The use of refkexive pronouns 8 doc

She's been Mark is quite tired.. SMALL DECREE weaker MEDIUM DEGREE LARGE DEGREE stronger a little late fairly unusual absolutely sure really ill B Very cold, quite quickly, etc An adver

Laura is a bit tired She's been Mark is quite tired He's been Sarah is very tired She's had to

working all morning working all day work late at the office

An adverb of degree makes the meaning weaker or stronger Here are some more examples

SMALL DECREE (weaker) MEDIUM DEGREE LARGE DEGREE (stronger)

a little late fairly unusual absolutely sure really ill

B Very cold, quite quickly, etc

An adverb of degree (e.g very) goes before an adjective (e.g cold) or an adverb (e.g quickly)

Rita looked rather upset We go on holiday fairly soon

This dress is absolutely marvellous United played extremely well

Before a comparative we can use a bit, a little, a lot, far, much, rather and slightly See also Unit 112B

I'm feeling a lot better today These new trains go much faster

C Really hurting, quite enjoys, etc

Some adverbs of degree can describe a verb

They usually go in mid position (close to the verb — see Unit 113B)

My foot is really hurting Laura quite enjoys shopping I rather like this cake

Some adverbs of degree go at the end ol a sentence when they describe a verb They

are a bit, a little, a lot, awfully, much and terribly

Mark travels a lot I'll open the window a little The animals suffer terribly

Absolutely, completely and totally can go in mid position or at the end We

completely lost our way/We lost our way completely I'm afraid I totally

disagree./I'm afraid I disagree totally

D Much

Now look at these sentences

Positive: I like this town very much, NOT I like this town much

Negative: / don't like this town very much, OR I don't like this town much

In a positive statement we use very much In a negative statement we can use either very much or much

116 More about quite and rather 117 Too and enough

115 Adverbs of degree, e.g very, quite

► (quite hungry or very hungry?) He's quite hungry 3 ……… (quite strong or very strong?)

1 (a bit busy or very busy?) ……… 4 ………… (fairly happy or extremely happy?)

2 (a bit thirsty or really thirsty?)

2 Very, quite and a bit (A)

Put in very, quite or a bit

► The bus service is all right The buses are quite frequent

1 I couldn't sleep because of the awful noise The disco was………… noisy

2 The weather was OK - at least it didn't rain It was good

3 The train was almost on time It was just………… late

4 Someone paid a great deal of money for the house It was………… expensive

5 There were some very small traces of mud on the boots They were………… dirty

6 There was a medium amount of traffic on the road It was……….busy

3 Very cold, really hurting, etc (B-D)

Put the adverbs in the right place Sometimes more than one answer is correct

? These books are old (very) These books are very old

? I hate travelling by air (really) I really hate travelling by air

1 That radio is loud (a bit)

2 1 like my new job (quite)

3 Why don't you slow down (a little)?

4 The rain spoilt our day (completely)

5 We did the job quickly (fairly)

6 I feel better now (a lot)

7 We enjoyed the concert (very much)

8 My arms ached (terribly)

4 Adverbs of degree (A-D)

Complete the advertisement for holiday apartments by choosing the correct words

Why not take this opportunity to buy a wonderful Interlux Timeshare apartment in San Manila? These are (►) a bit/rather/really luxurious apartments set in this (1) absolutely/slightly magnificent seaside resort, a (2) fairly/really beautiful and unspoilt place, which you'll like (3) much/very/very much The apartments are (4) extremely/pretty/quite good value And we are a company with a (5) fairly/quite/very good reputation This is a (6) bit/slightly/totally safe way of investing your money But hurry! People are buying

up the apartments (7) a lot/very/very much quickly

115 Exercises

1 Very, quite, a bit, etc (A)

Write sentences using one of the phrases in brackets

116 Quite and rather

A Quite meaning 'fairly'

Quite usually means 'fairly' or 'a medium amount' (see Unit 115A)

I jeel quite hungry now Repairing the machine is quite difficult

The talk was quite interesting We were quite surprised at the result

(But see D for another meaning of quite.)

B Stress with quite

In speech, whether we stress quite or the adjective makes a difference to the meaning

If we stress quite, it means 'fairly but not very' If we stress the adjective, the meaning is positive The meaning is negative (but not as positive as very)

The exhibition was quite good, but I've seen The exhibition was quite good I enjoyed looking

I get up quite early, but not as early as you do I got up quite early I had a lot of jobs to do

C Quite or rather?

When we make a favourable comment, we usually say quite, not rather

The book was quite interesting It's quite warm now It was quite

nice walking through the park

In unfavourable comments, we usually say rather, but quite is possible The book

was rather boring/quite boring It was rather awkward/quite awkward taking my

suitcase on the underground

Rather in a favourable comment means 'to a surprising or unusual degree' It's

rather warm for October (It isn't usually so warm.) / didn't know David can

cook He's rather good at it I expect Tom's jokes were awful ~ Actually they

were rather funny

We can use rather with a comparative but not quite

The meal took rather longer than we expected

For quite and rather with a/an, see Unit 89B It

was quite an interesting book

D Quite meaning 'completely'

With some adjectives, quite means 'completely' or 'totally'

What you said is quite wrong {= completely wrong) The

idea is quite absurd (= totally absurd) The situation is

quite hopeless

Quite means 'completely' with these adjectives: absurd, alone, amazing, awful, brilliant, certain, dead, different, dreadful, extraordinary, false, hopeless, horrible, impossible, perfect, ridiculous, right, sure, true, useless, wrong

Compare the uses of quite

I'm quite tired (= fairly) I'm quite exhausted (= completely)

The advice was quite useful I got one or two The advice was quite useless It was absolutely

116 Exercises

1 Stress with quite (B)

Which word do we stress, quite or the adjective? Underline the stressed word

? These pens are quite good but not as good as the ones I usually buy

? This book is quite exciting I can't put it down

1 These fashions are quite new but not the very latest thing

2 It's quite late We'd better be going

3 The sums are quite easy I can do them in my head

4 The music was quite good, but I wasn't really impressed

5 The sun is quite bright You'll need your sunglasses

2 Quite or rather? (C)

Put in these adjectives: better, busy, nice, noisy, popular

Use quite or rather with each adjective Sometimes either is possible

Mark: I didn't like that meal very much

Sarah: The soup was (►) quite nice though, wasn't it?

Mark: The food was (1) the last time we came

Sarah: It's (2)……… in here, isn't it? Everyone seems to be shouting

Mark: I wasn't expecting the place to be so full It's (3)……… for a Monday evening Sarah: This restaurant is (4) , you know

3 Quite or rather? (C)

Add a sentence expressing the idea in brackets

Use quite or rather in your sentence Sometimes either is possible

► (It's pleasant by the river.)

Let's walk along by the river It's quite pleasant there

► (You think Nick is aggressive.)

I don't like Nick much I think he's rather aggressive

1 (Changing trains twice is complicated.)

We have to change trains twice

2 (Your car is big.)

I can give you all a lift

3 (The show went on longer than you expected.)

It was a good show, but

4 (You made your decision quickly.)

It wasn't a difficult decision

4 The meanings of quite (A, D)

Does quite mean 'fairly' or 'completely'?

? Try one of these sweets I think they're quite nice = fairly nice

? The driver walked away unhurt It was quite amazing = completely amazing

1 I couldn't agree to the idea It was quite ridiculous =

2 I need some help with this crossword It's quite difficult =

3 That isn't the same thing at all It's quite different =

4 I wasn't expecting to get a postcard I was quite surprised =

5 I bought this guidebook It looks quite useful =

6 Are you sure you want the job? ~ Yes, I'm quite certain =

Too short and not long enough both mean the same thing

B Word order with too and enough

Too goes before an adjective or adverb

Claire doesn't want to marry Henry She thinks he's too old

Zedco are in trouble The company reacted too slowly to the rise in prices

Enough goes after an adjective or adverb

The water isn't hot enough It needs to be boiling, NOT enough hot

You didn't put the screws in tightly enough, NOT enough tightly

Too many, too much and enough go before a noun

No wonder you're tired You've been going to too many parties

Andrew spends too much time working

There'll be fifteen people for coffee Have we got enough cups?

Everything is so expensive Did you bring enough money? We use many with a plural

noun and much with an uncountable noun (see Unit 95A)

Compare these examples with enough

After an adjective: The coffee isn't strong enough

Before a noun: You didn't put enough coffee in

We leave out the noun if the meaning is clear without it

Just add a little water Not too much We'll need fifteen cups Have we got enough?

C Other structures with too and enough

We can use a phrase with for after too or enough

These puzzles are too difficult for children This coat isn't warm enough for winter

Have we got enough cups for everyone?

We can also use a to-infinitive

It's too dangerous to walk home at this time of night

There are too many museums here to visit in a single day

Are you fit enough to run a marathon?

I couldn't get close enough to see properly

Vicky didn't bring enough money to buy two CDs

117 Too and enough

? The sweater is too big 1

? The ruler isn't long enough 2

3 ………

Too and enough (A-B)

Look at what people are saying and complete the sentences Use too, too many, too much or enough with these words: clearly, complicated, difficult, expensive, food, hastily, mistakes, rain, sweet, traffic

? You should have stopped to think first You acted too hastily

? This quiz is rather easy The questions aren't difficult enough

1 Can I have some more sugar in my coffee, please? It isn't

2 I can't afford a new stereo It would be

3 There's a water shortage There just hasn't been

4 I can't read your writing You don't write

5 Try to be more careful, please You're making

6 The roads are very crowded There's simply

7 I can't understand these instructions They're

8 Thousands of people are starving because they can't get

Other structures with too and enough (C)

Comment on the situations Use too or enough and a phrase with jor or a to-infinitive

? A taxi would have been best But you didn't have the money

I didn't have enough money for a taxi

? Sarah can't take a day off She's very busy

Sarah is too busy to take a day off

1 A picnic would be nice But it's wet

2 All your guests will need chairs But you haven't got very many

3 You couldn't carry the equipment You had such a lot

4 Natasha wants to be a professional musician You think she's very good

117 Exercises

1 Too and enough (A-B)

Look at the pictures and write sentences with too and enough

Use these nouns and adjectives: big, gate, long, low, plane, sweater, ruler, warm, water, wide