This research presents an attempt to assess the energy recovery potential from the Municipal Solid Waste MSW landfill, targeting at gas recovery and gas utilization, in mitigating metha
Trang 1J Sci Dev 2009, 7 (Eng.Iss.1): 70 - 78 HA NOI UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE
70
Energy recovery potential from landfill and
environmental evaluation of landfill gas power
generation system
at nam son landfill, Vietnam
Tiềm năng thu hồi năng lượng từ bãi rác và đánh giá lợi ích môi trường
của hệ thống phát điện sử dụng khí từ bãi rác tại bãi rác Nam Sơn, Việt Nam
Pham Chau Thuy 1 , Sohei Shimada 2
1
Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Natural Resource and Environment,
Hanoi Agricultural University, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi 2
Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, Institute of Environmental Studies, The University of
Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, JAPAN
TÓM TẮT Khí từ bãi rác là nguồn năng lượng xanh, sạch, có thể tái tạo được và có thể sử dụng để tạo ra điện, hay sử dụng trong công nghiệp năng lượng Bài báo này đánh giá tiềm năng thu hồi năng lượng
từ khí bãi chôn lấp chất thải rắn đô thị, mục đích làm giảm lượng phát thải methan nói riêng và giảm phát thải khí nhà kính nói chung Ngoài ra, bài báo cung cấp cách sử dụng mô hình đánh giá lượng khí methan tạo ra từ bãi chôn lấp chất thải rắn đô thị và tiềm năng tạo ra năng lượng từ khí đã thu hồi Đặc biệt, bài báo sử dụng phương pháp đánh giá vòng đời để đánh giá việc giảm phát thải khí nhà kính của hệ thống phát điện sử dụng khí từ bãi rác Kết quả nghiên cứu chỉ ra rằng, bãi rác Nam Sơn
là một bãi rác có tiềm năng lương lượng lớn cần thu hồi và sử dụng, góp phần đáng kể vào việc làm giảm phát thải khí nhà kính, hướng tới sự phát triển bền vững Bài báo cung cấp một cách nhìn mới
về công nghệ năng lượng sử dụng khí từ bãi rác cho Viêt Nam: hệ thống phát điên sử dụng động cơ khí và tuabin khí Kết quả còn chỉ ra rằng, hệ thống phát điện bằng động cơ khí tỏ ra hiệu quả hơn về lợi ích về môi trường so với hệ thống phát điện bằng tuabin khí Hệ thống này có thể ứng dụng cho bãi rác Nam Sơn và ứng dụng cho các bãi rác khác của Việt Nam trong tương lai
Từ khóa: Đánh giá vòng đời, giảm phát thải khí nhà kính, khí từ bãi rác, mô hình phát thải khí
bãi rác
SUMMARY Landfill gas (LFG), a green, clean, and renewable energy source can be used for electricity generation or fuel industries This research presents an attempt to assess the energy recovery potential from the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) landfill, targeting at gas recovery and gas utilization,
in mitigating methane emission in particular and green house gas (GHG) emission in general Our research provides the using of landfill gas emission model (LFGEM) to quantify the methane generation volume for MSW landfill We then evaluate of energy generation potential from recovered gas Especially, this research conducted the Life Cycle Inventory to evaluate GHG emission mitigation
of power generation system using LFG The results show that the methane gas flow at Nam Son landfill can provide a considerable energy potential LFG recovery and utilization could contribute remarkable to GHG emission mitigation, toward to sustainability The research supplies a new vision
of energy technology from LFG for Viet Nam: Gas Engine and Gas Turbine The research found that Gas Engine is more attractive in term of environmental benefit, which can be applied primarily for Nam Son landfill and continue applied for other landfill in Vietnam for the future
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Key words: Green House Gas emission mitigation, landfill gas, landfill gas emission model, life cycle Inventory
1 INTRODUCTION
Climbing LFG is considered as the largest
anthropogenic emission source in the developed
countries and also as a considerable emission
source in developing countries up to now Landfill
gas (LFG) is produced from anaerobic
biodegradable decomposition of organic content
of landfilled waste Release of LFG is one of the
dangerous contaminations due to high methane
content contributing to GHG emission and global
warming Hence, collecting LFG and using it not
only to avoid the pollution and explosion, but also
can get attractive benefits The main mechanism
for reducing future methane emission from landfill
sites is the use of engineered sites and the
collection and utilization of LFG
There are several ways to utilize LFG The
most prevalent use is converting LFG to electricity
for utilization Power generation is advantageous
because it produces a valuable end product -
electricity – from waste LFG recovery and
converting to electricity is optimum solution for
environmental burdens decrease by CH4 emission
mitigation from landfills, a large emission source
from human’s activities Hence, the purpose of this
study is to make an attempt to assess the energy
recovery potential from LFG and utilize it, targeting
at gas recovery and gas utilization, in mitigating
methane emission in particular and GHG emission in
general
For initial assessment, an estimate of landfill
gas quantity is all needed to estimate power
potential, which is necessary for LFG power
generation design This research presents the method
with the combination of using theoretical model and
experimental research to estimate LFG quantity in
more accurate Then energy recovery potential from
LFG continuing is estimated
Several good conversion technologies exist for
generating power from LFG – Internal combustion
engine (Gas Engine), combustion Turbine (Gas
Turbine) and steam turbine Steam turbine is
applicable in very large landfill Other technology is
fuel cell However, this application is too expensive
This research considers on Gas Engine (GE) and Gas
Turbine (GT) in converting LFG to electricity Use
of Life Cycle Inventory will analyzed attractive in
term of environmental advantages obtained from power generation plant
Viet Nam has carried out a number of studies and project relevant landfill gas recovery and power generation, for example: project of Landfill gas capture and power generation in Dong Thanh and in
Go Cat landfill Landfilling is the common way for Municipal Solid Waste treatment in Viet Nam There are a lot of landfills in Vietnam with high capacity which are not considered in landfill gas capture and power generation The research approaches a new vision of LFG technology, which is necessary in environmental protection and sustainability development for Viet Nam in particular and for the world in general
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Case study- Nam Son landfill
Nam Son (NS) landfill is the biggest landfill in Hanoi city, with the largest area (83.5 ha) compared
to other landfills opened in Hanoi It is the important site, which is active now and prospect of use is in a long time (it will be closed in 2020) With a large area and high capacity, NS landfill receives 1850 tons of solid waste per day today and more in the future The waste volume is expected to be 12 million tons when landfill close Gas migration in
NS landfill has made serious consideration to the government The question to them is how to collect landfill gas and how to use it with the aim of getting advantages including environmental pollution reduction and economic yield
2.2 Materials and methods
The first method used in this study is investigation at field and gas measurement The data obtained from this method includes: characteristic and structure of the landfill, quantity and composition of waste disposed at NS landfill daily, local weather condition and other relevant characteristics around the landfill Gas measurement includes sampling landfill gas and analyzing the samples, which focused on methane and carbon dioxide concentration determination Using vacuum pump and Tedlar bag carried out
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72
LFG sampling GC-FID and GC-TCD machine
analyze gas samples
The continuing method in this study is using
landfill gas emission model (LFGEM) to estimate
landfill gas emission and energy recovery potential
at NS landfill There are several ways used to
evaluate the theoretical production of methane from
MSW landfill This study uses the theoretical
model for evaluating of LFG emission The model
is based on the first order decay equation, which
can be run by site-specific data for parameters need
to estimate emission If the data is not available, the
method will use default value sets included in
landfill Site-specific data in this study is
determined by on-site testing and through IPCC
guideline
For the sites with known (or estimated)
year-to-year solid waste acceptance rates, the model
estimate LFG generation rate for given year using
the following equation:
n
kt
i 1
Where:
M
Q = Maximum expected generation flow
rate of methane for Mi tons of solid waste
(m3/year)
n
i 1
= Sum from opening year + 1 (i=1)
through year of projection (n)
k = methane generation rate constant (1/year)
Lo = methane generation potential (m3/t)
Mi = mass of solid waste disposed in the ith
year (ton)
ti = age of the waste disposed in the ith year
(years)
The life cycle inventory of power plant was
considered in four lifecycle phases, namely,
upstream LFG, construction, operation, and
decommissioning Upstream landfill gas includes
waste collection, transportation and operation of
landfill The construction phase considered both of
LFG collection system and power plant construction
In the decommissioning phase, demolition of power
plant, material recycling and material reusing was included within the system boundary LFG recovery and utilization of it is optimum solution for environmental burdensdecrease by CO2 and CH4 emission mitigation from landfills, a large emission source from human’s activities The aim of this method is to evaluate environmental impacts associate to the whole life cycle of LFG energy conversion systems This method is important in accounting of GHG emission mitigation from utilization of recovered LFG
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Determining site-specific input of NS landfill
3.1.1 Determining the concentration of LFG in Nam Son landfill
To define the concentration of landfill gas, total 9 samples were taken in the different cells and locations and analyzed on GC machine Using of vacuum pump and Tedlar bag carried out LFG sampling Microclimate factors including temperature, moisture, and wind velocity were measured also The samples were analyzed on GC-FID or GC-TCD in laboratory LFG analyzing focuses on the measurement of methane and carbon dioxide concentration
By volume, LFG typically contains 45% - 65% methane and 40-60% carbon dioxide The rate and volume of LFG produced at a specific site depends
on characteristic of waste (waste composition and age of refuse) and a number of environmental factors (present of oxygen in the landfill, moisture content and temperature) Typically, the more organic waste present in the landfill, the more landfill gas produces Waste component in NS landfill was described in Fig 1 The results of sample analysis are shown in Table 1 These results are not so different due to a stable component of waste and the time of refuse of each cell The result of analyzing samples is around 50% of CH4 in LFG (53% CH4 concentration in average level)
51.9
0.5 6.1 0.9
papers plastic leather, rubber, wo od textile
glass stone, clay,percelain metal
fine fraction
31.9
51.9
0.6.
1 0.5
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Figure 1 Composition of Municipal Solid Waste Table 1 Results of LFG sample analysis at NS landfill
Microclimate
Location of
(0C)
Moisture
(%)
Wind velocity
(m/s)
CH 4
(%)
CO 2
(%)
Cell 1
Cell 3
Cell 4B
Table 2 Input parameters used in calculation of Lo
Input parameters Category
3.1.2 Determining methane generation potential of
waste disposed at NS landfill (Lo)
This data was defined through IPCC guidelines
IPCC guidelines presented that Lo correspond
to MCF x DOC x DOCd x 16/12 x F
Where:
MCF = methane correction factor (= 1 with
well managed landfill, supposing that
MCF of NS landfill is 1)
DOC = fraction of degradable organic carbon
DOCd = fraction DOC dissimilate
F = fraction of CH4 in landfill gas
Defining of DOC and DOCd was carried out
depending on waste component, calculated by
IPCC guideline also DOC = 0.4 (A) + 0.17(B) +
0.15 (C) + 0.3 (D), where A: percentage of paper
and textile; B: percentage of garden waste, park
waste and other non-food organic putrescible
waste; C: percentage of food waste; D: percentage
of wood or straw Apply datum from analyzed
sample of waste in Nam Son landfill, the
percentage of DOC is 26.6%
DOCd is calculated based on the theoretical
model that the variation depends on the temperature
of anaerobic zones of the landfill
DOCd= 0.014 x T + 0.28 Where: T is temperature
This factor may vary from 0.42 for 100C to 0.98 for 500C In fact, in many deep landfills (>20m), temperatures of more than 500C have been registered in gas streams from highly productive gas wells (thus clearly anaerobic) In the Nam Son landfill, the height of site now is 18 m Expected height in the future is 30m In this case, assumption
of average temperature of anaerobic zone is 400C, therefore DOCd = 0.84 Taking account the value
of methane concentration in landfill gas F, fraction
of degradable organic content DOC and dissimilate fraction of degradable organic content DOCd, Lo is calculated in the Table 2
Lo calculated in NS landfill is suitable with range of Lo in IPCC guidelines and also suitable with two set of default value used in US-EPA standards
3.1.3 Methane generation rate constant k
As mentioned above, k is a parameter to reflect the LFG emission rate The k relates to waste component, landfill condition and local weather Commonly, if easy-digest organic waste has a higher proportion, landfill is under the
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warmer climate condition, and waste has a
reasonable press by compactor, the k will be larger,
waste easy to digest; the time of digestion will be
shorter In converse, if the waste has a lower
proportion of easy-digest organic waste, landfill is
under the colder climate condition, waste has an
un-well press, k will be smaller, waste difficult to
digest, and time of digestion will be longer For a
landfill, the k can be obtained via site test for
accurate calculation In this study, a k value was
suggested depending on the consideration to the
climate condition at Nam Son landfill, landfill
design, landfill condition, and reference of other
default k values K = 0.04 is assumed for using in
estimation of landfill gas in Nam Son landfill
3.2 Estimation of methane emission at NS landfill
This study used Landfill gas emission model
(LFGEM) to evaluate methane emission from
landfill This model was be run by site - specific
data supplied by above calculation With the
methane concentration of 53% in LFG, methane
generation potential Lo of 158 m3 CH4 per ton of
waste, and the methane generation rate constant
k of 0.04, landfill gas emission model calculates
the methane emission for NS landfill and
presents the development of methane emission
with the time
Figure 2 shows the change of methane
emission at NS landfill with time Methane
emission from landfill decreases according to the
exponential curve after reaching peak gas
production The results show Nam Son landfill has
been exposed with an abundant volume of
methane Maximum of methane emission occurs
at the time of closed landfill operation It takes
account for 60 million m3 at 2020 approximately
Minimum of emission is 2.3 millions m3 of
methane at the second year of landfill operation
(2000) Suppose that gas collection efficiency of recovery system is 70%, maximum of methane collected will be 42 millions m3 These results will
be used to estimate energy recovery potential of
NS landfill, which can be useful for good design
of power generation plant in energy recovery orientation
3.3 Energy recovery potential of NS landfill
Methane has a high calorific potential considered as ideal energy source (39700 MJ/m3) Estimation of energy recovery potential from LFG
is useful for good designing power capacity of plant Figure 3 shows the possible ways for using recovered gas and energy generation potential attaining from recovered gas
Energy generation potential in Nam Son landfill can be started to exploit in 2006 for power generation At this time, methane flow can support enough for power generation with a minimum capacity of 6MW The lifetime of power plant is projected for 20 year In the case of LFG flow excess the design capacity of generator, the gas redundancy should be treated and sale for nearby site Other incentive is burning excess gas in purpose of environmental pollution mitigation only The designed capacity for LFG power generation system at Nam Son landfill further depends on the energy consumption requirement in Nam Son commune The electricity capacity of 6MW could provide enough for the resident’s consumption need located nearby Nam Son area In the Nam Son landfill, there will have compost processing plant, incineration plant and plant for industrial waste treatment in the future Therefore, recovered gas can be also supplied for waste treatment units located on site as a replacement of energy power or supplementary fuel
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Tim e (ye ar)
Lo=158,k=0.04
LFG emission curve by the waste filled in a year (for Mi tons of waste)
Total methane emission volume in a year
(for
n
i
Mi
1
tons of
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0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
Time(year)
Sale medium Btu LFG
Power generation
Sale medium Btu LFG or LFG burning
Figure 3 Energy recovery potential from LFG at Nam Son landfill
3.4 Life Cycle Inventory of LFG power
generation system
28%
Landfill gas
Gas Engine Gas Turbine
Annual electricity generation:42,048 MW 37.7%
20 years
Total life cycle electricity outputs: 840,960 MW
Steam Turbine
Applicable in very large landfill
Figure 4 Outline of Nam Son Landfill gas power generation system
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76
3.4.1 Options to be compared for LFG conversion
systems
Due to high landfill gas generation potential of
Nam Son landfill, the most appropriate use for
landfill gas is as a fuel for power generation
Several good conversion technologies exist for
generating power: Internal Combustion Engines,
Combustion Turbine, and Boiler/Steam Turbine
Among them, both Gas Turbine and Gas Engine are
capable used in the Nam Son landfill, where landfill gas volumes are sufficient to generate a minimum of 3 to 4 MW The comparison should be done between 3 units of GE with a 2MW capacity
of each and 1 unit of GT with a 6MW capacity The next section will analyze and compare energy consumption and emission each system The electricity can be used on-site to displace purchased electricity or be sold to a nearby electricity user
Table 3 Summary of energy consumption and CO2 emission in whole lifecycle of GE power plant
(kcal/kWh)
CO 2 emission (kg/kWh)
E.C (%)
CO 2 emission (%)
Table 4 Summary of energy consumption and CO 2 emission in lifecycle of G.T power plant
(kcal/kWh)
CO 2 emission (kg/kWh)
E.C (%)
CO 2 emission (%)
3.4.2 Life cycle energy use and CO 2 emission of Gas
Engine power generation system
The results were attained from analytical
accounting of the matter and energy flux, which
can enter or go out of system The energy per
functional unit (kcal/kWh) was calculated from the
life cycle energy use and total electricity generation
during the entire lifetime of power plant
The results in Table 3 show that the
energy-intensive phase is operational phase Operational
phase consumed 2307.7 kcal/kWh while total
thermal energy consumption for lifecycle of system
is 2385.8 kcal/kWh (accounting for 96.7% of total
energy consumption (EC) of system) The negative
value in decommissioning phase shows that energy
can be saved from reusing of materials The primary source of used energy was traced back to estimate the CO2 emission then GHG emission evaluation The result presents the emission in operational phase contributed 95.3% of total emission from whole life cycle of system It can be recorded that most of EC and emission occurs on the operational phase of GE power generation system using LFG
3.4.3 Life cycle energy use and CO 2 emission of Gas Turbine power generation system
Calculating of LCI energy used and GHG emission of G.T system was carried out similar to GE system The results once more demonstrates that energy consumption and GHG emission of LFG power generation system concentrated mainly on operational
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phase Gas Turbine has a high compression
requirement, but lower lubricating oil consumption than
Gas Engine The results in Table 4 shows that energy
consumption is accounted for 97.67% and CO2
emission is 96.69% in operational phase of GT system,
slightly higher than that of GE system
3.4.4 Comparison of energy consumption and GHG
emission between G.E and G.T power
generation system
G.T power generation system using LFG consumed energy and emitted CO2 much more than that of GE system The different of them shows in Table 5 Although the difference of each phase, Gas Turbine power plant presents energy consumption and also CO2 emission is higher than that of Gas Engine power plant The reason for this mainly is efficiency of G.T (27%) is lower than that of G.E (37.7%) This estimation is important in comparison of GHG emission mitigation obtained from each of LFG power generation alternative
Table 5 Comparison between Gas Engine power plant and Gas Turbine power plant
Thermal energy consumption
(%)
CO 2 emission (%) Phase
(kg/kWh)
3337.2 (kg/kWh)
0.538 (kcal/kWh)
0.759 (kg/kWh)
3.4.5 Green House Gas (GHG) emission mitigation
attained from LFG power generation system
GHG emission mitigation obtained from
installation of LFG power generation system is
evaluated from total emission reduction by methane
combustion, CO2 emission from whole life cycle of
electricity production (as calculated in previous
section), and CO2 emission offset for electricity
production Because methane emission is a global
climate change agent with 23 times the negative
impact of CO2
Hence:
GHG emission mitigation from whole life
cycle of Gas Engine power plant is:
-[(1*22-5695*0.538/1000)+5695*0.5/1000]*28.88*365*20
= - 4.6 million tons (CO2 equivalent)
= - 2.35 billion m3 (CO2 equivalent)
Where:
1*22 is CO2 mitigation from 1 ton CH4
combustion
5696*0.538/1000 is CO2 emission from whole
life cycle of LFG power generation system by
combustion of 1ton methane
5695*0.5/1000 is CO2 emission offset for
electricity production
GHG emission mitigation from whole life cycle of Gas Turbine power plant is:
-[(1*22-4283*0.759/1000)+4283*0.5/1000]*28.88*365*20
= - 4.4 million tons (CO2 equivalent) = - 2.24 billion m3 (CO2 equivalent) Negative sign indicates the net positive reduction of CO2 emissionusing power generation system
Both Gas Engine and Gas Turbine contribute remarkable to GHG emission mitigation The results indicate that Gas Engine power generation plant was considered more friendly environmental than Gas Turbine system In the consideration of environmental benefits, Gas Engine system appears more attractively than Gas Turbine Gas Engine power generation system could be an ideal style insuring sustainable development for converting LFG to electricity for Nam Son landfill
4 CONCLUSION
By using of LFGEM, the study found the methane gas flow at Nam Son landfill could provide a considerable potential that has many options to be used as a source of energy, where
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78
LFG electricity generation option is most
preferable Both of GE and GT contribute
remarkable to GHG emission mitigation
Comparison between two LFG power generation
systems with the same capacity, the analysis shows
that the Gas Turbine power generation system
presents a higher thermal energy consumption and
also higher GHG emission However, considering
in whole life cycle, G.E contributes to GHG
emission mitigation more remarkably than that of
G.T system Gas Engine system should be used for
converting LFG to electricity in the consideration
both of environment protection and economic
interest Gas Engine power generation system could
be an ideal style in LFG management orientating to
sustainable development of society
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to acknowledge the help
provided by Ha Noi Urban Environment
Company (URENCO) and Ha Noi Department of
Science, Technology and Environment in
fieldwork testing
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