About 10 ml of blood was collected aseptically from jugular vein in heparinized vials, once only from non-pregnant buffaloes and from six pregnant buffaloes at 15, 30 days before, on the
Trang 109
Trang 2Antioxidant Status in Periparturient Mehsana Buffaloes
Pathan, M.M.1; Latif, A 2, Das, H.3, Siddiquee, G M 4, and Vadodaria, V P.5
1Ph D scholar, Animal physiology, NDRI, Karnal, Haryana 2Professor & Head, Dept of Animal physiology & Biochemistry, SDAU, Gujarat 3Assistant professor, Dept of Animal physiology & Biochemistry, SDAU, Gujarat 4Professor & Head, Dept of Clinics, SDAU, Gujarat.5Dean & Principal, College of Veterinary Science & A H., SDAU, Gujarat, India
ABSTRACT: Periparturient period is especially critical for health and subsequent productivity of buffaloes The present
study was undertaken to assess the degree of oxidative stress in Mehsana buffaloes during periparturient period The results of the present study revealed that the antioxidant markers i.e Melendealdehide (MDA), Super oxide dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were significantly (p<0.01) increased from 30 days before parturition attain-ing highest levels on the day of parturition Significantly (p<0.01) decreased levels of these marker/enzymes were observed from 15 days after parturition to 30 days after parturition This indicates higher oxidative stress and lower anti-oxidant status during pregnancy and parturition as significantly decreased level of MDA, SOD and GSH-Px were observed in non-pregnant buffaloes compared to pregnant buffaloes on the day of parturition The study indicated higher level of oxidative stress in buffaloes during parturition than non-pregnant buffaloes The levels of these markers observed at 30 days after parturition was higher than non-pregnant buffaloes This might be due to stress imposed by heavy lactation and incomplete involution of uterus in pregnant buffaloes
Keywords: Oxidative stress, Periparturient period, Antioxidants, buffaloes.
INTRODUCTION
Pregnancy and milk production although economic traits are physiological process, but create a stressful condition as oxidative stress in the animal body The oxidative stress is produced in multiple physiological processes from oocyte maturation to fertilization, embryo development, parturition and in initiation of preterm labour and lactation
Pregnan-cy is a physiological state accompanied by a high energy demand for many bodily functions as a result of which an increased intake and utilization of oxygen takes place and thereby augmenting level of oxidative stress This oxidative stress is favored during pregnancy mostly because of the mitochondria rich placenta6 It attains the peaks by the second trimester of pregnancy that appears to be a vulnerable period for fetal health and gestational progress Antioxidants are molecules or compounds that act as free radical scavengers Most of those are electron donors that react with the free radicals to form innocuous end products such as water and prevent cells from oxidative damage To detoxify ROS the cell develops its own enzymatic and non-enzymatic endogenous antioxidant defense mechanism3 Antioxidants like SOD, catalase and GSH-Px constitute enzymatic arsenals of the antioxidant defiance mechanism of the cell
Looking to the immense importance of antioxidants to maintain physiological functions and prevent oxidative stress, it
is intended to assess oxidative stress in periparturient Mehsana buffaloes Hence the present study was planed to determine the status of antioxidants biomarkers viz lipid peroxidase (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in blood of pre and post parturient buffaloes
Trang 3MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present investigation was carried out on periparturient Mehsana buffaloes, maintained at the Livestock Research Station, SDAU, Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat (India) For the present study, 12 buffaloes were selected and categorized as group-I (Control) comprised of six non-pregnant (at diestrous stage) and group-II (Experimental) comprised of six preg-nant (9 months) buffaloes About 10 ml of blood was collected aseptically from jugular vein in heparinized vials, once only from non-pregnant buffaloes and from six pregnant buffaloes at 15, 30 days before, on the day, 15 and 30 days after parturition The plasma was separated after centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes Fresh haemolysate obtained after centrifugation was used for estimation of Lipid Peroxidase (LPO) in the form of Malondialdehyde (MDA), SOD and GSH-Px Membrane peroxidative damage in erythrocytes was determined in terms of MDA production by the method of Shafiq-U-Rahman9 SOD and GSH-Px activity was determined as per the method described by Madesh and Balasubramanian4 & Paglia and Valantine7 respectively The significance of difference between means for different biochemical parameters were tested
by applying paired t-test for dependant samples and unpaired t-test for independent samples assuming equal variances10
Figure 1: (A) Erythrocyte lipid peroxide (nM/ml); (B) Superoxide dismutase (U); (C) Glutathione peroxidase (U/ml) in non-pregnant
(control) and around parturition in pregnant Mehsana buffaloes.
Table 2: Differences in the level of MDA/LPO, SOD and GSH-Px from 0 to 30
days before and after parturition were as under:
Table 1: Lipid peroxidase (LPO), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione
peroxidase (GSH-Px) in Erythrocyte of Mehsana Buffaloes
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Table 1 shows the mean
erythrocyt-ic MDA, SOD and GSH-Px
concen-trations of non-pregnant and
preg-nant buffaloes on 30, 15 days
be-fore, on the day, 15 and 30 days
after parturition whereas,
differenc-es in the level of MDA, SOD and
GSH-Px from 0 to 30 days before and
after parturition have been
pre-sented in table 2 and figure 1
• The mean having same numerical superscipt within a colum did not differ significantly (p< 0.05) between group I
and group II.
• The mean having same alphabetical superscipt within a colum did not differ significantly (p< 0.05) within group II.
• * = significant (p< 0.05) and** = highly significant (p< 0.01).
Trang 4The concentration of erythrocytic MDA was significantly higher on the day of parturition as compared to 30 and 15 days before and 15 and 30 days after parturition The differences in MDA levels between 30 days before and 15 days after parturition were non-significant, while in all other MDA levels on various days, on the day and before and after parturi-tion were found to be highly significantly different (p<0.01) from each other Results showed that level of MDA concen-tration of non-pregnant buffaloes was significantly (p<0.05) lower than 30 days before and 15 days after parturition whereas, highly significantly (p<0.01) lower than 15 day before and on the day of parturition The difference in the level
of LPO between 30 days before and on the day of parturition was higher than difference between 15 days before and on the day of parturition indicating increase in the oxidative stress with advancement of pregnancy However, the differ-ence between 15 and 30 days before parturition was almost 3 times lesser than the differdiffer-ence observed between 0 and 30 days before parturition suggesting gradual adaptation of the animals to the mounting level of stress to combat the maximum stress on the day of parturition After parturition the difference in the level of LPO between 30 days after and
on the day of parturition was 1.5 times higher than the difference between 15 days after and on the day of parturition indicating decrease in the level of stress after the parturition Insignificant difference was also observed between 15 and
30 days after parturition Present study revealed depleted antioxidant status in the prepartum period and on the day of parturition The higher mean value of MDA indicates higher lipid peroxidation of cell membranes as a result of higher oxidative stress in periparturient buffaloes1 The study also suggests that the levels of LPO increased significantly before parturition The findings of the present study are similar to the earlier reports1 It was also evident that after parturition the animal was relieved from stress and it was associated with a sudden drop in the level of LPO (from the day of parturition to 15 days after parturition), which then became steady till 30 days after parturition This explains that after the animals are relieved from parturition stress, another immediate stress due to lactation is imposed on them, which is somewhat higher as compared to non-pregnant buffaloes as strongest trend to metabolic imbalance is observed in dairy cows during early lactation resulting in an increased level of plasma lipid peroxidation5
The result revealed significantly higher erythrocytic SOD value on the day of parturition as compared to 30 and 15 days before parturition and 15 and 30 days after parturition The SOD levels between 30 and 15 days before parturition; 30 days before and 15 days after parturition differed significantly (p<0.05), whereas, levels observed on the day of partu-rition was highly significantly different (p<0.01) with levels found on 30 days before, 15 days before, 15 days after and
30 days after parturition Highly significant (p<0.01) difference was also observed between 15 and 30 days after parturition Mean value of SOD in non-pregnant buffaloes was highly significantly (p<0.01) lower than on the day of parturition and significantly (p<0.05) lower than 15 days after parturition The role of intracellular SOD is to scavenge the superoxide produced by a number of reactions, including normal cellular functions SOD catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide Current study reveled that, the difference in the level of SOD between 30 days before and on the day of parturition was higher than difference between 15 days before and on the day of parturition suggesting oxidative stress induced by pregnancy The higher erythrocyte SOD activity on the day of partu-rition indicates higher oxidative stress and lower anti-oxidant status The increase in SOD activity up to partupartu-rition was probably a response to the higher superoxide generation, a possible homeostatic control2 After parturition the differ-ence in the level of SOD between 30 days after and on the day of parturition was lower than the differdiffer-ence between 15 days after and on the day of parturition indicating decrease in the level of stress after the parturition, signifying that the levels were higher before parturition With the advancement of pregnancy oxidative stress increases and at the time
of parturition it reaches to its peak and then after parturition it decreases1,2,8 As explained earlier after parturition animal was relieved from stress which, associated with sudden decrease in the SOD level which become steady up to 30 days after parturition This shows that after parturition lactation stress was observed which is somewhat higher as compared to non-pregnant buffaloes
The concentration of erythrocytic GSH-Px was significantly higher on the day of parturition as compared to 30, 15 days before, 15 and 30 days after parturition The GSH-Px level showed an increasing trend from 30th day pre-partum and highest level was obtained on the day of parturition and than the levels gradually decreased from 15th day post-partum attaining the lowest level on 30th day post-partum The differences in GSH-Px levels between 15th day pre-partum and 15th day post-partum, 15th and 30th day post-partum were significant (p<0.05), while highly significant (p<0.01)
Trang 51 Bernabucci U, Ronchi B, Lacetera N and Nardone A 2002 Markers of oxidative status in plasma and erythrocytes of transition dairy cows during
hot season J Dairy Sci 95: 2173-2179.
2 Bernabucci U, Ronchi B, Lacetera N and Nardone A 2005 Influence of body condition score on relationships between metabolic status and
oxidative stress in periparturient dairy cows J Dairy Sci 88: 2017-2026.
3 Bulkley GB 1983 The role of oxygen derived free radicals in human disease processes Surgery 94:407-411.
4 Madesh M and Balasubramanian KA 1998 Microtitre plate assay for superoxide dismutase using MTT reduction by superoxide Indian J.
Biochem Biophys 35 (3): 184-188.
5 Mudron P and Konvicna J 2006 Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and plasma antioxidative capacity in dairy cows at different lactation
stages Deutsche tierärztliche Wochenschrift 113:189-190.
6 Page KR 1993 The physiology of human placenta p 164 UCL Press Limited, London.
7 Paglia DE and Valantine WN 1967 Studies on the quantitative and the qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase J Lab.
Clin Med 70: 158.
8 Sathya A 2005 Studies on oxidative stress in dystocia affected buffaloes M.V.Sc Thesis, Submitted to Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana,
India.
9 Shafiq-U-Rahman 1984 Lead induced regional lipid peroxidation in brain Toxicology Letter 21: 359-364.
10 Snedecor GW and Cochran WG 1994 Satistical methods 8th edn Oxford and IBH publishing Co, New Delhi, India.
differences were observed between 15th day pre-partum and on the day of parturition, 15th day pre-partum and 30th day partum, on the day of parturition and 15th day partum; on the day of parturition and 30th day post-partum The level of GSH-Px concentration in erythrocyte of non-pregnant buffaloes was significantly (p<0.05) lower than 30 days before parturition whereas, highly significantly lower (p<0.01) than 15 days before and on the day of parturition GSH-Px plays an important role in protecting the cells against hydrogen peroxide SOD catalyzes the dismu-tation of superoxide into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide Since, SOD activity increases hydrogen peroxide production, protection from elevated hydrogen peroxide would only be conferred by a co-ordinate increase in catalase and GSH-Px activity The level of endogenous antioxidant increases as the risk of oxidative damage increases GSH-Px decomposes hydrogen peroxide into hydroxyl radical, which attacks all biological molecules, including membrane lipid resulting initiation of lipid peroxidation In the present study, the difference in the level of GSH-Px between 30 days before and
on the day of parturition was higher than difference between 15 days before and on the day of parturition which shows that the higher GSH-Px activity during pre-partum and on the day of parturition was probably a response to the higher SOD activity After parturition, the difference in the level of GSH-Px between 30 days after and on the day of parturition was higher than the difference between 15 days after and on the day of parturition indicating gradual decrease in the level of stress after the parturition, signifying that the levels were higher before parturition The SOD and GSH-Px represents the major arsenals of intracellular antioxidant defense mechanism2 It was also evident that after parturition that the animal was relieved from stress and it was associated with a sudden drop in the level of GSH-Px (from the day of parturition to 15 days after parturition), which then became steady till 30 days after parturition This explains that the stress of parturition was over but the stress of lactation was imposed on them, which is indicated by a non-significantly higher level when compared to non-pregnant buffaloes because non-pregnant buffaloes are already adapted to this lactation stress
Acknowledgement The Authors are grateful to the Dean and Principal, College of Veterinary Science and A.H as well as
Research Scientist, LRS, SDAU, Sardarkrushinagar for providing the facility to carry out the study
Trang 6Behaviour of the bubalino cattle in forestations
of pine with different species from pastures
in a silvopastoral system.
Tejedor, F P J.
Cattle Association Center Zone Salta 235, Oberá, Misiones, CP N3360FPE
E-mail: ftejedor@arnetbiz.com.ar
ABSTRACT
The silvopastoral systems in the Province of Misiones, accomplished in implanted forests, mainly in pines, have had a great growth in the last years The knowledge contributed by the researchers and technicians of public entities like of the private activity, allows to have more information every year, which has been reflected in the works presented/ displayed in 1st National Congress of Silvopastoral Systems realised in the city of Posadas, Misiones between 14th and 16th of May of 2009, which allowed the understanding and the improvement of the handling of as much of the wooded mass, the different implanted pastures and the handling from the cattle The introduction of bubalino cattle in a silvopastoral system has the objective of developing techniques and adaptations of the present knowledge of the silvopastoral system with bovine cattle, to this species of ruminant, since the capacity of the buffalo is recognized (Bubalus bubalis) to adapt to the tropical and subtropical climate, besides the rusticity and productivity The experience
is being developed in a forestation from 75 hectares of Pinus elliottii Engelm var elliottii and Pinus taeda cv Marion, of different ages, different species from pastures and a roundup of young of buffalos The preliminary results indicate that
it is possible to implement this technique successfully and high productivities are achieved, that make the introduction promissory of this type of cattle in the silvo-pastoral system of the province and the region
Keywords: Buffalo, Silvopastoral System, handling.
INTRODUCTION
The Silvopastoral System used with cattle is increasing in the province of Misiones every year, especially in afforestation
of Pinus and in less extent on Eucalyptus and native forest of different species1 Besides, Silvopastoral Systems offer the potential to combine two activities on the same soil such as forestry in the long term and livestock in the medium term Thus, obtaining a synergy from both, it offers the livestock and pastures a better climate in this system by attenuating the cold winter and the summer heat, for greater and better quality of livestock production.2,3
The National Institute of Agricultural and Livestock Technology (INTA), producers and advisers are developing and adapting new technologies for the different areas and productive systems in the province.4,5,6,7
The introduction of Buffalo livestock to the silvopastoral system was carried out in the year 2002, with the acquisition
of the first buffaloes and with the aim of developing a dairy project for the production of mozzarella cheese Thus, if for cattle a better environment improved their production, with buffaloes something similar would happen
The system was already working with cattle and it was considered that there would be no difficulties with buffaloes, although there was background from other producers who discouraged this practice for the damage that caused to the trees The establishment had 75 hectares of afforestation with 6 years of age, and for its development it was verified that the damage to the trees is very little and mainly bark peeling only, which does not damage to the trees
Trang 7MATERIALS AND METHODS
The establishment Estancia del Puerto is located in the municipality of F Ameghino, in the place Puerto Rosario, two Km from provincial route Nº 2, San Javier Department It has 106 hectares and borders with the Uruguay Rivers
Afforestation
The largest area of afforestation of pine was conducted in 1997, existing before and after, apart from small afforested areas with Eucalyptus (Eucaliptus grandis) and Silky Oak (Grevillea robusta) The original distance of afforestation was 4 meters between lines and 2.50 meters between trees, with a theoretical density of 1,000 plants/hectare On the 6th year the first thinning was conducted, being at a distance of 8 meters between lines and with a density of 380 plants/hectare since dominated and deformed trees were eliminated Pruning of branches were made every two years to six meters high When due to lack of light more thinning is made to reduce tree density and increase luminosity
Pastures
Pasture implants were performed under trees with the following species: Axonopus compressus (running carpet grass), Brachiaria brizantha (brachiaria grass) 8,9 and Pennisetum purpureum (elephant grass)10, besides open plantations were conducted of Zea mays (corn), Saccharum officinarum (sugar cane) and Sorghum sp (forage sorghum), destined for silage, all for winter supplementation
Animals
There are all categories of buffaloes, which are handled in two herds, for reproduction on one side, and on the other male calves raised until one year of age which are sold for meat and young female calves which are incorporated as mothers.11,12
Management
Afforestation is surrounded with a 7-wire perimeter, placing three wires at short distance to the ground, to prevent buffaloes from breaking the wires The internal divisions are made with electric fences, with two wires in general and three wires in alleys A cutwater is performed for the bathing in the warm months, which facilitates the animal controls.13
Grazing
Pastures are managed with an Intensive Rational Grazing or Voisin method.14,15,16,17 Parcels are done from half to one hectare average and animals graze for one day, they always have access to the cutwater for their bathing and drinking In winter, if there is no grass, they are placed in areas without implanted pastures and sugar cane and silage are supplemented
Health management
Mandatory vaccination program by law (aphthous) is done, apart from blackleg and carbuncle (anthrax) Each newborn calf has its navel healed and it is vaccinated against parasites
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
No behavior was observed that prevents the development of forestry and Buffalo livestock in the same area, since the damage to the trees is not significant It was measured no more than 3% of partially peeled trees, as a consequence of animal scratching, with a low commercial impact of them The production of meat, milk and the average of calving are high and in accordance with the normal parameters of the area The grass production is similar to the systems of open plantations with the advantage of having an additional forestry production and a better management of resources, since the damage by water erosion is limited and a prolongation of green pastures is offered during the winter
Compared with cattle, buffaloes have the advantage of being more rustic and better adapted to subtropical climate, besides they are more docile and easier to handle than cattle The rates of pregnancy and calving are higher in buffaloes than cattle, apart from the low incidence of parasites
Trang 8After seven years of experience with buffaloes in Silvopatoral Systems, we can conclude that apart from the advantages of this system as regards the microclimate achieved, the advantages of using buffaloes must be added In these circum-stances, they improve their productivity, reaching 85% calving easily, percentage which is reached in establishments with very good technology in bovine, at higher costs than in buffaloes
This year, a silvopastoral parcel is being installed based on pasture of Brachiaria brizantha and Leucaena leucocephala, to incorporate arboreal leguminosae within the system, as recommended by Agricultural Engineer Enrique Murgueitio Re-strepo from Colombia
Acknowledgements The author wants to thank Agricultural Engineer Ph D Daniel Pavetti, Forestal Engineer Valentín
Kurtz and colleagues of The National Institute of Agricultural and Livestock Technology (INTA) Misiones, for the basic and advanced information in the silvopastoral system of the province, Dr Omar Lestón for introducing me in the breeding
of buffaloes, Agricultural Engineer Enrique Murgueitio Restrepo for presenting a new vision on silvopastoral systems, Agricultural Engineer Eduardo Vanoni for introducing me in the Intensive Rational Grazing and the establishment staff of Estancia del Puerto
REFERENCES
1 Fassola, H; Keller, A; Pachas, N.; Colcombet, L y Lacorte, S 2.005 El Sistema Silvopastoril y la nueva generación empresaria IDIA XXI, Año
5, Nº 8 pag 250 -254.
2 Kurtz, V.; Pavetti, D 2006 Sistemas Foresto Ganaderos con especie de rápido crecimiento (Pinus spp y Eucaliptus grandis) XXI Jornadas
Forestales de Entre Ríos, Concordia Argentina.
3.Colcombet, L; Pachas, N.; Carvallo, A 2009 INTA, EEA Montecarlo, Montecarlo, Misiones, Argentina Evolución de sistemas silvopastoriles de
Pinus elliottii, Brachiaria brizantha y Penisetum purpureum en predios de pequeños productores en el N.E de Misiones Argentina Actas 1º Congreso Nacional de Sistemas Silvopastoriles, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina Pág 239 - 245.
4 Espinel M., Rubén G.; M 2009 CIPAV; Valencia C., Liliana M MVZ, Técnico Privado; Murgueitio R., Enrique MVZ; Director Ejecutivo CIPAV, et al;
Sistemas Silvopastoriles, Establecimiento y Manejo Impresión: Feriva S.A.,Cali, Colombia.
5 Colcombet, L Pachas, A N A., Crechi, E., Keller, A 2006 Experiencia adquirida en establecimientos de parcelas de experimentación
adaptativa de sistemas silvopastoriles Pinus elliottii var Elliottii, Brachiaria brizantha y Penisetum purpureum en predios de pequeños productores del departamento Gral Manuel Belgrano, Misiones, 22 pag.
6 Pachas, A N A.; Pinazo, M A.; Fassola, H E 2009 Relación entre la radiación fotosintética activa que llega al estrato herbáceo y la cobertura
arbórea de Pinus taeda bajo manejo silvopastoril EEA INTA Montecarlo Actas 1º Congreso Nacional de Sistemas Silvopastoriles, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina Pág 266 - 271.
7 Lacorte, S.; Torres, E.; Marzeski, M 2000 Sistema Foresto Ganaderos, INTA, SAGPyA Y PFD Posadas, Misiones, Argentina.
8 Balanda Gómez, A 2003 Pasturas implantadas Brachiaria brizantha en el Noroeste Argentino Revista La Palanca Nº 3, Pag 3 a 7 Año 2003.
La Impresión Posadas Misiones, Argentina.
9 Lanari Vila, C E 2003 Siembra de Pasturas en el Subtrópico Revista La Palanca Nº 1 pag, 3 a 9 y Nº 2 pag 3 a 8 Año Imp La Impresión, Posadas,
Mnes, Argentina
10 Navajas, S.; Fahler, J.; Casanova, D.; Lacorte, S M Pastoreo de pasto elefante cv Panamá, bajo cubierta de un monte de Pinus elliottii, en el
N.E de Corrientes, Revista Yvyraretá, Pag 72 a 78.
11 Zava, M A R 1992 Producción de Búfalos, Orientación Gráfica Editora, Buenos Aries, Argentina.
12 Wilson, 1989 Búfalo, o feio bonito Edit Acaresc Florianópolis Santa Catarina, Brasil
13.Oliveira, A O Manejo do Búfalo, Asoc Sulina de Criadores de Búfalos - ASCRIBU Edit Cía Riograndense de artes gráficas Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil 14.Voisin, A 1967 Productividad de la Hierba Editorial Tecnos S.A., 1967, Madrid, España.
15.Voisin, A 1967 Dinámica de los Pastos Editorial Tecnos S.A., 1967, Madrid, España.
16 Ferreira Romero, N 1994 Alimente seus pastos con seus animais Ed Livraria e Editora Agropecuaria, Guaiba, R.S., Brasil
17 Vanoni, E 1991 Pastoreo racional intensivo Orientación Gráfica Editora S.R.L Buenos Aires, Argentina.Agroecológica para el Tercer Milenio.
Editorial Hemisferio Sur, 2.006, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Trang 9Buffalo Dairy Production in the Latin American
Tropics under Rotational Grazing
Alberto Duhau
Industrial Engineer, MBA Ajduhau@myacc.net October 20 2009
ABSTRACT
This paper summarizes the principal aspects of designing, building and operating dairy stalls and farms for milking water buffalo cows under intensive grazing in the Latin American Tropics The analysis and recommendations are based on the experience of the Bufalinda farm, located in Eastern Venezuela, which started as an intensive grazing project in 1976 for fattening steers Bufalinda currently has 85 rotational pastures with approximately 1500 small paddocks covering a total area of approximately 6000 hectares of which 1000 hectares are dedicated to 1700 dairy water buffalo cows, bulls and heifers Bufalinda operates two 2 x 20 herring bone milking centers, with 500 Hectares of land each for sustaining an 850 cow herd and milking an average of 400 buffalo cows The paper discusses many design and production model aspects that are at the center of the technical debate amongst buffalo dairy farmers in South America as many farmers cling to the old "double purpose" methods for dairy production in which cows are milked without weaning offspring in small dairy stalls of about 100 cows each The paper defends the decision for milking without offspring, recommends stalls of a
"standard" size for milking 400 to 500 cows, recommends feeding strategies and explains in detail how rotational paddocks should be sized and designed The paper describes Bufalinda grazing and supplementary feeding strategy that allows for year round stocking rates of 1.7 buffaloes per hectare It also compares two methods for rotational grazing: the fixed sized and the variable sized paddock systems All recommendations are grounded on clear economic and efficiency criteria and recommendations are of a practical nature
Definitions
• Rotational Paddock (RP): an area of pasture of 30 to 60 has that is grazed rotationally in 8 to 20 minor subdivisions
• Lot: each of the minor subdivisions of a Rotational Paddock
• ycle: total time measured in days for a complete rotation around the RP
• Rotational Frequency (RF): number of days or fraction of days that is spent grazing each Lot
• Herd size: amount of cattle grazing in a RP
• Average Stocking Rate (ASR): amount of head per ha or alternatively amount of kilos of live weight per ha of the Rotational Pasture
• The Bufalinda farm assumes that a lactating Buffalo cow is equivalent to 750 kilos of live weight steer and that a non lactating buffalo cow is equivalent to 600 kilos of live weight steer and calculates stocking rates in Kg per ha
• Instantaneous Stocking Rate (ISR): same concept as mentioned before but the quotient being the area of the Lot and not of the whole RP
• Herd Categories included in the milking herd:
> Breeding Heifers are females in breeding above 280 kilos of live weight Females below this weight are not considered
to be part of the milking herd
Trang 10> Buffalo cows are females that have calved at least once
> Bulls, are active males (above 400 kilos) retained for reproduction purposes only
> Calves are considered to be part of the milking herd only until weaning at about 110 days or 100 kilos if females or not at all if males
• Herd Categories not included in the milking herd:
> Females and males since weaning until breeding age (durimg this phase they are considered part of a beef production herd)
Considerations About The Bufalinda Farm
The Bufalinda farm is located 20 miles south of Maturin city in Eastern Venezuela, where it rains 40 inches (1000 mm) per year distributed in 8 months of rainy season (mid May to mid January) and 4 months of mostly dry season where on average 50 mm of rain fall per month The dry season, although not extremely severe, causes significant restrictions in pasture growth and browning of the pastures during the last two months
The area is composed of low PH (4.5 to 5) flat savannas that alternate from concave to convex, thus retaining some surface water for about two or three months a year during the rainy season The soil composition is varied with stripes of pure sand covering about 15% of total area, bands of sandy loam that cover about 45% of the area and areas of clay-sandy lower lands that cover the remaining 40%
The region was originally used only for extensive cow calf operations and reputed to be of low quality and potential Bufalinda has proved after 30 + years of intensive grazing that it is ideal for high yielding fattening and dairy operations that have in turn significantly improved soil quality
Determining The Size Of The Padocks And Herd
The largest possible size for a water buffalo milking center and herd with a pasture based production model is determined
by the maximum size of the paddocks that can be accessed with stress free walking twice a day by the buffalo cows The rule of thumb developed by the Bufalinda farm is that a square mile (1,6 km x 1,6 km) of flat, non floodable and 100% plant-able terrain has 256 has, or about 240 has of net graze-able land that can sustain under rotational pasture management about 425 milking buffalo cows year round With this design the average walking distance is 800 m each way twice a day, or about 3200 meters per day, distances that can be easily traveled with good transit avenues that are critical for this model to work
The herd size is calculated as follows:
Current Achievable
4 Percentage Buffalo cows being used
as surrogate mothers 20% 10%
5 Percentage of Buffalo cows
under milking: line 3 x (1 - 4) 54% 67.5%
Thus if 400 to 450 buffalo cows are to be milked, the total herd size per category will be:
Current Achievable