Handbook Of Shaft Alignment Episode 3 Part 8 pps

Record the information on the balance analyzer, type of vibration sensor used, vibration engineering units, and phase angle measuring device used.. Single plane balancing procedure Recor

Appendix J

Alignment Internet Web Sites

781

Appendix K

Single Plane Balancing

Single plane balancing procedure

American Electric Co

PH 125S-446784250

Balanced by Name

Enter all the information on the machine being balanced, then press ‘OK’

Machine Information

Gather some information on the type of machine

your are going to be balancing as shown below If you

ever need to balance this machine again, you can go

back and review all of this information to reduce the

amount of time required for re-balancing

1

Record the information on the balance analyzer,

type of vibration sensor used, vibration engineering

units, and phase angle measuring device used This is

critical information for future balance runs

2

783

Single planeapplications

Select the closest rotor configuration forthe sunchronous mortor you're trying to balance

Centered thin rotor

To operate this window

Centered multi-disk

Overhung wide rotor

Centered wide rotor

OK

Rigid rotor types

Usually, single plane balancing can be performed onthe types of rotors shown inside the dashed box below

The other rotor types shown below could be single planebalanced but usually require two plane balancing

3

Single plane balancing procedure

Record the information on the placement/location ofthe vibration sensor and the phase angle measuringdevice This is critical information for future balanceruns

4

Enter the vibration & 1/rev sensor postions, the viewing

Gather some information on the rotor weight, thenormal operating speed of the rotor, and where you aregoing to be installing the trial and/or correctionweights This is critical information for calculating theright amount of trial weight so you get a good responsewithout damaging the machine trying to balance it

5

Enter the date to determine the optimum trial weight.

Single plane balancing procedure

“Original” unbalanced runvibration amplitude andphase angle data

Operate the rotor at the balancing speed, and withyour analyzer filter tuned to the rotating speed ofthe rotor (i.e., 1 x RPM) Proceed to measure andrecord the original unbalance amplitude and phasedata This will be called the “Original” or “O” vector

6

Stop the rotor and add a trial weight to the part The trial weight should produce a force equal to 10% of the static weight of the rotor on one bearing Record the amount ofthe trial weight (in ounces or grams) and the distance from the centerline of rotation (in inches or centimeters) Insurethat the trial weight is firmly attached to the rotor

where:

Trial weight = ounces in English system or grams in metric system

F = 10% of the static rotor weight (pounds in English system or

kilograms in Metric system)

R = radius of the trial weight from the centerline of rotation (inches in

English system or centimeters in Metric system)

N = rotor speed/1000 (RPM/1000)

K = 1.77 (English system) or 0.011 (Metric system)

Trial weight =

K x R x N2F

Weight Amount Angular Location

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330

Stop the machine and install a trial weight on the rotor.

To operate this window

7

Single plane balancing procedure

Restart the machine and operate the rotor at thebalancing speed Observe and record the new unbalanceamplitude and phase data This will be called the “original plus trial weight” vector (O + T).

“Trial Weight” run vibration amplitude and phase angle data

0 30 60

tach

90

120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330

+

vibs

TW

OK

To operate this window

Re-start the machine with the trial weight on the rotor.

8

Single plane balancing procedure

On a sheet of polar graph paper, plot the “original run vector ” (calledthe “O” vector, the “original plus trial weight vector” (called the “O + T”

vector) Construct the “trial weight effect” vector (aka the “T” vector)

by connecting the ends of the “original” and “trial weight” vectors The

“T” vector should point from the “O” vector to the “O + T” vector

9

20304050

*Notice that theangular shift fromthe “O” vector to the

“O + T” vector was acounterclockwiseshift.Therefore,the correctionweight should beplaced inaclockwisedirection from itstrial weight position (57 + 90 = 147)

“T” vector0.59 ips at 57⬚

57o

“O + T” vector0.8 ips at 30⬚

“O” vector0.5 ips at 120⬚

Single plane balancing procedure

Using a protractor, measure the included angle between the “O”

and “T” vectors This will be called the “correction” angle

Mark the spot where the trial weight is located and remove the trialweight Install the correction weight at an angular amount equal to the

“correction” angle from the point where the trial weight was located but

in a direction opposite of the phase shift from the “O” vector to the

“O + T” vector Make sure the correction weight is installed at the sameradius from the centerline of rotation as the trial weight

14 In the future, if you place the vibration and phase angle sensors in

the same place, all you need do is measure and record the amplitude

and phase angle data, plot it on a new piece of graph paper as the “O + T”

vector along with the “O” vecor, draw a new “T” vector, plug it into the

correction weight formula above and you have the new correction weight

you need Good luck and great balancing!

Correction weight = trial weight × “original” vector amplitude

“trial weight effect” vector amplitude

Weight Amount Angular Location

0 30 60 90

120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330

+ CW

The trial weight must be removed and the above weight should be added at the angular location shown.

“Correction Weight” Information

Measure the length of the “trial weight effect” vector and use theformula to determine the correct balance weight needed10

11

12

Run the rotor again and record the vibration and phase angle data

If everything went OK, the rotor should now be balanced If additional

“ trim balancing” is required,use this latest amplitude and phase data

as a new “O + T” vector and plot it on a new polar graph paper alongwith the original “O” vector Draw a new “T ” vector and re-calculate thenew correction weight Repeat as often as necessary

13

Single plane balancing procedure

adhesive backed targets 511

adjusting belt tension 595–596

air gap clearance problems 703

air gap measurements 703–705

aligning bent shafts 8, 201

aligning two hollow cylinders 622–626

aligning vertically oriented rotating

for 3 bearing machines 703–705

for barrels and cylinders 622

for vertical generators 707–719

of multiple element drive

allowable lateral restrictions 321allowable movement envelope 334–337, 565allowable movement map 304

alternating current electric generator 702anchor bolts 102–103, 109–111, 114, 118, 126protecting 112–113

angular measurementsdefinition of 343angular misalignment 342antifriction bearings 296API Spec 686 118arcsecond 341, 626artificial face surface 385–387asymmetrical bracket 363axial distance 297axial float 376, 379axial flow compressor 481, 673axial movement 155, 376axial position 186, 296axial spacing 296–297axial spacing for a gear coupling 298B

backside face readings 462balance 144

in gear coupling 140–150balancing 23, 424

balancing rotors 19ball mill drive 563Ball–Rod–Tubing connector system 476, 531, 545barrel alignment 619–622

baseline data 19basement floor 334–335baseplates 89–91, 98–100, 109–110, 129cast 92, 109–110, 128

checking 313distortion of 94, 99, 118, 126

791

baseplate restriction point 334 –335

basic alignment models 321–323

belt tension gauge 595–596

belt wear indicator 594

using Double Radial method 679

bore sighting targets 622–623

cement 104 –105centrifugal pumps 674, 674, 691–692alignment considerations for 674 –678chainfalls 133, 306, 706

chain couplings 140charge-coupled device 244, 316chiller 698, 702

chiller compressor 698, 702Christmas tree brackets 269clutch 20, 489, 719

coefficients of thermal expansion 477– 478coincidence level calibration test, aka PegTest 234, 509

collimate 647collineardefinition of 344comealongs 306compensated readings 268compensate for axial movementduring alignment 376compressor 472compressors 701–702alignment considerations for 698–701concrete 104–105

compressive strength 98, 104 –105curing 99, 104 –105

time to cure 291vibrators 99Condition Based Maintenance 35–37cone of runout 714

cone orbit diameter

in vertical generators 714continuous lube oil system

in gears 719converting vibration units 45cooling tower fan drive 722–724alignment considerations for 727coordinate optical micrometer 622coplanar

definition of 639–641corrective moves 319, 332–333, 425, 586coupling 153, 344

flexing points 345–347, 722–723maximum misalignment tolerance 137–138couplings

continuous oil feed 163design criteria 138–139disk=diaphragm 75, 147elastomeric 156–158, 164flexible & rigid 137–139, 591history of 137

hydraulically installed 172–173

thermal expansion for installation 169

thermal or hydraulic expansion 172–174

desired off-line positions 315, 476

desired off-line shaft positions 540–548

dial indicator 134, 180–181, 187–188, 205, 212

basic operation of 180

inventor of 744, 751

dial indicator manufacturer pricing,

specifications, and features 284 –285

Double Dial method 353

Double Radial Method 389–395, 679

for bore alignment 620–622

Double Radial method

for vertical pumps 391–392

Double Radial Method mathematics 392

Double Radial shoot for dial indicator

readings 548

dowel pin 490dowel pins 721–722downward movement envelope 334dredge drive shaft 188

drive shaft 197, 397–398, 406–407drive train 48, 324, 341–345, 588–590droop

in jackshaft 707drop-in puller devices 307–309dual beam–dual detector 412–413, 416, 418dual scaling 406, 582

dual spirit level 248dynamic forces 37–39, 194E

eccentricity 194, 200–201edge contact 203elastic bending of shafts 52, 252–253elastomeric coupling

excessive wear 193–194electric generatorsalignment considerations for 702–705early history 742, 744

electric inside micrometer 709–710, 714electric motors 186

alignment considerations for 668–670electromagnetic forces 668

electromagnetic spectrum 238–239, 244early history 739

electronic and electo-optical Shaft AlignmentSystems 411–426

Emerson Process Management system 418energy loss due to misalignment 78English System

origins of 737estimated time to failure 5–6exciter 563

extruder 619extruder alignment 226–227F

Face–Face method 321, 405–410mathematics 407

Face–Face shoot for dial indicator readings 548face–peripheral method 369, 377

Face–Rim mathematics 376Face and Rim Method 369–387Face and Rim modeling 376–385Face–Rim shoot for dial indicator readings 548face runout 598–599, 714

fansalignment considerations for 692–697fan blade to shroud clearances 693Faraday, Michael 742

considerations during installation 94,

foot plane compensators 217

gear tooth clearances 140, 164

tilt & pivot positions 146

shrinkage 110thermal reaction 104time to cure 291voids 109groutingmethods 105–109H

Hamar systems 420–421high spots 682–683, 713–714hollow feet 210

horsepowerhistory of 739hot alignment measurements 473–474hot and cold alignment 345

hot operating alignmentalignment modeling 548–560hot operating position 541–542hydraulic clutches 719

hydraulic jacks 306hydraulic or mechanical shearfor fabricating shims 301hydroelectric generatorsalignment considerations for 707–708I

inchorigins of 737inclinometer 481, 487Indikon 538–539inertia block 103–104, 179, 291infrared radiation

categories 479–481infrared thermographic equipment479–481

infrared thermography 71–77, 670infrared thermometer 477inside micrometer 166, 481–489installing new machinery 291–292instrumented coupling system 477, 438, 439instrumented coupling systems 538–539intentional centerline offset 405interferometer 243–244inventor of 744internal combustion enginesalignment considerations for 673–674internal machinery clearances

modeling=graphing of 324–325internal rubs

due to rotor distortion 677–678

laser alignment systems

used on multiple element drive 420

for V-belts & sheaves 613–618

laser bore alignment systems 625, 638

lasers–detectors 252, 416

laser-detector OL2R mounts 526–527

laser-detector systems for OL2R 522–531

laser shaft alignment 20, 412, 421, 523

laser shaft alignment measurement system 220,

laser system software comparison chart 449–468

lateral movement boundaries 586

lateral movement envelope 336

lateral movement restrictions

335–337, 548, 577

lateral offset 303

lathe

using one for checking sag 269

leaf spring couplings 154

Leonardo da Vinci 737

leveldefinition of 341history of 739leveling 118, 126soleplates 342leveling optical instruments 499–501levelness

guidelines 501lifting jackscrews 304light diffraction 241light emitting diode 235, 238light source

for optical alignment 124, 641linear variable differential transformers 233–235line shafts 342

Line to Points Reverse Indicator modeling

568, 575–576lip seals 192load ranges of typical soils 90low spots 598

MMAC10 system 411–412Machinery Alignment Plotting Board 385, 387machinery positioners 307

machinery positioning basics 296machine case thermal expansion 28, 30,

476, 477, 541machinist level 95, 100magnetic base holders 228, 500, 512magnetic center 138, 186, 296, 668maintenance philosophies 35, 181mass 39–41, 45, 70, 98, 101–102,

104 –105, 730, 739maximum misalignment deviationdetermining 339

finding 449maximum offset 346measurement errorswith coupling engaged 252measurement tools

electronic 220–243mechanical 220, 224 –225, 238mechanical packing 190leakage of 189–190mechanical seals 190, 202, 677metal ribbon couplings 151meter

origins of 737Metric System 220origins of 737metrology 244

MG sets 563, 703Michelson interferometer 244

Misalignment Tolerance Guide 138, 346–347

modeling the Double Radial Method 393

modeling the Face–Face Method 284–286

modeling the Shaft to Coupling Spool

alignment considerations for 472, 667

motor generator set 350, 565

NEMA foot pad specifications 293

NEMA motor frame sizes 300

nozzle loads 671

O

off-line to running conditions 16, 20, 98

typical machinery where this is likely to

occur 324

off-line to running machinery movement 26, 43,

78, 99, 405, 471, 473, 530, 748, 750surveys 43

off-line to running movement 430, 438offset aligning rotating machinery shafts 548OL2R 473

OL2R measurementscategories of 474OL2R movement

in the axial direction 489OPTALIGN 422–423, 435–436, 450, 452–454optical alignment 27–28, 30, 99, 220, 226, 477,

451, 456, 463, 641, 651early history 124, 128–129, 739for OL2R measurements 476, 499, 512–513,540–541

of hollow cylinders 638optical alignment tooling 27, 28, 30, 220, 226optical encoder 17, 27, 220, 235, 238, 313, 316,320–321, 411, 437, 468, 750

optical horizontal measurements, aka wavingscales 513–514

optical micrometer 226, 228, 231–232, 234, 500,506–507, 509, 513, 622, 624, 629–632, 638optical parallax 229, 502

optical scale target 114, 118, 124, 228–229, 232,

500, 505, 507, 512–514, 644, 660optical tooling level 227, 499, 504overlay line 319, 325, 333–339, 354, 383, 448, 453,

457, 464, 530–532, 548, 554, 567, 577–578,

697, 699, 704 –705P

packing gland 190, 691paper machine 342parallel alignment 639partial arc mathematics 225partial rotation of shaftsalignment trick 726–727peel away shims 216peg test 229, 234, 501, 509, 512–513pentaprism 414, 651–652

Permalign system 525, 530permanent floor target 519, 648permanent jackscrews 307perpendicularity checksfor rabbeted fits 691Peterson Alignment Tools Co systems 277phase angle 41–42, 47, 51

photodiodes 235, 238, 240–243, 411, 412–414,

422, 429, 431, 433, 435, 437, 441, 529, 617,

625, 638, 651–652, 660basic operation of 238photonics 238