Đề cương ôn tập thi tốt nghiệp trung học phổ thông môn Tiếng Anh này trình bày các nội dung cần ôn tập sau: các thì cơ bản trong tiếng Anh, câu so sánh, câu bị động, câu thuật lại, câu điều kiện, gerund participles hay infinitives, so... that such... that too... to enough to, mệnh đề cụm từ chỉ lý do, mệnh đề quan hệ, mạo từ, giới từ chỉ nơi chốn, thời gian, động từ tính từ đi với giới từ, ngữ âm, một số câu chức năng giao tiếp cơ bản.
Trang 1ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN TẬP THI TỐT NGHIỆP TRUNG HỌC PHỔ THÔNG
PHẦN 1- CHƯƠNG TRÌNH ÔN TẬP
(Thời lượng dự kiến: 04 tiết/tuần x 8 tuần = 32 tiết)
Phần 1
6 Gerund/ Participles hay Infinitives 2
7 So that/ Such that/ Too to/ Enough to 2
14 Một số câu chức năng giao tiếp cơ bản 2
Trang 2
PHẦN 2- CÁC CHỦ ĐIỂM NGỮ PHÁP
Đây là phần tổng hợp các điểm ngữ pháp cơ bản trong chương trình THPT (lý thuyết)
The Comparisons
TÓM TẮT LÝ THUYẾT
1 Phân biệt các loại tính từ, trạng từ:
Tính từ ngắn vần: Là tính từ chỉ có một vần (long, short, tall, high, big) hoặc có hai vần nhưng tận cùng là –y (happy, crazy, buzy), -ow (narrow), -er (clever) hoặc –le (simple)
Tính từ dài vần: Là tính từ có 2 vần trở lên (handsome, beautiful, interested)
Tính từ bất qui tắc: Là tính từ có hình thức so sánh hơn và nhất của nó khác hoàn toàn với tính từ
ban đầu: good better best, bad worse worst, far farther/further farthest/furthest
Trạng từ ngắn vần: là các trạng từ soon, fast, early, late, far, near
Trạng từ dài vần: là các trạng từ 2 vần trở lên (beautifully, carefully)
Các từ sau đây có thể xem như là tính từ ngắn, nhưng thường được dùng như tính từ dài: quiet,
clever, narrow, shallow, simple, gentle, common, hollow, polite, handsome, wicked, pleasant, cruel, stupid, tired
2 Cách thành lập hình thức so sánh hơn và nhất của tính từ và trạng từ:
Ngắn vần: khi so sánh hơn ta thêm –ER, so sánh nhất ta thêm (the) –EST
Ví dụ: She is taller than I She is the tallest girl in my class
Dài vần: khi so sánh hơn ta thêm MORE , so sánh nhất ta thêm (the) MOST
Ví dụ: She is more studious than I She is the most studious girl in my class
Lưu ý: So sánh nhất của trạng từ không dùng THE
Ví dụ: She came earlier than I She came earliest
She dances beautifully She dances most beautifully
3 Mẫu câu so sánh bằng:
S1 + V + as + adj/adv + as+ S2
Chủ ngữ 1 + động từ + as + tính từ/trạng từ + as + Chủ ngữ 2
My house is as big as yours
He runs as fast as I (do)
4 Mẫu câu so sánh hơn
S + V + more + adj/adv than + S 2
adj-er/ adv-er
My house is bigger than yours
He runs faster than I (do)
5 Mẫu câu so sánh nhất
S + V + the most + adj/adv
the adj-est/ adv-est
Nếu so sánh trạng từ thì ta không thêm THE
His house is the biggest in town (biggest là một tính từ nên có mạo từ THE)
He runs fastest (fastest là một trạng từ nên không có mạo từ THE)
6 Cấu trúc so sánh kép
Mẫu câu càng ngày càng…, mỗi lúc một…
adj-er and adj-er/ adv-er and adv-er The weather is getting hotter and hotter
Trang 3Food is getting more and more expensive
He runs faster and faster
Mẫu câu càng… thì càng…
The + so sánh hơn S + V, the + so sánh hơn S + V
The more exercise he practices, the stronger he feels The more money we spend, the sooner we run out of it
The more carefully she drives, the less accidents she causes
PHẦN BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH
Bài tập tự luận:
Bài tập 1: Chia thể đúng của từ trong ngoặc Có thể dùng hơn 1 từ
E.g The modern car is more expensive than the old one (EXPENSE)
1 My English this term is _ than that of last year (GOOD)
2 Her math result is than her English result (BAD)
3 Detective books are than science fiction ones (INTEREST)
4 Lan is than her sister (LAZY)
5 He feels than last year because his study results are (HAPPY/ GOOD)
6 He is at maths than at any other subjects (GOOD)
7 Phuong can speak English than Minh (FLUENT)
8 Her voice is than her sister‟s (BEAUTY)
9 Her literature result is much than it was last year (GOOD)
10 Cinderrella danced than any other girls at the ball (GRACE)
11 I like geography than biology (GOOD)
12 Chemistry is than physics (EASY)
13 Rabbits run than tortoises (FAST)
14 Nam is bad at art but Minh is even (BAD)
15 Lan is her sister (OLD)
16 She can pronounce English words than she could last term (CORRECT)
17 The country is _than the city (QUIET)
18 In this class, the students are talking than the teacher (LOUD)
19 We shouldn‟t be on any subjects (LAZY)
20 I can learn a subject if I like it and if I don‟t like it (GOOD/ BAD)
21 They are than they used to be (CARE)
22 Wool is _ than cotton (RESILIENT)
23 Russian is _ language of all (DIFFICULT)
24 This book is _ as that one (INTEREST)
25 Walter Scott is than Walter Brooks (FAME)
26 The pears are than the plums (HARD)
27 The roses are than the nasturtiums (BEAUTTY)
28 The tomatoes are as the apples (EXPENSE)
29 My bicycle is than yours (NEW)
30 The front yard is as the back yard (BIG)
31 This map is _ than that one (GOOD)
32 Her report is _ than ours (ACCURATE)
Trang 433 Sarah is the girl in the class (INTELLIGENT)
34 This is the _ book I have ever read (GOOD)
35 That is the _ painting in the museum (VALUE)
36 Yesterday was the day of the year (HOT)
37 My father is as as his father (STRONG)
38 She is than her sister (PRETTY)
39 You are not as as your brother (TALL)
40 That has to be the film I have seen (INTEREST)
41 Which university offers the degree courses? (GOOD)
42 This clown is not so as the other one (FUN)
43 He is the player in the team (BAD)
44 The second half of the play was interesting (LITTLE)
45 What is distance you have ever run? (FAR)
46 Ann is than her sisters (PRETTY)
47 It's than mine (SMALL)
48 Your house is than his (BIG)
49 It's than you think (COMMON)
50 It cost than I thought (LITTLE)
Bài tập 2: Viết lại câu sau cho tương đương về nghĩa với câu đã cho
1 He hasn‟t got as much work to do as I have
He‟s got
2 Her dress is the same as Rita‟s
Her dress isn‟t
3 Nguyen Trai Street isn‟t as long as Tran Hung Dao Street
Nguyen Trai Street doesn‟t have
4 As he comes nearer to the hospital gate, he becomes more nervous
The
5 We sit near to the stage We can see well
The _
Bài tập 3: Viết câu hoàn chỉnh dùng những từ gợi ý
1 The test / not nearly / easy / as / I thought / would /
2 I‟d like / see / Michael Jackson / live / concert / than any / performer
3 Going / train / much / faster / going / car
4 The hotter / weather / getting, the / miserable / I / feel
5 The sooner / you / leave, / earlier / will / your destination
Trang 5Gerund, Infinitives or Participles?
TÓM TẮT LÝ THUYẾT
1 GERUND: là một động từ thêm –ING có chức năng như một danh từ
a Dùng trong các câu lệnh ngắn (không có tân ngữ ): No smoking, No fishing
b Theo sau một giới từ: I am not keen on gambling
c Theo sau các động từ chỉ tình cảm, yêu ghét, bắt đầu, kết thúc cụ thể: admit* 1 , anticipate*, appresiate, avoid, consider*, defer, delay, deny*, detest, dislike, dread, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy*, finish, forgive, imagine*, involve, keep, loathe, mean*, mind, miss, pardon, postpone, practise, prevent, propose*, recollect*, remember*, resent, resist, risk, save, stop, suggest*, understand*
d Sau một sở hữu tính từ : Sorry for my being late
Một số động từ theo sau có thể là Gerund hoặc Tân ngữ/ sở hữu tính từ + Gerund:dislike, gread,
fancy, involve, like, mean, mind Propose, recollect, remember, resent, save, stop, suggest, understand,
approve/ disapprove of, insist on, it’s no good/ use, object to, there’s no point in, what’s the point of
He disliked ( me/my) working late
He resented ( my/me) being promoted before him
2 INFINITIVE
2.1 BARE INFINITIVE: Là một động từ nguyên mẫu không TO
a Dùng trong các câu lệnh (có tân ngữ): Do not touch the wires
b Dùng sau các động từ khuyết thiếu: Would you mind giving me a hand ?
* Lưu ý: Sau USED TO, OUGHT TO, BE GOING TO, BE LIKELY TO, BE TO là Bare Infinitive
Riêng NEED, DARE có thể là Bare hoặc Full infinitive
c Theo sau các động từ chỉ giác quan như see, hear, watch, smell, notice, observe
Did you see him go out ?
d Theo sau các động từ let, make, have
What makes you think you have any talent ?
I will have him repair my car
e Dùng sau các giới từ but, except, than, to ( TO trong Be about to, ought to, used to )
He did nothing else than laugh
There was nothing to do but wait
f Trong cấu trúc nhấn mạnh động từ: Do come in time, She did say that she was unguilty
g Sau các động từ would rather/ sooner (than) và had better
“ You had better start at once,” he said
I’d rather wait till tomorrow
2.2 FULL INFINITIVE: Là một động từ nguyên mẫu có TO
a Theo sau hầu hết các ngoại động từ (decide, agree, promise, manage, fail, hope,, plan, tend, arrange,
hope, refuse, attempt, offer, )
They decided/agreed to divide the profits equally
They decided that the profits should be divided equally
b Theo sau các vấn từ WH- hoặc HOW
I wonder whether to write or phone
She is telling me how to operate the machine
c Theo sau một tính từ và các cấu trúc có liên quan too to, enough to, as as
1 Các động từ có dấu sao (*) theo sau có thể là mệnh đề THAT
Trang 6She is too young to apply for a job now
He was so foolish as to leave his car unlocked
* Lưu ý: Sau REALLY là (To) Infinitive
It would take ages really (to) master this subject
d Sau một danh từ hoặc đại từ để chỉ mục đích (thường dùng để thay thế một mệnh đề quan hệ tính ngữ )
- đặc biệt sau the first, the second, the last, the ony:
I have letters to write
Someone to talk to
There is a lot ( of things ) to be done
He loves parties He is always the first to come and the last to leave
e Dùng trong các cụm động từ giới thiệu hoặc kết thúc:
To be honest, I don’t just like him
I have never met him, to tell the truth
3 PARTICIPLES (PHÂN TỪ)
Về chức năng, Present participle chuyển tải nghĩa năng động (ĐANG) trong khi Past participle chuyển tải nghĩa bị động (ĐƯỢC, BỊ)
a Participle có chức năng như tính từ : Boiling water (nước đang sôi ) ; Boiled water (nước đã đun
sôi)
b Participle kết hợp với BE hoặc HAVE để thành lập các thì tiếp diễn hoặc hoàn thành và cấu trúc bị động
c Present Participle được sử dụng sau go, come, be busy (chỉ các hoạt động thể chất, mua sắm ), spend, waste ( chỉ sự tiêu tốn, lãng phí tiền bạc, thời gian)
They are going riding/ fishing/ skiing
He spends two hours (a day) learning French
She was busy collecting flowers
d Participle dùng để rút gọn một mệnh đề
He rode away He whistled as he went Riding away,He whistled as he went (He rode away
whistling)
e Pariticiple dùng để thay thế (rút gọn) hành động thứ hai khi hành động thứ hai là một phần hoặc kết quả của mệnh đề thứ nhất
He went out, slamming the door
f Dùng để thay thế một mệnh đề phụ (as, since, because )
Knowing that he wouldn’t be able to buy food on his journey, he took large supplies with him = As
he knew that he wouldn’t
Having been bitten twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog up = Because he had been bitten twice,
4 Một số phân biệt (Gerund – Infinitive; Infinitive – Participle; Bare/Full infinitive)
GERUND or INFINITIVE ?
Sự gây nhầm lẫn giữa hai từ loại trên thường được xuất hiện sau một số động từ thường Các động từ gây nhầm lẫn được chia làm 3 loại như sau:
4.1.1 Không thay đổi nghĩa hoặc tạo ra sự đổi nghĩa: Là các động từ begin, start, continue, cease 4.1.2 Tuỳ theo nghĩa của động từ, theo sau sẽ là Gerund hoặc Infinitive: Là các động từ try, mean, propose
Trang 7Động từ Nghĩa Động từ theo sau Ví dụ
TRY Thử Gerund He tried putting wire netting around
Cố gắng Infinitive He tried to do it many times but he failed
MEAN Nghĩa là Gerund Love means forgiving
Có ý định Infinitive I didn’t mean to hurt you
PROPOSE Có ý định Infinitive I propose to start tomorrow
đề nghị Gerund I propose waiting till the police get here
4.1.3 Nếu ám chỉ một hành động đã xảy ra, ta dùng Gerund Nếu ám chỉ một hành động chƣa hoặc
sắp xảy ra, ta dùng Infinitive
I can’t stop him talking to the press (Tôi không thể ngăn anh ta nói chuyện với giới báo chí )
I stopped to ask the way (Tôi dừng lại để hỏi đường)
Các động từ thuộc nhóm này là agree, allow, can/could bear, forget, hate, like, love, prefer, regret, stop
4.1.4 Các động từ này theo sau là Gerund, nhƣng nếu theo sau là một tân ngữ, thì sẽ là Infinitive
They don’t allow smoking here
They don’t allow us to smoke here
Các động từ thuộc nhóm này là advise, allow, permit, recommend, forbid, admit, consider, require
4.1.5 Các động từ theo sau là một Infinitive, nhƣng sẽ là Gerund nếu câu mang nghĩa bị động
I want to meet you as soon as possible
The grass wants cutting (cỏ cần được cắt )
Các động từ thuộc nhóm này là need, require, want, deserve, bear
INFINITIVE or PARTICIPLE?
4.2.1 Trường hợp gây nhầm lẫn giữa hai từ loại nói trên xuất hiện sau các động từ chỉ giác quan như see, hear, feel, smell, listen (to), notice, watch, find, observe
Did you see her leave her house last night ?(Anh có thấy cô ấy rời nhà tối qua không ?
She smelt something burning and saw the smoke rising (Cô ta ngửi thấy mùi gì đang cháy và thấy khói (đang) bốc lên.)
4.2.2 Trong cấu trúc nhờ ai làm gì Động từ theo sau HAVE có 2 trường hợp
I will have him repair my car (To have someone do something )
I will have my car repaired (To have something done)
BARE or FULL INFINITIVE ?
Sau HELP He helped us (to) push it
Khi 2 infinitive được nối với nhau bằng liên từ AND, to ở infinitive thứ hai thường được bỏ đi
I want you to stand beside me and (to) hold the torch
PHẦN BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH
Loại bài tập 1 (Trắc nghiệm khách quan): Chọn từ trong ngoặc
1 I enjoy alone (be/ being/ to be/ to habe been)
2 Would you like to the party? (to come/ come/ coming/ to have come)
3 Do you mind such a long way to work everyday? (to travel/ travel/ to have travelled/
travelling)
4 I don‟t like that house I would rather there (live/ to live/ living/ to have lived)
5 I would love to your wedding but it just isn‟t possible (come/ to come/ coming/ to have
come)
6 Sometimes I‟d like to play the piano (learn/ to learn/ learning/ to have learnt)
7 Please remember this letter (post/ to post/ posting/ to have posted)
8 We tried the fire out but we were unsuccessful We had to call the fire brigade (put/ to put/
putting/ to have put)
Trang 89 When you see John, remember him my regards (to have given/ giving/ give/ to give)
10 Someone must have taken my bag I clearly remember it by the window and now it has gone
(leave/ leaving/ to leave/ to have left)
11 Jane needed some money She tried Harry but he couldn‟t help her (to have asked/ ask/ to
ask/ asking)
12 He tried the shelf but he wasn‟t tall enough (reach/ reaching/ to reach/ to have reached)
13 Did you remember Mary?- Oh no, I completely forgot (to phone/ phone/ to be phoning/ to
have phoned)
14 It‟s very kind of you so (say/ to say/ saying/ to be saying)
15 Please show me how this (do/ to do/ doing/ to have done)
16 One is never too old (learning/ learn/ to have learnt/ to learn)
17 You are old enough out alone (going/ go/ to go/ to have gone)
18 I‟m very glad you (to meet/ meet/ meeting/ to be meeting)
19 It‟s nice you (to know/ know/ knowing/ to be knowing)
20 You have no right my daughter (see/ to see/ seeing/ to have seen)
21 Please tell me what (doing/ do/ to do/ to have done)
22 I forbid you my letter (to read/ read/ reading/ to have read)
23 We stopped hello to her (say/ saying/ to have said/ to say)
24 We came her (help/ to help/ helping/ to have helped)
25 I will invite her my daughter (teach/ to teach/ teaching/ to have taught)
26 I don‟t feel like to the cinema now (going/ go/ to go/ to have gone)
27 It‟s no good video games (play/ to play/ playing/ to have played)
28 It‟s no use with him (work/ to work/ working/ to have worked)
29 It isn‟t worthwhile her (marry/ marrying/ to marry/ to have married)
30 She did nothing but (cry/ crying/ to cry/ to have cried)
Loại bài tập 2 (Tự luận): Chia động từ trong ngoặc sang hình thức đúng:
1 When the painter felt the ladder (begin)(slip), he grabbed the gutter (save) him from (fall)
2 The snow kept (fall) and the workmen grew tired of (try) (keep) the roads clear
3 He offered (lend) me the money I didn‟t like (take) but I had no alternative
4 What was in the letter ? ~ I don‟t know I don‟t like (open) it as it wan‟t addressed to me
5 Do you remember (read) about it ? ~ No, at that time I was too young (read) newspapers
6 Did you remember (book) seats for the theatre tomorrow? ~ Yes, I have tickets here Would you like (keep) them ? I am inclined (lose) theatre tickets
7 Try (avoid) (be) late He hates (be) kept (wait)
8 I didn‟t know how (get) to your house so I stopped (ask) the way
9 I wish my refrigerator would stop (make) that horrible noise You can‟t hear anyone (talk)
10 This book tells you how (win) a game without actually (cheat)
11 The gunman began (fire) He felt a bullet (graze) his cheek
12 He heard the clock (strike) six and knew that it was time for him (get) up
13 I can hear the bell (ring) but nobody seems (be coming) (open) the door
14 Did you advise him (go) to the police ? ~ No, I didn‟t like (give) an advice on such a difficult matter
15 He wanted (put) my chameloen on a tartan rug and (watch) it (change) colour
16 It is easy (see) animals on the road in daylight but sometimes at night it is very difficult (avoid) (hit)
them
17 The fire seems (be) out ~ It can‟t be quite out I can hear the wood (crackle)
18 I caught him (climb) over my wall I asked him (explain) but he refused (say) anything, so in the end I had (let) him (go)
19 When at last I succeeded in (convince) him that I wanted (get) home quickly he put his foot on the accelerator and I felt the car (leap) forward
Trang 920 I‟m not used to (drive) on the left ~ When you see someone else (do) it you‟ll find it quite easy (do)
yourself
Loại bài tập 3 (Tự luận): Viết lại câu sau cho tương đương về nghĩa với câu đã cho
1 I dislike it when people criticize me unfairly
I object _
2 The film star wore dark glasses so that no one could recognize him
The film star avoided _
3 “Stay here! I can‟t let you go out tonight,” her mother said to Jane
Jane‟s mother prevented
4 “You didn‟t pay attention to what I said,” the teacher said to the boy
The teacher accused
5 “You should join the football team, Eric,” said the teacher
The teacher encouraged
Loại bài tập 4 (Tự luận): Viết lại câu sau cho tương đương về nghĩa với câu đã cho
6 Don‟t forget / give / book / back / Joe
7 He / advised / me / not / drink / smoke / much
8 John / congratulated / me / pass / final exam
9 We / looking forward / meet / our children soon
10 Ann suggested / have / barbecue / instead / a fancy dress party
The Passive Voice
Cách thuật lại một câu từ chủ động sang câu bị động:
Câu chủ động phải có đầy đủ các yếu tố: Chủ ngữ + động từ+ tân ngữ thì mới đổi sang câu bị động được
Mẫu câu cơ bản:
Câu chủ động (Active) S+ V + O + phần còn lại của câu
Câu bị động (Passive) S + be + V-pp + phần còn lại + by+ O
Nếu S là They, People, hoặc Some(one/body) thì có thể lược bỏ (tức là by+ O sẽ bị lược bỏ)
S và O (I me, He him, v.v )
Sự biến đổi động từ trong quá trình đổi
IS, ARE, WAS, WERE Tiếp diễn (Hiện tại/ Quá khứ) be+ V-ing Be+ being+ Vpp
Hoàn thành (Hiện tại/ Quá khứ) (have)+ Vpp (have)+ been+ Vpp Have= Have, has, had Khuyết thiếu (Modal) Aux+ V-inf Aux+ BE+ V-pp BE ở dạng nguyên mẫu Perfect Modal Aux + Have+ Vpp Aux + have been + Vpp
Trang 10AUX= can, could, will, would, may, might, shall, should, be going to, be about to, have to, must…
Các mẫu câu cơ bản
People say that he is a liar It is said that he is a liar hoặc He is said to be a liar
Don't bring the dog in Let the dog not be brought in
It's your duty to clean the room You are supposed to clean the room
How long have you learnt English?
How long has English been learnt by you?
BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH
Loại bài tập 1: (Trắc nghiệm khách quan): Chọn A, B, C, hoặc D
1 Tom wrote that letter
A That letter wrote by Tom B That letter was wrote by Tom
C That letter was written by Tom D That letter written by Tom
2 Somebody cleans the room everyday
A Everyday is cleaned the room B The room everyday is cleaned
C The room is cleaned everyday D The room cleaned everyday by somebody
3 They cancelled all flights because of the fog
A Because of the fog was cancelled all flights B All flights because of the fog were cancelled
C All flights was cancelled because of the fog D All flights wwere cancelled because of the fog
4 People don‟t use this road very often
A This road doesn‟t use very often B Very often isn‟t used this road
C This road isn‟t used very often D This road is used very often
5 Somebody accused me of stealing money
A Me was accused of stealing money by somebody
B Me was accused of stealing money
C I was accused of stealing money
D I of stealing money was accused by somebody
6 How do people learn languages?
A How do languages are learned? B How are languages learnt?
B How are people learned languages? D How languages are learnt?
7 People warned us not to go alone
8 Somebody is using the computer at the moment
A The computer is being used at the moment B At the moment is being used the computer
C The computer is used at the moment D The computer at the moment is being used
9 I didn‟t realize that somebody was recording our conversation
A That somebody was recording our conversation wasn‟t realized by me
B I didn‟t realize that our conversation was being recorded
C That our conversation was being recorded wasn‟t realized by me
D All are correct
10 We found that they had cancelled the game
A That they had cancelled the game was found B We found that the game had been cancelled
C That the game had been cancelled was found D All are correct
11 They are building a new highway around the city
A A new highway around the city is built B A new highway is being built around the city
C A new highway is being building around the city D All are correct
12 They have built a new hospital near the airport
A A new hospital near the airport has built B A new hospital has been built near the airport
C Near the airport have been built a new hospital D Near the airport has been built a new hospital