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Dictionary of Travel, Tourism and Hospitality... this important contribution to the literature of the world’s biggest industry.’ Tourism Management ‘His dictionary will, I predict, be an

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Dictionary of Travel, Tourism and Hospitality

By the same author

Britain – Workshop or Service Centre to the World? The British Hotel and Catering Industry

The Business of Hotels (with H Ingram)

Europeans on Holiday Higher Education and Research in Tourism in Western Europe Historical Development of Tourism (with A.J Burkart)

Holiday Surveys Examined The Management of Tourism (with A.J Burkart eds)

Managing Tourism (ed.)

A Manual of Hotel Reception (with J.R.S Beavis)

Paying Guests Profile of the Hotel and Catering Industry (with D.W Airey) Tourism and Hospitality in the 21st Century (with A Lockwood eds)

Tourism and Productivity Tourism Council of the South Pacific Corporate Plan

Tourism Employment in Wales Tourism: Past, Present and Future (with A.J Burkart) Trends in Tourism: World Experience and England’s Prospects

Trends in World Tourism Understanding Tourism Your Manpower (with J Denton)

Dictionary of Travel, Tourism and Hospitality

S Medlik

Third edition

OXFORD AMSTERDAM BOSTON LONDON NEW YORK PARIS

SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO

The right of S Medlik to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in

accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988

No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by

electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some

other use of this publication) without the written permission of the

copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright,

Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the

Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London,

England W1T 4LP Applications for the copyright holder’s written

permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed

to the publishers

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

ISBN 0 7506 5650 6

Printed and bound in Great BritainComposition by Scribe Design, Gillingham, Kent, UK

For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications

visit our website at www.bh.com

Biographical Dictionary: Who Was Who 221

Comments on earlier editions

‘An authoritative new resource deserving a place on many

bookshelves.’

Travel & Tourism Programme News

‘ this important contribution to the literature of the world’s

biggest industry.’

Tourism Management

‘His dictionary will, I predict, be an essential reference book on theshelves of all tourism teaching academics, and for many of theirstudents it will be that invaluable support at critical moments ofconfusion and uncertainty Professor Medlik’s unique Dictionary is

very simply a good buy ’

Tourism, The Bulletin of the Tourism Society

‘ it will become a very useful source of reference for the industry

for years to come.’

Hotel, Catering & Institutional Management Association

‘Excellent compendium for all tourism students.’

Swansea Institute of Higher Education

‘ it will provide a real service for the industry.’

University of Nevada, Las Vegas

‘This book is recommended to those in the fields of travel, tourismand hospitality throughout the world, including those who perceivedictionaries as dull things This one is certainly not.’

Annals of Tourism Research

‘ an exceptional dictionary of current terms used in travel, tourismand hospitality besides being an excellent authority on tourismterms today, browsing this dictionary is a treat.’

Journal of Travel Research

‘Easy to read, well expressed, extensive, accurate.’

British Hospitality Association

‘It fills a real need we will certainly recommend it to students onour business and operational management programmes.’

Hotel & Catering Training Company

‘When I use a word’, Humpty Dumpty said in

a rather scornful tone, ‘it means just what I

choose it to mean – neither more nor less.’

‘The question is’, said Alice, ‘whether you

can make words mean different things.’

‘The question is’, said Humpty Dumpty,

‘which is to be the master – that’s all.’

Lewis Carroll, Alice in Wonderland

Of the three broad related fields covered by

this volume, travel is the most common

activ-ity for most people It includes any journey

from one place to another, over short or long

distances; to, from and as part of one’s work,

during leisure and for any purpose; using any

mode of transport by air, land or sea Those

who travel are tourists, but also commuters,

diplomats, migrants, nomads, refugees, as well

as other travellers All tourism includes some

travel but not all travel is tourism

For most people tourism has a connotation

of leisure travel and tends to be synonymous

with holidays (vacations) This is also reflected

in dictionaries, which commonly refer to

tourism as travel for pleasure By contrast,

tourist boards and others concerned with the

development, marketing and coordination of

tourism in their countries tend to take a

broader view; for them tourism means travel

for most purposes, with such exceptions as

travel to work, to migrate and as part of local

and neighbourhood activities Between these

ends of the spectrum lies business usage, the

language of those who earn their living from

serving the tourists; most of them see tourism

in terms of the products they sell and the

markets they serve Academics are not a

homogenous breed, and between them

proba-bly cover the whole spectrum

Travel for pleasure with an overnight stay

appears to be the lowest common denominator

of most perceptions of this activity However,

the final test of any definition cannot be its

apparent harmony with its usage in everyday

speech or, for that matter, that the definition is

confined to what nobody would exclude.Moreover, most accepted definitions gobeyond the concept of tourism as a leisure orholiday activity According to the WorldTourism Organization (WTO), tourismcomprises ‘the activities of persons travelling

to and staying in places outside their usualenvironment for leisure, business and otherpurposes’ The view taken in this Dictionary isthat conceptually tourism denotes a temporaryshort-term movement of people to destinationsoutside their normal environment and theiractivities; within this broad concept ‘technical’definitions are formulated for particularpurposes, to include or exclude particular tripsand visits, mainly by reference to purpose,time and distance criteria

Hospitality, too, is used by different people

in different ways Common usage of the term

is reflected in dictionaries as, for example, ‘theact or practice of being hospitable; the recep-tion and entertainment of guests or strangers

with liberality and goodwill’ [The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary] In more recent years

a particular use of the term has becomeevident, which denotes hospitality that is theconcern of the hospitality industry, alsosometimes referred to as ‘commercial’ or

‘professional’ hospitality: the provision ofaccommodation, food and drink for peopleaway from home for reward This is broadly inline with the concept and practice of travel andtourism in this volume, which indicates thescope of the book in this direction

This book was conceived in the early 1990s

to provide first and foremost clear explanations

of the meaning of the commonly used wordsand phrases in travel, tourism and hospitalityfor those concerned with these fields in oneway or another This aim seemed to bereinforced by an increasing need for a commonlanguage in which, as in other walks of life, thesame words mean the same things when theaccuracy of expression matters, as well as bythe apparent need to promote a greater under-

Preface

viii

standing of what travel, tourism and

hospital-ity are about

This revised and expanded edition includes

more than 4000 entries The major part

explains terms, acronyms and abbreviations

Other sections describe some 300 international

and national organizations, profile 100

outstanding individuals connected in some

way with travel, tourism and hospitality, and

give key data for well over 200 countries

What is included in the Dictionary of Terms

was selected from words used in the study of

these fields, by those who work in them and

by those who take part in them as consumers

The selection process reflects for whom the

book is intended First, it is for academics, who

are the main propagators and communicators

of definitions, and for students, their principal

audiences; as lecturers appear to follow

increasingly their own paths rather than

particular texts, this volume may also be used

by students as a flexible textbook Second, it is

for those employed in a wide range of travel,

tourism and hospitality businesses and

organi-zations who may need a ready source of

refer-ence in their work Third, it should also be of

interest to a still wider audience – the

travellers, tourists and guests – who are the

focus and the raison d’être of it all – and who

may be excused for finding it sometimes

diffi-cult to understand some of the language to

which they are exposed

For the most part the Dictionary consists of

terms of three main types First, terms drawn

from economics, geography and other

disci-plines, mainly social sciences Second, many

terms stem from particular industries and

occupations, especially passenger transport,

hotel and catering services, tour operations and

travel agencies Third, the study and practice

of travel, tourism and hospitality comprises

planning and development, marketing and

organization, each with its own terminology

The Dictionary includes many business

terms, which cover various arrangements

between parties, documents and techniques,

but generally stops short of basic accounting,

computing and statistical terminology, with

which users may be expected to be familiar or

which they may need to seek elsewhere

Common words in ordinary everyday use are

included only if they have a specialized or

more specific meaning in travel, tourism and

hospitality than elsewhere, or if it was thought

that it might be helpful to have them explained

for other reasons Dictionary entries extendbeyond basic definitions to include furtherexplanations, when considered appropriate,and extensive cross-referencing (indicated inbold type)

Where the lexicographer’s task is the tial recording of usage, however illogical itmay be, the province of a technical dictionary

impar-is the selection and definition of terms withsuch ends in view as contributing to moreeffective communication and promotinggreater uniformity in terminology This,especially when combined with explanationsbeyond basic definitions, also offers an oppor-tunity of enhancing the understanding of thesubject area

Various types of organizations ranging fromtourist boards to trade unions are explained inthe Dictionary of Terms and international andnational organizations are listed with concisedescriptions in the separate sections thatfollow; the latter cover Australia and NewZealand, North America, United Kingdom andIreland For other national bodies readers arereferred to sources in particular countries.Individuals connected with travel, tourism andhospitality represent a new section in thisedition, and the biographies offered areconfined to those no longer alive Countryentries show areas, populations, capitals andcurrencies, as well as country and currencycodes and political status

The bibliography lists sources used andother known dictionaries, which providedideas on the approach adopted in this volume,and their contribution is gratefully acknow-ledged But generally, the definitions, explana-tions and descriptions are the author’s and hiscontributors’ Hence, when information isreproduced from the only source of that infor-mation, the source is given, but not when it isavailable from a number of sources

Several approaches are employed out to cross-referencing First, terms repre-sented by separate entries, when referred to

through-elsewhere, are printed in bold type, the main

exceptions being such frequently used terms astravel, tourism and hospitality Second, at theend of many entries, the words ‘see’ and ‘seealso’ indicate clarifying or complementaryentries included elsewhere Third, in order tofacilitate locating related terms, certain genericwords are used as headings for a list of terms;

thus, for example, an entry headed airport terms gives cross-references to all entries

ix

concerned with airports A complete list of

these generic terms is given on page 2

An early idea to produce a book of this kind

came from a friend and former colleague at the

University of Surrey, John Burkart, after some

joint authorship in the 1970s, and this book

owes much to that stimulus and association A

particular appreciation is due to a number of

people who supplied information, commented

on drafts of entries in their fields of expertise,

suggested additional entries or contributed

definitions of their own Those who influenced

this or earlier editions in one or more ways

included:

David Airey, Professor of Tourism

Management, University of Surrey; Thomas

Bauer, Senior Lecturer, Victoria University of

Technology, Melbourne; Lester Borley, lecturer

and consultant; Nicola Burrows, Assistant

Publisher, OAG Worldwide; the late Terry

Coppock, Professor Emeritus, University of

Edinburgh; Catherine Doran, Market Research

and Planning, Irish Tourist Board; Douglas

Frechtling, Professor of Tourism Studies,

George Washington University; RebeccaHawkins, author and consultant; DavidJeffries, author and consultant; Brian King,Professor, Victoria University of Technology,Melbourne; Elaine Leek, freelance editor;Victor Middleton, Consultant and VisitingProfessor; Philip Ogilvie, George WashingtonUniversity; Ivan Polunin, Research Fellow,Nanyang Technological University, Singapore;Trevor Ward, Managing Director, TRIHospitality Consulting, London; StephenWheatcroft, Director, Aviation and TourismInternational, London; John Yacoumis, consul-tant; more than 50 users of earlier editions.The end product owes again much toMargie Ward, whose word processor producedthe final copy and the disk from which thebook was typeset

It is hoped that this volume will serve theneeds of its users as well as earlier editionsappear to have done Suggestions for additionsand other improvements for future editions arewelcome and should be addressed to theauthor, care of the publishers

S Medlik Guildford 2002

1

Dictionary

of Terms

List of generic terms page

holidays (vacations) forms, terms, types 85

DICTIONARY OF TERMS

3

à la carte menu A menu providing a choice

of items, each of which is priced separately See

also bill of fare; table d’hôte menu.

Abacus One of the main computer

reserva-tion systems (CRS) serving the Asian and

Pacific region, established 1987 to include All

Nippon Airways, Cathay Pacific, China

Airlines, Malaysia Airlines, Philippine Airlines,

Royal Brunei and Singapore Airlines as

princi-pal shareholders, with a partnership

agree-ment with the Amadeus and Worldspan

systems See also Fantasia.

abaft A nautical term denoting stern half of

ship

ABC Islands Term used to describe the

islands of Aruba, Bonaire and Curacao off the

north coast of South America

abeam A nautical term denoting on a line at

right-angles to the ship’s or aircraft’s length,

i.e., at right-angles to the direction of travel

aboard On, in or into ship, train, aircraft or

another vehicle

abonnement Rail ticket available on the

Continentof Europe, which allows unlimited

travel within a specified area for a specific

period of time See also rail passes.

aborigine/aboriginal One of the original

inhabitants of an area or a descendant of one,

term used to describe, e.g., a member of the

indigenous race of Australia as opposed to a

colonist Abo is a derogatory abbreviation.

abort To cancel an aircraft take off in progress.

above-the-line advertising Term used to

describe advertising for which a commission

is normally payable by the media to

advertis-ing agencies operating on behalf of clients.

The media included are the press, television,radio, cinema and posters Thus, broadlyspeaking, above-the-line advertising expendi-ture is usually the responsibility of the agency

Sometimes called media advertising See also

below-the-line advertising

aboyeur French term for kitchen clerk who

calls out orders from waiters to chefs and

keeps the waiters’ written orders arranged bytables

absorption Term used particularly in airtransport in connection with joint fares when a

carrier accepts (i.e., absorbs) for its part of a

joint fare the difference between a regular fare

and a lower fare as a result of computing ajoint fare

ABTA Bonding Scheme Bonding scheme

operated by the UK Association of British Travel Agents (ABTA) , which requires all firms

to put up a bond as a condition of membership.The scheme covers products and servicesprovided by ABTA members For example, in

the case of ABTA tour operator failure, while on holiday (vacation) the holidaymaker will berescued; if the holiday has not been started, anymoney held by the ABTA tour operator or

travel agent will be returned See bonding schemes (UK)for other schemes

ABTOT Bonding Scheme Bondingscheme

of the Association of Bonded TravelOrganisers’ Trust Ltd operated by Travel andGeneral Insurance Company, which covers allmoney paid to travel organizers by holiday-

makers in the UK See bonding schemes (UK)

for other schemes

Acapulco Document Outcome of a meeting

convened in 1982 by the World Tourism Organizationin Acapulco, Mexico, to imple-

ment the aims agreed by the Manila Declaration

A

4

accessibility The ease of approach of a

location from other locations, one of the

prime factors which, together with its

attrac-tions and amenities (the three As), determine

how important an area may be as a tourism

destination In tourism, accessibility is a

function of distance from centres of

popula-tion, which constitute tourist markets, and of

external transport, which enables a

destina-tion to be reached It is measured in terms of

distance travelled, the time taken or the cost

involved

acclimatization The process by which living

organisms, including human beings, become

accustomed to a new climate, i.e., one different

from their normal environment Tourists vary

in their ability to acclimatize, according, i.a., to

their age, gender, body build and ethnic

origin

accommodation

(a) See tourism accommodation

(b) See acculturation

accommodation address Address used for

receiving mail and messages, which is not the

real address where a person lives or a business

is located

accommodation classification (Australia)

Prepared by the Australian Bureau of Statistics

(ABS), Standard Classification of Visitor

Accommodation (SCOVA) defines the full range

of accommodation types, largely for the

purpose of statistical measurement

accompanied/unaccompanied baggage

Accompanied baggage is carried in the same

vehicle as the passenger (and may be checked

or unchecked baggage); unaccompanied

baggage is carried separately as cargo In order

to avoid excess baggage rates, it is sometimes

cheaper for passengers to send some of their

baggage as unaccompanied baggage For

example, airlines normally carry such baggage

at 50 per cent of cargo rates, which is often less

than half the rate charged for excess baggage,

but this is subject to particular airline and

customsregulations

accompaniment Small helping of food

served with a dish, e.g., chutney with curry,

horseradish sauce with roast beef, red currant

jelly with venison

accompanying person A person who

accompanies a registered delegate to a ence, who does not normally attend thebusiness programme but may attend the socialprogramme or a special programme foraccompanying persons

confer-accreditation

(a) Appointment or authorization to act as,

e.g., a hotel representative by a hotel company , or a travel agent by a tour operator or by a shipping conference See also agency appointment.

(b) Acknowledgement of competence or level

of training received by individuals, firms and establishments or institutions.

acculturation A sociological term used todescribe the process and the results of interac-tion between different cultures The processmay involve direct contact or, e.g., exposure

through mass media As a result, one or both

cultures are affected by assimilating new ways,

as occurs, e.g., between visitors and resident host communitiesthrough travel and tourism.Acculturation is also sometimes described as

accommodation or assimilation, particularly

when referring to interaction between and

integration of immigrant or ethnic groups into

receiving resident communities

acid rain Rain contaminated by chemicals,mainly sulphur and nitrogen oxides, released

into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels,

especially from coal-burning industrial plantsand power stations Acid rain is the cause ofsuch environmental problems as degeneration of

coniferous forest, the pollution of rivers and

lakes and a destruction of fish and other wildlife,and damage to monuments and exteriors ofbuildings Many affected areas to be found invarious parts of Europe and in the north-easternUnited States are of tourism significance

ACORN Acronym for A Classification of Residential Neighbourhoods, a socio-economic

segmentation system by type of residential

area in which consumers live based on Census

of Populationdata It is of particular value in

market and opinion surveys and target marketing Also known as a geo-demographic segmentation (population type by location).

ACP States African, Caribbean, Pacificindependent countries, which were signatories