Friction and Lubrication in Mechanical Design Episode 2 Part 13 ppt

Sample results of the unidirectional bending fatigue test data for the different materials with and without the 40 thermal cycles are given in Figs It can be seen in Fig.. 13.31 that th

530 Chapter 13

Table 13.6 Hardness Data for the Test Specimens

170-180

1020 (untreated)

1020 (treated)

4340 low hardness (untreated)

4340 low hardness (treated)

4340 high hardness (untreated)

4340 high hardness (treated)

43 50 low hardness (untreated)

4350 low hardness (treated)

4350 high hardness (untreated)

4350 high hardness (treated)

285-3 I 1 363-375 321-331 375-388

Similar tests were also performed on 1020 steep specimens for com-

parison

The chemical composition of the 4340 and 4350 steel used in the test is given in Table 13.7

Sample results of the unidirectional bending fatigue test data for the different materials with and without the 40 thermal cycles are given in Figs

It can be seen in Fig 13.31 that the high-hardness 4350 steel had an

endurance limit of approximately 108ksi, as would be expected from the published data on the material The 40 thermal cycles in this case caused a reduction of approximately 45% in the value of the endurance limit

Figure 13.32 shows similar results for the low-hardness 4350 steel speci-

mens where the same thermal cycles caused a 42% reduction in the endur-

ance limit Similar results for the 4340 steel are given in Figs 13.33 and 13.34

where the reduction in the endurance limit is found to be approximately

20%

It is interesting to note from the fatigue data for the 1020 steel speci- mens that the endurance limit was reduced by only 12% to a value of 55 ksi

This value is the mean value of the endurance limits under the same condi-

13.31-13.35

Steel C (TO) Mn (70) P (TO) S (%) Si (%) Cr (%) Ni (Yo) MO (%)

4340 0.38 0.77 0.014 0.026 0.27 0.78 1.59 0.23

4350 0.49 0.66 0.009 0.025 0.25 0.77 1.61 0.23

Figure 13.31

cycles; = with thermal cycles Fatigue data for 4350 steel (high hardness):

0 = without thermal

120

110

100

9 0 -

c

(y1

y, 8 0 -

Qb

2

7 0 -

60

50

40

0 without Thermal Cycle

W I t h T h ~ l C y c l a

-

-

-

-

Figure 13.32

cycles; W = with thermal cycles Fatigue data for 4350 steel (low hardness):

0 = without thermal

531

140

130

120

= 00

5 110

3

?!

90

80

0 WithoutTh.nn.lCyok0

L \ W i t h T h e n n d C v c l e r

Fatigue Life (cycles)

cycles; 1 = with thermal cycles Fatigue data for 4340 steel (high hardness):

0 = without thermal

1 30

120

110

100

* 0

%o 00

cn

t

80

70

80 t

10' 1 0'

Fatigue Life (cycles)

1 o8

cycles; 1 = with thermal cycles

532

Fatigue data for 4340 steel (low hardness): 0 = without thermal

Some Experiment a1 Studies

90

8 0 -

70

* cn

Y

- 6 0 -

3

f

G 5 0 -

40

30

533

I

0 Without T h O m d C y C k

W i t h f h O ~ d ~ k 8

mo

-

0

-

I

-

I

tions for the 4350 steel with high and low hardness The results demonstrate

the considerable deterioration of the endurance limit of high carbon steel

due to thermal cycles

It can be seen that the steel with higher carbon content exhibited con-

siderably more reduction in the bending fatigue strength Microhardness

tests of the specimens showed no appreciable change in the hardness dis-

tribution due to the thermal or mechanical stress cycles Microstructure

investigations using the scanning electron microscope showed that micro-

scopic thermal cracks as well as intergranular cracks occurred in the steel

with higher carbon content, which may explain the reduction in the bending

fatigue life

REFERENCES

1 Seireg, A., and Weiter, E J., “Frictional Interference Behavior Under Dynamic

Excitation,” Wear, 1963, Vol 6 , pp 66-77

534 Chapter 13

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

I I

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

Mindlin, R D., “Compliance of Elastic Bodies in Contact,’, J Appl Mech.,

1949, Vol 16, pp 259-268

Mindlin, R D., Mason, W., Osmer, T., and Deresiewiez, K., “Effects of an Oscillating Tangential Force on the Contact Surfaces of Elastic Spheres,’, Proc 1st U.S Natl Congr of Appl Mechanics, 1951, pp 203-208

Johnson, K L., “Surface Interaction Between Two Elastically Loaded Bodies Under Tangential Forces,** Proc Roy Soc (Lond.), 1955, Ser A, Vol 230, pp Goodman, L., and Bowie, G., “Experiments on Damping at Contacts of a Sphere with Flat Plates,,’ Proc Soc Exptl Stress Anal., 1961, Vol 18, pp Klint, R V., “Oscillating Tangential Forces on Cylindrical Specimens in Contact at Displacements Within the Region of No Gross Slip,” ASLE Trans., 1960, Vol 3, pp 255-264

Mason, W P., “Adhesion Between Metals and Its Effects on Fixed and Sliding Contacts,” ASLE Trans., 1959, Vol 2, pp 3 9 4 9

Anderson, 0 L., “The Role of Surface Shear Strains in the Adhesion of Metals,” Wear, 1960, Vol 3, pp 253-273

Gaylord, E W., and Shu, H., “Coefficient of Static Friction Under Statically and Dynamically Applied Loads,” Wear, 1961, Vol 4, p 401

Seireg, A., and Weiter, E J., “Behavior of Frictional Hertzian Contacts Under Impulsive Loading,” Wear, 1965, Vol 8, pp 208-219

Love, A E H., A Treatise on the Mathematical Theory of Elasticity, Cambridge University Press, London, England, 4th Edn, 1929, pp 198-200

Goldsmith, W., Impact, Edward Arnold., London, England, 1960

Jacobsen, L S., and Ayre, R S., Engineering Vibrations, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, NY, 1958, p 173

Parker, R C., and Hatch, D., “The Static Coefficient of Friction and the Area

of Contact,,’ Proc Phys Soc London., 1950, Vol 63 (B), p 185

Bristow, J R., “Mechanism of Kinetic Friction,” Nature, Lond., 1942, Vol 149,

p 169

Seireg, A., and Weiter, E J., “Viscoelastic Behavior of Frictional Hertzian Contacts under Ramp-Type Loads,” Proc Inst Mech Engrs., 1966-67, Vol

181, Pt 30, pp 200-206

Lubahn, J D., and Felgar, R P., Plasticity and Creep of Metals, Wiley, New York, NY and London, England, 1961

Crussard, B C., “Transient Creep of Materials,” Paper 75, Ft Int Conf on Creep, Inst Mech Engrs, London, 1963, Vol 2, p 123

O’Connor, J J., and Johnson, K L., “The Role of Surface Asperities in Transmitting Tangential Forces Between Metals,” Am Soc Mech Engrs, Paper No 62-Lub-14, 1962

Wang, N Z., and Seireg, A., “Thermohydrodynamic Performance of Reciprocating Slider Bearings,’, ASLE, Paper No 87-AM-3A-3, 1987

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48-54

Some Experimental Studies 535

21 Seireg, A., and Hsue, E., “An Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Lubricant Properties on Temperature and Wear in Sliding Concentrated Contacts,” ASME Trans., J Lubr Technol., April 1981, Vol 103, pp 261-265

22 Seireg, A., and Wang, C F., “The Effect of Repeated Thermal Shock on Bending Fatigue of High Carbon Steels,” M E Report, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1980

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Author Index

Aaronson, S F., 406

Abdel-Aal, H A., 409

Ahmadi, N., 54

Akin, L., S., 160

Alblas, J B., 54

Albrecht, A B., 118

Aleksanddrov, V M., 54

Ali, S Y., 408

Allen, C M., 405

Alliston-Greiner, A F., 409

Almen, J O., 337

Alsaad, M., 159

Amontons, G., 17

Anand, A., 452

Anderson, 0 L., 534

Andersson, T., 54

Anon, 487

Ansell, C T., 118

Appeldoorn, J K., 18

Archard, G D., 404

Archard, J F., 336, 410, 421

Ari, M., 119

Armarego, E J A., 119

Aronov, V., 452

Arpaci, V S., 160

Arvidson, D B., 159

Ashford, K S., 409

Ashworth, R J., 406 Attia, M H., 409, 452 Avery, H S., 337 Ayre, R S., 534

Aziz, S M A., 452 Babichev, M A., 336 Badgley, R H., 247 Bair, S., 250, 308 Ballegooyen, H., 248 Barber, E., 18 Barber, J R., 159, 336 Barovich, D., 54 Barwell, F T., 19, 406 Barwell, J T., 336 Batchelor, G K., 250 Beale, E M L., 54 Bear, H R., 405 Beavors, G S., 250

Bell, D C., 487 Bell, J C., 405, 452 Bell, T., 486 Belin, M., 159 Benecke, W., 421 Benedict, G H., 20 Bentall, R H., 54 Berry, G A., 159

53 7

538 Author Index

Bhat, D G., 487

Bhushan, B., 485

Bill, R C., 410

Block, H., 18, 158, 159, 336, 405, 409

Bohn, M S., 407

Bollier, R D., 487

Boncompain, R., 19, 249, 250

Booker, J F., 247

Booser, E R., 19

Boussages, P., 247

Boussinesq, J., 22

Bowden, F P., 17, 120, 337, 409

Bowie, G., 534

Boyd, J., 250

Braun, M J., 249

Bristow, J R., 534

Brockley, C A., 452

Brown, R H., 119

Brown, T., 19

Brunton, J H., 337

Burdekin, M., 452

Burton, R A., 159

Busch, J., 486

Butler, R H., 405

Byer, J E., 406

Calladine, C R., 54

Cameron, A., 17, 20, 247, 248, 308

Cameron, J R., 409

Cameron, R., 20

Campbell, W E., 337

Carl, T E., 248

Carper, H J., 308

Carter, T L., 405, 406

Casacci, S., 247

Cattaneo, C., 98

Chanceller, W., 408

Chand, R., 98

Chandiramani, K L., 118

Chang, C M., 404

Chang, C T., 409

Chang, J C., 421

Chapin, H J., 337

Charnes, A., 247

Cheng, H S., 17, 19, 20, 158, 159, 250, Cheung, J B., 407

Chichinadze, A V., 406 Chiu, Y P., 55

Choa, S., 408 Choi, D., 99 Cole, J A., 247 Comniou, M., 54 Conway, H D., 98 Conry, T F., 20, 54, 98, 159, 308, 405

Cook, N H., 118

Cope, W., 19, 248 Cottle, R W., 53 Coulomb, C A., 17 Courtney-Pratt, J S., 17 Crook, A W., 20, 308,405

Crow, S C., 407

Crussard, B C., 534 Csepregi, L., 421 308,404

Dandage, S., 19, 247, 248 Dantzig, G W., 53, 99 Davenport, C., 18 Dawson, P H., 404 David, F W., 160 Day, A J., 406

de la Hire 6 Deng, K., 421

Denton, D D., 17, 421, 422

Deresiewicz, K., 98, 534 Desaguliers, J., 2 Dike, G., 407 Dismukes, J., 486 Dooner, D., 405 Dorn, W S., 53 Doshi, R C., 19, 248 Dowson, D., 17, 19, 20, 21, 159, 248,

249, 250, 307,404 Drozdov, Y N., 21, 308 D’ Silva, N S., 409 D’ Souza, A F., 452 Dubois, G., 19, 248 Dundurs, J., 98

du Plessis, M P., 407

Author Index 539

Dyson, A., 20, 308

Earles, S W E., 452

Eisner, E., 17

Elbella, A M., 407

Elkholy, A H., 452

El-Sherbiny, M., 406

Eng, B., 18

Erdogan, F., 98

Evans, D J., 406

Ezzat, H., 19, 248, 249, 250

Fazekas, G A G., 406

Felgar, R P., 534

Feng, I M., 404,409

Fensel, P A., 406

Ferron, J., 19, 250

Fessler, H., 405

Field, J E., 337, 486

Fielding, B., 451

Fillon, M., 19, 249, 250

Fogg, A., 18, 247

Francavilla, A., 98

Frank, M., 53

Franklin, S., 486

Fredriksson, B., 54

Freeman, P., 18

Frene, J., 19, 249, 250

Fujita, H., 17, 421

Furey, M J., 18

Gair, F C., 404

Galin, L A., 53

Gao, R., 486

Garside, B L., 487

Gartner, F., 404

Gavrikov, Y A., 21

Gaylord, E W., 534

Gecim, B., 409

Georges, J M., 159

Ghodssi, R., 17, 421, 422

Gigl, K., 487

Godfrey, D., 337, 452

Goldsmith, W., 534

Goodier, J N., 99

Goodman, L., 534

Goriacheva, I G., 98 Gough, J H., 337 Graham, D., 487 Greenwood, J A., 21, 54, 98, 120,409, Grubin, A N., 17, 307

Gunter, E J., 247 Gupta, B K., 485

452

Ha, J Y., 119 Hach, D., 534 Hahn, E J., 249 Hale, T., 487 Halling, J., 485 Hamrock, B J., 160 Hannoosh, J G., 159 Hansen, P K., 19 Harding, P R., 406

Hardy, W B., 18

Harline, S D., 159

Harris, T A., 406 Hasegawa, M., 119 Hashish, M., 407 Hatschek, R L., 487 Haug, E., 98 Haworth, R D., 337 Hayashi, T., 421 Hays, D., 336 Hazelrigg, G A., 421

He, J., 486 Helfet, A J., 408 Heminover, D., 487 Hendricks, R C., 249 Hertz, H., 97

Hewitt, W R., 487 Higginson, G R., 307, 404 Hill, J R M., 407 Hirst, W., 18, 20, 336, 404 Hohl, M., 408

Holm, R., 120, 248 Holmberg, K., 486 Hood, M., 407 Houjoh, H., 451 Howland, B., 17 Hsue, E Y., 308, 535

540 Author Index

Hudson, J D., 19, 249, 250

Hunter, B., 19

Hunter, W B., 248, 249

Hurricks, P L., 409, 410

Iihoshi, S., 407

Ishii, T., 407

Ismail, F., 120

Isogal, R., 20, 308

Ivanova, V S., 337

Iwabuchi, A., 409, 410

Jackson, D., 487

Jacobsen, L S., 534

Jacobson, B O., 160

Jaeger J C., 159, 409

Jakobsen, J., 451

Jang, D Y., 120

Jemlielniak, K., 119

Jeroslow, R., 53

Johnson, K L., 20, 54, 98, 308, 409,

Johnson, L G., 405

Johnson, M R., 406

Jones, A B., 406

Jones, M H., 410

Joseph, D D., 250

Juvinall, R C., 309

534

Kalker, J J., 98

Kallas, D H., 338

Kamdar, B C., 248

Kane, G E., 487

Kannel, J W., 405

Kapoor, S G., 119

Kaufmann, H N., 250

Kawano, O., 119

Kayaba, T., 409, 410

Keer, L M., 53, 54, 98

Kegg, R L., 119

Kelley, B W., 18, 20, 21, 308, 336, 405

Kempke, W J., 408

Kennedy, F E., 409

Kennedy, N G., 337

Kettleborough, G E., 249

Khonsari, M M., 19, 250

Kim, K J., 119

Kingsley, S C., 54

Klaus, E E., 160 Klint, R V., 534 Knight, G C., 407 Knotek, O., 159

KO, P L., 452

KO, W H., 421

Kondo, Y., 119 Konishi, T., 21 Kortanek, K., 53 Kotb, A M., 408 Kragelski, I V., 120, 336, 404 Kravchuk, A S., 98

Kreith, F., 407, 408 Kronenberg, M., 1 19 Krushchov, M M., 336

Ku, P M., 158, 308

Ku, T C., 54 Kubo, K., 408 Kuipers, M., 54 Labbe, F., 250 Labus, T J., 407 Lack, C H., 408 Lang, J H., 421 Leach, E F., 405 Lebeck, A O., 249 Lechner, H., 405 Lee, C K., 452 Lemanski, A J., 21 Leslie, J., 3

Li, Y., 308 Lichtman, J Z., 338 Lieblein, J., 405 Lim, M G., 421 Limpert, R., 406 Lindberg, R A., 21, 119 Ling, F F., 17, 159 Lingard, S., 19 Love, A E H., 53, 99, 534 Lubahn, J D., 534 Lubkin, J L., 99 Luck, J V., 408 Ludema, K C., 409

Author Index 54 I

Lund, J W., 246, 247

Lundberg, G., 97

Lyon, R., 451

Macchia, D., 247

MacCurdy, E., 17

Macks, E F., 405

Mangasarian, 0 L., 53

Manton, S M., 159

March, C N., 19, 248

Mason, W P., 534

Matsuhisa, H., 451

Matsuura, T., 17, 421

Matthews, A., 486

Matthewson, M J., 54

Maugis, D., 54

McCool, J I., 452

McKee, S A., 247

McKee, T R., 247

McNulty, G., 452

Mehregany, M., 421

Meijers, P., 54

Meille, G., 159

Meng, H C., 409

Mindlin, R D., 98, 409, 534

Miranda, A A., 249

Misharin, J A., 20, 308

Mitchell, J R., 248

Mogami, T., 408

Monza, J C., 407

Moore, A J., 17, 20, 308

Mort, J., 486

Mossakovski, V I., 54

Mousson, J M., 337

Moustakas, T., 486

Mullen, R L., 249

Muller, R S., 421

Mura, T., 54

Nagarkar, P., 421

Nakai, M., 451

Nakao, K., 407

Nakayama, K., 119

Nassipour, F., 119

Nemlekar, P R., 18

Newcomb, T P., 406

Newman, A., 19 Nguyen, K., 250 Niemann, G., 404, 405 Nishizawa, Y., 21 Noda, N., 407 Noguchi, K., 421 Nolle, H., 160 Nordlund, R., 407 Nowotny, H., 337 Nuri, K A., 98 O’Conner, J J., 250, 534 Ocvrik, F W., 19, 248 Oding, I A., 337 O’Donoghue, J P., 20, 159, 308

Oh, K P., 249 Okamura, K., 20, 308 Olgac, N., 119 Ollerton, E., 405 Olsen, K V., 118 Orcutt, F K., 246, 404 Osman, M 0 M., 119 Osmer, T., 534 Osterle, F., 247 Othman, M O., 452 Owen, S., 20 Ozisik, M N., 406 Palazzi, A S., 408 Palmgren, A., 18, 307 Pao, Y C., 55 Pan, K., 98 Parker, R C., 534 Paul, I L., 408 Perry, G L., 337

Persson, B G A., 54 Petersohn, D., 486 Peterson, K E., 421 Petrov, N P., 17 Phillipoff, W., 19 Pinkus, O., 17, 248 Plesset, M S., 338 Plint, M A., 308 Podop, M., 487

Poon, S J., I19 Poon, S Y., 159