alimentos FCV - UNNE

(2) Prof Adj Introducción a la Producción Animal FCV - UNNE Sgto Cabral 2139 - (3400) Corrientes

(3) Becaria de pos-grado de SGCyT UNNE e-maill: acapellari@vet.unne.edu.ar

ABSTRACT

The natural mating service in the fall, allows a perfect adaptation to the requirements of subtropical forage curve The buffalo do not need to go in heat waiting for the "flushing" of green grass that occurs during the spring It suffices that the summer temperatures are moderate, coming in heat from March to June, with fibrous grasses (there must be a minimum of volume) This feature allows the production of buffalo milk and meat, not only in temperate zones, but also in the subtrop-ics, with prudent management of loads in the winter: a buffalo on average represents 1.2 EV (cow equivalent) With respect

to the weight of these we note that at 18 to 20 months can reach 450 to 500kg, easily reached with a diet of grass to 600

kg at 24 months The objective was to evaluate the production of buffalo meat kept in field under natural pastures from weaning to shipment for slaughter The trial was conducted in Ita Ibaté; General Paz Department of the Province of Corrientes Main activity is cattle and meat buffaloes with 1600 ha of downfield for the buffaloes production The animals used were buffalos steers crosses The animals come from an extensive system of service fall, autumn calving and weaning of spring Feeding the animals were subjected to continuous grazing field was natural and the health plan used was recom-mended for cattle Measurements in animals were: body weight, hip height at the initial and final gasping Meat production

in field under natural pastures for cattle disabled is a very important production alternative for the region

Keywords: buffalo meat, fattening, rearing, natural pasture INTRODUCTION

In our country there are areas for buffalo unexploited or inefficiently exploited, are low and flooded land (60,000 ha), including low submeridional of the province of Santa Fe, Corrientes Esteros del Ibera in the coastal lowlands of the Rio Parana and Uruguay

in Formosa , Chaco and Corrientes, the pre-delta in the province of Entre Rios and the Delta of the province of Buenos Aires 2 Corrientes, has a network consisting of wetland marshes, reservoirs, marshes, and ponds malezales, covering an area of about 16,000 km2 A dominant feature of the relief is to integrate a sedimentary basin with poor drainage, which determines the presence of vast areas flooded and flooding, it is estimated that both cover 45% of the provincial surface (flooded 17% and flood-prone 28%) 3 The buffalo production systems are mainly extensive, natural pastures humid subtropical climate, mainly in the northeast of the Argentinian The calving rate varies between 80 and 98% (well above 60 - 70% of cattle) To calculate the loads are considered in their requirements a buffalo cows is equivalent to 1.3, because its weight is greater in some 150 kilos The production per hectare per year ranging from 40 to 60 kilos, while the cattle does not exceed 40 kilos The daily gain is remarkable:

700 grams / day pre - weaning and 500 grs / day post - weaning (70 to 100% higher than cattle under the same conditions) This allows the slaught at 27 to 30 months of age, with a live weight of 500 - 550 kilos and a yield of 50 to 55% 8 The trail objective was to evaluate the production of buffalo meat in natural pastures from weaning to slaughter weight

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The trial was conducted in Ita Ibaté, Department of General Paz in the province of Corrientes The main activities include cattle and meat buffaloes with 1600 ha of downfield for the buffalo production Set in Depression Ibera known subunits: 2a Ibera Marshes: swampy region dotted with lakes that decrease to the south and is an ecological environment with very few analogies in the world Is dominated by marsh vegetation, partly floating, and from which emerge some islands scattered arboreal vegetation (ZAH II) 3 The animals used were buffalos steers crosses Come from an extensive farming system of continuous service in autumn and weaning of spring Feeding the animals were subjected to continuous grazing field was under natural pastures and the health plan used was recommended for cattle Measurements in animals were: body weight, hip height at the initial and final gasping For live weight and the height is used a single scale and

a tape measure, respectively, and the gasping for determining the timing tooth was performed when each animal was immobilized in the stocks of the box to operate The data sheets were settled in the farm and then were statistically analyzed by the Info-Stat program version 2009 for Windows by the technique of frequency distribution of simple series

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results are reported in Tables 1 and 2

Table 1: Number (n), average, standard deviation (SD), minimum and maximum weaning weight, hip height at weaning

and final weight of steers buffalos crosses, in Ita Ibaté, Corrientes

The total gain achieved by the buffalo in 379-day evaluation of 159.18 kg in low fields of natural pastures were higher compared with the 50 to 86 kg of meat per hectare per year is commonly achieved in the farms of Corrientes with natural pastures beef cattle 7 The growth pattern for growing cattle, using natural field fodder only recourse is very similar to the growth curve of this range There are eight months of weight gain of 500 g/day/animal and four months on weight maintenance during the winter The annual weight gain for growing cattle range from 70 to 80 kg in Malezales, 90 to 120

kg in Lomadas Sandy, from 125 to 160 kg in South Central and 95 to 105 kg in the Northwest 4,5 Measurements of annual weight gain of animals on natural pastures for growing a load of 1 head/ha in the area of agro-ZAH homogeneous flows II, resulted in annual production of meat for the north 80 to 100 kg LW/ha, rather trial and to the south of 145 kg LW/ha3

Table 2: Frequency table of the final weight of buffalo steers at 20 months of age produced in natural pastures in Ita

Ibaté, Corrientes

1 Arias, A.; Manunta, O y A., Slobodzian 1991 El mejoramiento genético de los bovinos de carne en la Provincia de Corrientes Ed INTA Serie

Producción Animal Bol Técnico N°5 Corrientes, Argentina 62p.

2 Benítez, D 2006 Características productivas del búfalo en Argentina Ed INTA Noticias y Comentarios Abril de 2006 Nº 408 Mercedes,

Corrientes Argentina 4.p.

3 Calvi, M y Acosta, F 2005 Provincia de Corrientes: Zonas Agroeconomicas Homogéneas Serie Técnica Nº 36 EEA INTA Mercedes Corrientes,

Argentina 45p.

4 Pizzio, R.M.; Royo Pallares, O.; Delfino, D.; Arias Usandivaras, F.; Kraemer, S 2000 Producción animal en seis pastizales del este de la provincia

de Corrientes Noticias y Comentarios Nº 344 EEA INTA Mercedes.

5 Royo Pallares, O.; Goldfarb, C 1999 Experiencias con pasturas subtropicales cultivadas en la Provincia de Corrientes Simposio Internacional

de Forrajeras Subtropicales Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán.

6 Sampedro, D.; Vogel, O y A y R Celcer 2004 Suplementación de vacunos en pastizales naturales Ed INTA EEA Mercedes Serie Técnica N°34.

Corrientes, Argentina 25p.

7 Vallejos, G.A.; Conti, M.; Manunta, O.A y A A., Arias 1979 Evaluación bajo pastoreo de pasto pangola en exarroceras Ed INTA Serie

Producción Animal Bol Técnico N°3 Corrientes, Argentina 26p.

8 Zava, M 2007 El nuevo rol del búfalo en la ganadería en el NEA (sistemas de producción de búfalos en Argentina) Memorias del 1er Seminario

de NEA Corrientes, Argentina.

45% of the buffaloes had a final weight of between 290 and 360 kg of live weight, 43% weighing between 360 and 420

kg of live weight and 12% between 420 kg and 500 kg liveweight the second summer of their life or after the first winter unlike steers whose completion in our province performed mostly on natural pastures and the animals are marketed at 500

kg at 4-5 years of age This represents a gain of 70 to 90 kg/animal/year 6

Meat production in natural pasture often unusable for cattle production is an important alternative for buffalo produc-tion in the region

Acknowledgments Especially the professional technical staff, company directory, personnel of the farm and all who

accompanied, enable and allowed for these and so many tasks, essential to the progress of a country like ours, based economically in production of primary products

Characterization of Buffalo Management on Dairy Farms in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil*

Dos Santos, K.L.1; Modesto, E.C.2; Vieira Batista, A.M.3; Marcelo José Da Silva, F.B4

1-Aluna do Programa de Doutorado Integrado em Zootecnia, bolsista do CNPq Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, UFRPE Av Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife-PE, Brasil 2-Professora do Departamento de Zoote cnia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro Rodovia BR 465, km 07 s/n Seropedica, RJ - Brasil 3- Professora Adjunta, Departamento de Zootecnia, bolsista de Produtividade em Pesquisa do CNPq Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, UFRPE Av Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife -PE, Brasil 4-Aluno do programa de p ós-graduação em Zootecnia Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, UFRPE Av Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife -PE, Brasil E-mail: keylasantos@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

The objective was to identify and characterize the producers of buffalo milk in the state of Pernambuco The farms were located with help from the Builders Association of Buffalo and Defense Agency and Supervisory Agricultural State of Pernambuco The study was conducted in eighteen different farms from January to October 2009, but only six of them explored buffalo milk Farmers were handed with a questionnaire with the purpose of gathering data on their farms The questions addressed infrastructural and technological management aspects Infrastructural issues were centered at iden-tifying the farm's location, its average land area and access roads As for the technological management, its goal was to define which technical resources being used for reproductive management, feed management and milking management The data obtained from the questionnaire were subjected to frequency analysis so to identify common points From the inspected farms, 50% were greater than 100 hectares, 42.82% had fewer than 50 cows, pasture with dry roughage supp lamentation represented 66.66% of intake food, 71.43% held natural breeding, and in 57.14% of them the milking was conducted manually with calf at foot Mostly, the buffalo milk producers in Pernambuco use low-cost system with low technology adoption

Keywords: Production System, milk production and technological management.

INTRODUCTION

Buffalo herds in Brazil total approximately 1.31 million heads, among which 19,239 are raised in the state of

Pernambu-co.1 Buffalos were introduced in the state in the early 1970s, due likely to the sugar-alcohol crisis that drove the creation

of this industry, as buffalos occupy lands that are improper for sugarcane plantations and cattle raising The buffalo has adapted well to the environmental conditions of the region.2

Studies on buffalo production systems in Pernambuco are scarce A survey in the Zona da Mata of state was carried out

in 1998, which found deficiencies in the general management of the herds, as expressed by the low use of technologies despite the integration of buffalo raising and the sugar-alcohol industry.2 Information generated from reliable data and related to milk production systems, regional particularities and common market demands is a valuable tool for decision-making processes and more efficient production on buffalo farms.3

The aim of the present study was to characterize the dairy buffalo industry in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil