Chương 13 Vốn con người, phân biệt đối xử và công đoàn pot

Chapter 13Human capital, discrimination and trade unions David Begg, Stanley Fischer and Rudiger Dornbusch, Economics, 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2000 Power Point presentation by Peter S

Chapter 13

Human capital, discrimination and trade unions

David Begg, Stanley Fischer and Rudiger Dornbusch, Economics,

6th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2000 Power Point presentation by Peter Smith

Hourly earnings in the UK 1998

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

£.p

Manual Nonmanl

Men Women

■ In both manual and non-manual

occupations, men are seen to earn more than women.

■ Does this mean there is

discrimination?

Sources of differential pay

■ Education and training

■ Job experience

Human capital

■ The stock of expertise accumulated

by a worker

■ It is valued for its income-earning

potential in the future

■ A form of investment

Age-earnings profiles

■ Age-earnings profiles show how typical earnings vary with age and educational

qualifications

differential

increase with age

No formal qualifications

A-level or equivalent University degree

or equivalent

■ Worker organizations designed to affect pay and working conditions

■ A closed shop

– an agreement that all the firm's workers will

be members of a trade union.

■ A trade union may raise wages by

restricting labour supply

Trade unions

Unions in the labour market

W 0

With no union, the industry faces a horizontal labour supply curve at the wage W 0 .

Given industry demand for labour DD, equilibrium

is at E 0 .

D

D

E 0

N

By restricting labour supply to N 1 , the union can increase wage to W 1

N

W 1

The differential is larger for any given reduction in industry

employment, the more inelastic

■ Women and non-whites on average

receive lower incomes than white males

■ women and non-whites are

concentrated in relatively unskilled jobs with fewer opportunities for promotion

■ This need not reflect blatant sexism or racism by employers

■ It may reflect:

young workers reach the labour market

money spent in training such workers

■ Only if we allow for all these effects can

we show discrimination in the labour

market.