PARKINSON’S DISEASE AND RELATED DISORDERS - PART 7 pot

Figure 44 Macroscopic view of the brain in corticobasal degeneration.. Figure 46 Histological sections of cerebral cortex showing swollen corticalneurons in corticobasal degeneration wit

Figure 44 Macroscopic view of the brain in corticobasal degeneration The

leptomeninges have been partially removed to show cortical atrophy involving the posterior frontal and anterior parietal regions

Figure 46 Histological sections of cerebral cortex showing swollen cortical

neurons in corticobasal degeneration with an appearance resembling

chromato-lysis (H & Es)

Figure 45 Histological

sec-tion of cerebral cortex in corticobasal degeneration shows severe gliosis and an achromatic neuron (H & E)

Figure 48 Dorsal (left) and palmar (right) views of dystonic posturing of the left

hand of a patient with corticobasal degeneration In particular, note the ulnar deviation

at the wrist and the abducted posture of the little finger

Figure 47 Histology of cerebral cortex in cortico-basal degeneration shows a putaminal neuron (arrowed) containing a basophilic inclu-sion (H & E)

A B

C

Figure 49 This patient with corticobasal

degener-ation shows ideomotor apraxia of the left hand

When asked to copy three hand postures (A–C,

lower), in each instance, the patient's version was

defective (A–C, upper)

Figure 50 In this patient

with corticobasal degenera-tion, sagittal T1-weighted MRI (upper) shows predomi-nantly posterior frontal and parietal atrophy (arrowed) Coronal T2-weighted MRI (lower) shows that the pari-etal atrophy is asymmetrical

Figure 51 [ F]-fluorodeoxyglucose– PET scan shows reduced metabolism in the left frontoparietal cortex and left striatum in a patient with corticobasal degeneration

Figure 52 Scoliotic posture in a patient

with idiopathic torsion dystonia

Figure 53 Abnormal neck posture in a

patient with idiopathic torsion dystonia

Figure 54 Blepharospasm: Still photograph taken from a videorecording.

The condition proved responsive to botulinum toxin

Figure 55 Abnormal neck

posture in a patient with spasmodic torticollis

Figure 56 Mechanisms of actions of

various botulinum toxins (BTX) Ach, acetylcholine

Figure 57 Dystonic

postur-ing of the hand consequent

to perinatal hypoxia

Figure 58 Dystonic

postur-ing of the foot consequent

to perinatal hypoxia There is inversion of the foot and relative dorsiflexion of the big toe of the patient’s left foot compared with the right

Figure 59 CTs showing focal ischemic

change (black arrows) in the right frontal region with deep extension and dilatation of the right frontal horn (white arrow)