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The Present Continuous is mainly used to express the idea that something is happening at the moment of speaking.. * U SES  Present actions  Temporary actions  Longer actions in progr

Verb forms

English tensesPresent Continuous

* Examples

He is sleeping

I am visiting grandpa in the afternoon

You are always coming late for the meetings!

The Present Continuous is mainly used to express the idea that something is happening at the

moment of speaking The Present Continuous also describes activities generally in progress (this means that they don't have to take place right now) Another use of the tense is to talk about temporary actions or future plans

* U SES

 Present actions

 Temporary actions

 Longer actions in progress

 Future (personal) arrangements and plans

 Tendencies and trends (xu hướng, khuynh hướng và chiều hướng)

 Irritation (sự chọc tức; tình trạng bị làm phát cáu, tình trạng bị chọc tức- phàn nàn)

USE 1: Present Actions

Most often, we use the Present Continuous tense to talk about actions happening at the moment ofspeaking

Examples:

He is eating a dinner.

Mary is talking with her friends

They are swimming in the pool

Stative (State) Verbs

There is a certain group of verbs that usually does not appear in the Continuous form They are called Stative (State) Verbs, and if used in the Continuous form, they have a different meaning.Examples:

I think you look pretty today! meaning: Opinion

I'm thinking of moving to San Francisco! meaning: Act of thinking

USE 2: Temporary Actions

This tense is also used for activities continuing only for a limited period of time

USE 3: Longer Actions in Progress

We also use the Present Continuous when we are in the middle of doing something

time-consuming (i.e something that takes time to complete) An example of such an activity is writing

a book, saving money or studying for an exam

Examples:

-They are working hard to earn money

-I am training to become a professional footballer

-Mike is studying hard to become a doctor.

-Elizabeth is currently writing a children's book titled I am the World.

USE 4: Future (Personal) Arrangements and Plans

Sometimes we use the Present Continuous to show that something is planned and will be done in the near future

Examples:

-I'm meeting Katie in the evening

-He's flying to Rome in September

-We're not going anywhere tomorrow

USE 5: Tendencies and Trends

This tense is also used for expressing tendencies or trends

Examples:

-Our country is getting richer

-The Internet is becoming less of a novelty.

-The Universe is expanding

USE 6: Irritation or Anger

And the last use of this tense is to express irritation or anger over somebody or something in the present with adverbs such as: always, continually or contantly

Examples:

-She is continually complaining about everything!

-Johny is always asking stupid questions!

-My boss is contantly critising me!

Present Simple

* Examples

-John lives in New York

-We play football every day

-You are really kind

-The meeting starts at 3 PM

The Present Simple is the most basic and common tense in the English language Because of its

easy form, it is the best tense to start learning/teaching English tenses It is also an interesting tense because it can express both the present and the future In the below list, there are 7 uses of this tense It's a lot, but don't worry: most of them are easy to understand

*U SE

 Facts, generalizations and universal truths (tổng quát, khái quát)

 Habits and routines

 Permanent situations

 Events that are certain to happen

 Arrangements that we can't change (e.g timetables, official meetings)

 State verbs (e.g be, have, suppose, know)

 Narrations (e.g telling a joke), instructions or commentaries

*Note

Apart from the above uses, this tense is also used in:

Zero Conditional — If it rains, I go play football.

First Conditional — We won't get our pocket money, if we don't pass this exam.

In sentences after when, before, till, after, as soon as ("Before you leave, please take the

keys")

USE 1: Facts, Generalizations and Univeral Truths

We use the Present Simple to talk about universal truths (for example, laws of nature) or things

we believe are, or are not, true It's also use it to generalize about something or somebody

Examples:

-Water boils at 100 degrees Celcius Universal Truths

-It is a big house Facts

-The Earth goes around the Sun Universal Truths, Facts

-Dogs are better than cats Generalization

-Berlin is the capital city of Germany Facts

-The Elephant doesn't fly Facts

-London is the capital city of France Facts (REMEMBER: the sentence does not have to

be true)

USE 2: Habits and Routines

We also used this tense to describe actions that happen frequently For example: habits, routines, tendencies

Examples:

-We leave for work at 7:30 AM every morning Routine

-My husband watches the TV in the evening Habit, Routine

-Susan often meets with her friends after school Habit, Routine

-They usually play football on Sunday Habit, Routine

-Mark rarely visits his sick grandmother Tendency

-Pinocchio usually told lies Tendency

from time to time

every now and then

A few examples how to use them in sentences:

-I always go to church on Sundays

-I never eat anything after 10 PM

USE 3: Pernament Situations

Use the Present Simple to talk about situations in life that last a relatively long time

Examples:

-I live in Boston

-He works as a fireman

-Margaret drives a Volkswagen

-Jerry doesn't teach maths at highschool

USE 4: Events Certain to Happen

Use the Present Simple when an event is certain to happen in the future

Examples:

-My grandmother turns 100 this July.

-Winter starts on 21 December

USE 5: State Verbs

You should use the Present Simple with state verbs

Examples:

-I like swimming

-We know this man

*Note

Some of the verbs used in the simple form can also appear in the continuous form This is

typically when they have an active meaning or emphasize change

Examples:

-I'm thinking of moving to San Francisco

-I'm loving your new hairdo!

USE 6: Future Arrangements

Use the Present Simple to talk about events that we can't change (for example, an official meeting

or a train departure)

Examples:

-The meeting starts at 4 PM

-The train leaves at the noon

-When does the plane take off?

-Jerry doesn't teach maths at high school

USE 7: Narrations, Instructions or commentaries

The Present Simple is also used in narrations (e.g to tell a story or a joke), instructions (e.g cooking) or commentaries (especially sport commentaries)

Examples:

A man goes to visit a friend and is amazed to find him playing chess with his dog He watches the game in astonishment for a while [ ]

FORM

Forming a sentence in the Present Simple is easy To form a declarative sentence, all you need is

the subject of the sentence (e.g I, you, he, a dog) and the verb (e.g be, talk, swim) Questions and

negative sentences are only a little more difficult, because they require an auxiliary verb

Simple Present – Present Progressive

he / she / it is speaking

we are speakingthey are speaking

Exceptions

Exceptions when adding 's' :

For can, may, might, must, do not add s

Example: he can, she may, it must

After o, ch, sh or s, add es

Exceptions when adding 'ing' :

Silent e is dropped (but: does not apply for -ee)

Example: come - comingbut: agree - agreeing

Example: do - he does, wash - she washes

After a consonant, the final consonant y

becomes ie (but: not after a vowel)

Example: worry - he worries

but: play - he plays

After a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled

Example: sit - sitting

After a vowel, the final consonant l is doubled

in British English (but not in American English)

Example: travel - travelling (British English)but: traveling (American English)

Final ie becomes y

Example: lie - lying

 Use

In general or right now?

Do you want to express that something happens in general or that something is happening right now?

in general (regularly, often, never)

Colin plays football every Tuesday

present actions happening one after

another

First Colin plays football, then he watches

TV

right now

Look! Colin is playing football now

also for several actions happening at the same time

Colin is playing football and Anne is watching

nowright nowListen!

Look!

Note: The following verbs are usually only used in Simple Present:

be, have, hear, know, like, love, see, smell, think, want

Timetable / Schedule or arrangement?

Do you want to express that something is arranged for the near future? Or do you refer to a time set by a timetable or schedule?

action set by a timetable or schedule

The film starts at 8 pm arrangement for the near future I am going to the cinema tonight

Daily routine or just for a limited period of time?

Do you want to talk about a daily routine? Or do you want to emphasis that something is only going on for

a limited (rather short) period of time?

daily routine

Bob works in a restaurant only for a limited period of time (does not have to happen directly at the moment of

speaking)

Jenny is working in a restaurant this week

Certain Verbs

The following verbs are usually only used in Simple Present (not in the progressive form)

state: be, cost, fit, mean, suit

Example: We are on holiday

possession: belong, have

Example: Sam has a cat

senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch

Example: He feels the cold

feelings: hate, hope, like, love, prefer, regret, want, wish

Example: Jane loves pizza

brain work: believe, know, think, understand

Example: I believe you

Introductory clauses for direct speech: answer, ask, reply, say

Example: “I am watching TV,“ he says

Present Perfect

*Examples

-I have read this book

-The man has gone away

-John has worked as a teacher for over 25 years.

The Present Perfect is used to express actions that happened at an indefinite time or that began in the past and continue in the present This tense is also used when an activity has an effect on the present moment

*U SE

 Actions which happened at an indefinite (unknown) time before now

 Actions in the past which have an effect on the present moment

 Actions which began in the past and continue in the present

USE 1: Indefinite time before now

Use the Present Perfect to talk about actions that happened at some point in the past It does not matter when exactly they happened

Examples:

-I have already had a breakfast

-He has been to England

Remember

You should not use this tense with time expressions like yesterday, a week ago, last year, etc

USE 2: Effect on the present moment

We also use this tense to when an activity has an effect on the present moment

Examples:

-He has finished his work (so he can now rest)

-I have already eaten the dinner (so I'm not hungry)

-He has had a car accident (that's why he is in the hospital)

USE 3: Continuation in the present

We often use the Present Perfect when we want to emphasize that an event continues in the present

Examples:

- has worked as a teacher for over 25 years.

-Patrick has achieved a lot in his life.

For and Since

Since and For are very common time expressions used with the Present Perfect

We use For with a period of time, for example:

I have lived here for 20 years

When talking about a starting point, we use Since, for example:

I have lived here since 1960

*F ORM

To form a sentence in the Present Perfect, you need:

The proper conjugation of the auxiliary verb "to have"

The Past Participle of your verb

1 Auxiliary Verb "to have"

We conjugate the auxiliary verb "to have" the same way we would conjugate the normal verb "to have"

As you can see, the third person singular is irregular

More examples:

She has never seen my brother

Neither of my brothers has ever driven a truck

2 The Past Participle

The past participle of a verb is a verb form that appears with the perfect tenses The past participlecan be either regular or irregular

The regular verbs are formed by adding -ed to the verb:

Verb Past Participle Learn more

We have already had breakfast (Use 1)

I have bought new shades (Use 2)

I have already been to Paris (Use 1)

John has been a plumber for 2 years (Use 3)

Someone has just taken my bag! (Use 1,2)

Jane has never been so angry (Use 3)

He has been our most serious partner for

so long that I can assure you he's a very

decent man

(Use 3)

Questions

Auxiliary verb

+

Subject

+ Past participle

has/have e.g I/a dogetc. e.g slept/taken/goneetc.

Have you ever seen this program? (Use 1)

Where has she lived for the past 21 years? (Use 3)

Have you found the telephone number? (Use 1,2)

Have you ever been to France? (Use 1)

Has anyone taken my bag? (Use 1,2)

Present perfect continuous

Form of Present Perfect Progressive

I / you / we / they I have been speaking I have not been speaking Have I been speaking?

he / she / it He has been speaking He has not been speaking Has he been speaking?

l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled (in British English) travel – travelling

Use of Present Perfect Progressive

 puts emphasis on the duration or course of an action (not the result)

Example: She has been writing for two hours.

 action that recently stopped or is still going on

Example: I have been living here since 2001.

 finished action that influenced the present

Example: I have been working all afternoon.

Signal Words of Present Perfect Progressive

all day, for 4 years, since 1993, how long?, the whole week

Present Perfect Simple – Present Perfect Progressive

*Form

Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Progressive

irregular verbs: form of 'have' + 3rd column of

irregular verbs

Example:

I / you / we / they have spoken

he / she / it has spoken

regular verbs: form of 'have' + infinitive + ed

Example:

I / you / we / they have worked

he / she / it has worked

form of 'have' + been + verb + ing

Example:

I / you / we / they have been speaking

he / she / it has been speaking

Exceptions

Exceptions when adding 'ed' :

when the final letter is e, only add d

Example:

Exceptions when adding 'ing' :

silent e is dropped (but: does not apply for -ee)

Example: come - coming

final l is always doubled in British English

(not in American English)

but: play - played

aber: agree - agreeingafter a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant

is doubled Example: sit - sitting

after a vowel, the final consonant l is doubled in

British English (but not in American English) Example: travel - travelling

Do you want to express what has happened so far or how long an action has been going on yet?

Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Progressive

Result (what / how much / how often)

I have written 5 letters / I have been to

London twice

Duration (how long)

I have been writing for an hour

 Certain verbs

The following verbs are usually only used in Present Perfect Simple (not in the progressive form)

state: be, have (for possession only)

Example: We have been on holiday for two weeks

senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch

Example: He has touched the painting

brain work: believe, know, think, understand

Example: I have known him for 3 years

 Emphasis on completion or duration?

Do you want to emphasise the completion of an action or its continuous course (how has somebody spent his time)?

Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Progressive

Emphasis on completion

I have done my homework (Meaning: My

homework is completed now.)

Emphasis on duration

I have been doing my homework (Meaning:

That's how I have spent my time It does not matter whether the homework is completed now.)

 Result or side effect?

Do you want to express that a completed action led to a desired result or that the action had an unwanted side effect?

Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Progressive

desired result

I have washed the car (Result: The car is

clean now.)

unwanted side effect

Why are you so wet? - I have been washing the

car (side effect: I became wet when I was

washing the car It does not matter whether the car is clean now.)

 Time + negation: last time or beginning of an action?

In negative sentences: Do you want to express how much time has past since the last time the action took place or since the beginning of the action?

Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Progressive

since the last time

I haven't played that game for years

(Meaning: It's years ago that I last played that

game.)

since the beginning

I haven't been playing that game for an hour,

only for 10 minutes (Meaning: It's not even an

hour ago that I started to play that game.)

 Permanent or temporary?

If an action is still going on and we want to express that it is a permanent situation, we would usually use the Present Perfect Simple For temporary situations, we would prefer the Present Perfect Progressive This is not a rule, however, only a tendency

Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Progressive

permanent

James has lived in this town for 10 years

(Meaning: He is a permanent resident of this

town.)

temporary

James has been living here for a year

(Meaning: This situation is only temporary Maybe he is an exchange student and only here for one or two years.)

Simple Past (Past Simple)

The simple past expresses an action in the past taking place once, never, several times It can also

be used for actions taking place one after another or in the middle of another action

Form of Simple Past

Positive Negative Question

no differences I spoke I did not speak Did I speak?

For irregular verbs, use the past form (see list of irregular verbs, 2nd column) For regular verbs, just add “ed”

Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ‘ed’

Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Example

after a final e only add d love – loved

final consonant after a short, stressed vowel

or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled

admit – admittedtravel – travelled

final y after a consonant becomes i hurry – hurried