Handbook Of Shaft Alignment Episode 3 Part 7 ppt

Shaft alignment informationReverse indicator Face–peripheral Shaft to coupling spool Double radial Face–face Laser LVDT Prox probe Other “Desired” dial indicator readings No bracket sag

1990—Malcolm Murray files U.S patent for vernier-strobe method used to measure off-line to running machinery movement data.

1991—Dieter Busch files U.S patent for laser–detector–prism system used to measure off-line to running machinery movement data Paul Saunders files U.S patent for electronic shaft alignment system utilizing optical encoder.

There you have it A brief run through the last 6000 years of human existence, illustrating the engineering triumphs during periods of unparalleled growth in science and technology interspersed with periods of dismal ignorance In many cases, it is not clear who actually

‘‘invented’’ certain methods and devices.

The vast majority of U.S patents for aligning and leveling machinery filed from 1860 to

1946 fell into the following categories:

1123

12

FIGURE 22.17 Callahan’s shaft alignment device, 1953.

17 Drivingshaft 49347

52

43 3

FIGURE 22.18 Bently’s shaft alignment device, 1974.

. Use of spirit=dumpy levels to set the positions of shafts in line with each other

. Centering devices for work pieces on lathes

. Use of a tight wire for alignment of engine cylinder bores

The technology of shaft alignment as we recognize it today, really did not emerge until the 1940s and 1950s followed by a flurry of patent activity that persists to the present day Between 1860 and 1950, only 11 U.S patents were filed relating to measuring off-line shaft centerline positions, the majority of which exclusively dealt with aligning and leveling line shafts typically used in the paper industry Over 60 years had passed since John Logan patented the dial indicator before Joseph Christian actually filed a patent using this device for alignment of rotating machinery shafts.

However, this does not necessarily mean that shaft alignment was not performed on rotating machinery during the early part of the Industrial Revolution As we have seen throughout history, several methods and devices had been in existence for long periods of time before legal patent documents were filed claiming their originality Regrettably, the true inventors of these mechanisms and procedures will probably never be known.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abbott, D (1986) Engineers & Inventors, Peter Bedrick Books Inc., New York.

Amelio, G.F et al (1970) Experimental verification of the charge-coupled device concept Bell Syst Tech J., 49, 593–600.

Brotherton, M (1964) Masers and Lasers, McGraw Hill Book Co., New York.

Boyle, W.S and Smith, G.E (1970) Charge-coupled semiconductor devices Bell Syst Tech J., 49, 587–593.

66 Centuries of Measurement, Sheffield Corporation, Dayton, OH, 1987.

Encyclopedia Britannica, various volumes.

Garrison, E.G A History of Engineering and Technology: Artful Methods, CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL Grun, B (1991) The Timetables of History, Simon & Schuster Inc., New York.

Hecht, J (1992) The Laser Guidebook, McGraw Hill, New York.

Mancuso, J (1986) Couplings and Joints, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.

Mills, J.F (1983) Encyclopedia of Antique Scientific Instruments, Facts on File Inc., New York.

29 326192511

313a

49 45 34f44

3548

34038

23a23c23d24

1012

2504746

4339

413734b34a

3634c

3330

17A9

22 16

14

FIGURE 22.19 Murray’s shaft alignment device, 1983.

Shaft alignment information

Reverse indicator Face–peripheral

Shaft to coupling spool

Double radial Face–face

Laser LVDT Prox probe Other

“Desired” dial indicator readings

(No bracket sag)

Indicate where any soft foot corrections were made, the shape and thickness of the shims or custom wedges, and indicate how the corrections are oriented under each of the machinery feet.

Top view of machinery

T

B

0

T B 0

Desired off—Line vertical shaft positions Desired off—Line lateral shaft positions

Viscosity or type

in

(continued )

Mfg Model No Serial No.

Service factorTrip speed

SpeedDriver unit Information

“Critical” speed(s)

Steam turbine Gas turbine

Off-line to running machinery movement

Outboard end

Inboard end

Lateral movementVertical movement

N S E W

N S E W

Foot bolt sizeWrench size

in.in

Service factorTrip speed

SpeedDriven unit Information

Off-line to running machinery movement

Outboard end

Inboard end

Lateral movementVertical movement

N S E W

N S E W

Foot bolt sizeWrench size

in.in

Machinery data card

and indicate how the corrections are oriented under each of

the machinery feet.

Preliminary alignment checks

With piping attached and after

loosening the pump foot bolts, the dial

indicators read the following values

mils vertical

mils lateral/horizontal

Key Key

Shaft and coupling hub runout checks

Date: _

Piping stress test by: _

Runout checks by:

“Soft Foot” checks by: _

“Soft Foot” checks and corrections

Loosen or remove all foot bolts Clean underside of machinery

feet and points of contact on baseplate Rough align both units.

With the foot bolts in place but not tightened down, measure four

points around each bolt hole with a set of feeler gauges and record

the readings.

Appendix C

Sample Installation

and Shaft Alignment

Report record sheet

Installation and shaft alignment report

With piping attached and after

loosening the pump foot bolts, the dial

indicators read the following values

mils vertical

mils lateral/horizontal

Shaft and coupling hub runout checks

Date: _

Piping stress test by: _

Runout checks by:

“Soft Foot” checks by: _

Final alignment readings by: _

Shaft alignment information

Indicate how the shaft positions weremeasured with the machinery off-line

O Reverse indicator O Face–peripheral

O Shaft to Coupling spool O Face–face

O Double radial O Laser O Other

Amount of bracket sag mils

Indicate where any “soft foot” corrections were made, the shape and

thickness of the shims or custom “wedges”, and indicate how the

corrections are oriented under each of the machinery feet.

“Soft Foot” checks and corrections

Appendix D

Torque Values

(SAE Grade 2 Bolts)

Recommended Torque Values for SAE Grade 2 Nuts and Bolts Unified National

Coarse (UNC)

Bolt Size (in.) Threads per Inch Torque (Dry)

Torque (Lubricated)(75% of Dry Torque)

Clamp Load(lbf 1=225%)

(55 kpsi proof strength–69 kpsi tensile strength for sizes 0.250 ft to 0.500 in.)

(52 kpsi proof strength–64 kpsi tensile strength for sizes 0.500 ft to 0.750 in.)

(28 kpsi proof strength–55 kpsi tensile strength for sizes 0.750 ft to 1.500 in.)

Recommended Torque Values for SAE Grade 2 Nuts and Bolts Unified National Fine (UNF)

Bolt Size (in.) Threads per Inch Torque (Dry)

Torque (Lubricated)(75% of Dry Torque)

Clamp Load(lbf 1=225%)

Appendix D (continued)

Bolt Size (in.) Threads per Inch Torque (Dry)

Torque (Lubricated)(75% of Dry Torque)

Clamp Load(lbf 1=225%)

(55 kpsi proof strength–69 kpsi tensile strength for sizes 0.250 ft to 0.500 in.)

(52 kpsi proof strength–64 kpsi tensile strength for sizes 0.500 ft to 0.750 in.)

(28 kpsi proof strength–55 kpsi tensile strength for sizes 0.750 ft to 1.500 in.)

Appendix E

Torque Values

(SAE Grade 5 Bolts)

Recommended Torque Values for SAE Grade 5 Nuts and Bolts Unified National

Coarse (UNC)

Bolt Size (in.) Threads per Inch Torque (Dry)

Torque (Lubricated)(75% of Dry Torque)

Clamp Load(lbf 1=225%)

(85 kpsi proof strength–120 kpsi tensile strength for sizes 0.250 ft to 0.750 in.)

(78 kpsi proof strength–115 kpsi tensile strength for sizes 0.750 ft to 1.000 in.)

(74 kpsi proof strength–105.5 kpsi tensile strength for sizes 1.000 ft to 1.500 in.)

Recommended Torque Values for SAE Grade 5 Nuts and Bolts Unified National Fine (UNF)

Bolt Size (in.) Threads per Inch Torque (Dry)

Torque (Lubricated)(75% of Dry Torque)

Clamp Load(lbf 1=225%)

Appendix E (continued )

Bolt Size (in.) Threads per Inch Torque (Dry)

Torque (Lubricated)(75% of Dry Torque)

Clamp Load(lbf 1=225%)

(85 kpsi proof strength–120 kpsi tensile strength for sizes 0.250 ft to 0.750 in.)

(78 kpsi proof strength–115 kpsi tensile strength for sizes 0.750 ft to 1.000 in.)

(74 kpsi proof strength–105.5 kpsi tensile strength for sizes 1.000 ft to 1.500 in.)

Appendix F

Torque Values

(SAE Grade 8 Bolts)

Recommended Torque Values for SAE Grade 8 Nuts and Bolts Unified National Coarse (UNC)

Bolt Size (in.) Threads per Inch Torque (Dry)

Torque (Lubricated)(75% of Dry Torque)

Clamp Load(lbf 1=225%)

(120 kpsi proof strength–150 kpsi tensile strength for sizes 0.250 ft to 1.500 in.)

Recommended Torque Values for SAE Grade 8 Nuts and Bolts Unified National Fine (UNF)

Bolt Size (in.) Threads per Inch Torque (Dry)

Torque (Lubricated)(75% of Dry Torque)

Clamp Load(lbf 1=225%)

Appendix F (continued )

Bolt Size (in.) Threads per Inch Torque (Dry)

Torque (Lubricated)(75% of Dry Torque)

Clamp Load(lbf 1=225%)

(120 kpsi proof strength–150 kpsi tensile strength for sizes 0.250 ft to 1.500 in.)

Appendix G

Shaft Alignment and Related

U.S Patents

283627 John Logan August 21 1883 Improvement to gauges (dial indicator)

458055 George Hunt December 30 1890 Gage for aligning engines

487427 Poole December 6 1892 Level hanger for shafting

521306 Humphrey Campbell June 26 1893 Shaft setting device

651024 Thomas June 5 1900 Aligning and leveling instrument for shafting

679591 James Barns March 27 1901 Centering device for lining up engines

685290 John C Miller March 9 1901 Aligning work piece to CL of lathe spindle

685455 Kinkead October 29 1901 Instrument for hanging and lining up shafting

868074 Ernest Clark April 13 1906 Shaft liner and leveler

958736 Edgar Ferris August 26 1908 Shaft aligning device

1505313 Alvah J Colwell June 16 1923 Crank shaft throw parallel gauge

1516288 Frank Godfrey April 5 1924 Bevel protractor

1559230 William Eccles January 22 1921 Aligning meter for gears and shafts

1591485 Albert Guillet August 25 1925 Lining block and measure for leveling machinery

1616084 Albert Guillet April 1 1926 Leveling and lining spinning frames

1799739 John Elering, et al November 13 1926 Precision measuring device

1907959 Albert Guillet April 7 1928 Lining and leveling means for machinery

2395393 Arche Brilliantine June 3 1944 Electric alignment micrometer

2461143 Clifford February 8 1949 Gaging device=shaft bracket

2499753 Hubbard May 2 1946 Chain tightening and securing device

2516854 Joseph Christian January 16 1946 Gauging apparatus for aligning shafts

2624944 Pujda, A.G January 13 1953 Layout measuring tool

2634939 Robert Voss July 2 1949 Shaft aligning mechanism

2692527 Wetzel, T.A October 26 1954 Optical aligning apparatus for machine tools

2703505 Senn, J.A March 8 1955 Apparatus for aligning machine elements

(continued )

Appendix G (continued )

2726058 Luther Foltz March 22 1954 Shaft align bracket

2923202 Trimble, R.H August 21 1948 Dual field optical system

2929922 Townes, Schawlow March 22 1960 Masers and maser communications system

3163037 Kawabata, J.S December 29 1964 Dynamic torque meter

3192631 Goguen, D.J June 29 1962 Shaft alignment apparatus

3279086 Schlitt, et al October 18 1966 Compensated gyroscopic directional reference

3551057 Hamilton, et al December 29 1970 Laser beam alignment apparatus

3578281 Nielsen, Turner May 11 1971 Precision alignment fixture

3631604 Schenavar, Stanley January 4 1972 Shaft align bracket

3723013 Stirland, et al March 27 1973 Alignment system

3733706 Arthur Blohm July 15 1970 Machine aligning device

3783522 V Ray Dodd April 4 1972 Method & apparatus for shaft alignment

3789507 Malcolm Murray February 17 1972 Machine element alignment system

3816000 Fiedler, George C June 11 1974 Three axis alignment means

3849857 Malcolm Murray July 5 1973 Machine element alignment positioner

4033042 Donald E Bently October 10 1974 Shaft alignment apparatus and method

4102052 Heinz Bloch December 14 1976 Deflection indicator for couplings

4115925 Malak, Stephen September 26 1978 Shaft aligner

4161068 McMaster, T.M July 17 1979 Apparatus and method for aligning shafts

4215482 Richard Szewczyk April 1 1978 Workpiece centering device for lathe

4216587 Willice Stone January 29 1979 Shaft align bracket

4231161 Flavio Belfiore April 18 1979 Pulley alignment tool

4234924 LaVance, et al September 11 1978 Baseline measure for electronic positioning

4244111 James Heard April 24 1979 Shaft align bracket

4249294 Belfiore, Flavio February 10 1981 Pulley alignment device

4283688 Lloyd, et al August 11 1981 Laser autoalignment system

4413514 Stovall, David T November 8 1983 Shaft alignment tool

4428126 Burke Banks December 21 1981 Continuous monitoring shaft positions

4447962 Joseph Grosberg May 24 1982 Adjustable bore target=gauge

4451992 Malak, Stephen September 30 1982 Shaft positioning device=method

4463438 Zatezalo, John July 31 1984 Shaft alignment calculator

4502233 Gary Boitz, et al July 7 1983 Shaft align apparatus and method

4516328 Massey, Charles May 14 1985 Shaft align brackets

4518855 Malak, Stephen May 21 1985 Shaft alignment bracket

4586264 John Zatezalo, et al November Alignment methods

4623979 John Zatezalo, et al January 31 1984 Shaft alignment calculator

(continued )

Appendix G (continued)

4698491 Lysen, Heinrich May 29 1984 Laser alignment system

4712953 Witzel, Weisgerber December 15 1987 Method and apparatus for aligning cutting tools

4709485 Bowman, Donald E December 1 1987 Device and method for OL2R movement

4764010 Bachmann, Doker August 16 1988 Method for aligning brackets

4790507 Brian Morrissey May 18 1987 Tool for precise movement of machinery

4928401 Malcolm Murray May 29 1990 Vernier strobe system

4964224 Lawrence Jackson July 18 1989 Shaft align bracket

4984173 Imam, Carlson January 8 1991 System for aligning a rotating line shaft

4991965 Dieter Busch May 11 1988 Laser monitoring machinery movement

5056237 Paul R Saunders July 2 1990 Electronic shaft alignment device

5077905 Malcolm Murray January 7 1992 PIBZLT system

5185937 K Piety, D Nower February 16 1993 Alignment bracket

5263261 K Piety, D Nower November 23 1993 Shaft alignment device

5430539 Lysen, Heinrich July 4 1995 Checking alignment of body axes for parallelism

5435073 Sullivan, David L July 25 1995 Alignment tool for rotating equipment

5450245 Grotzinger, Yager September 12 1995 Laser alignment apparatus

5508609 Parkinson, James R April 16 1996 Detecting axial position and alignment of a shaft

5684578 Nower, Gaddis November 4 1997 Laser alignment head for use in shaft alignment

5691523 Calvo, Frank A November 25 1997 Machinery shaft alignment calculator

5715609 Nower, Daniel L February 10 1998 Stationary shaft alignment apparatus

5734108 Walker March 31 1998 Sensing shaft displacement and strain

5896672 Harris, G Danny April 27 1999 Precision shaft alignment system

5980094 Nower, Daniel L November 9 1999 Analysis of alignment data

5987762 Toth, Deneszczuk November 23 1999 Pulley alignment device

6034763 Slater, Kramer March 7 2000 Dual beam laser device for alignment

6040903 Lysen, Heinrich March 21 2000 Determining the relative position of two bodies

6046799 Lysen, Heinrich April 4 2000 Device for misalignments of two shafts

6049378 Busch, et al April 11 2000 Device and method for mutually aligning bodies

6098297 Belfiore, F.C August 8 2000 Pulley alignment

6374507 Lehto, Rick A April 23 2002 Pulley alignment

6411375 Hinkle, et al June 25 2002 Shaft alignment methodologies

6434841 Stahl, Israel, et al August 20 2002 Pulley alignment

6434849 Hermann, Michael August 20 2002 Lateral and=or angular offset

6615904 Lindgen, Hangkan May 22 2002 Detecting a misaligned roller portion of a roller

6739923 Murakami, Masatoshi January 9 2003 Engine alignment jig assembly

6763597 Lysen, Heinrich July 20 2004 Parallel alignment method

6782766 Parkinson, James R September 13 2002 Torque, axial position, and alignment of shaft

6784986 Lysen, Heinrich August 31 2004 Device for alignment of machine shafts

6915582 Engels, Geoffrey P July 12 2005 Alignment structure