MỘT SỐ ĐIỂM NGỮ PHÁP CẦN LƯU Ý TRONG TOEFL potx

Either / Neither:When either and neither are followed by or and nor, the verb may be singular or plural, depending on whether the noun following or and nor is singular or plural.. neithe

MỘT SỐ ĐIỂM NGỮ PHÁP CẦN

LƯU Ý TRONG TOEFL

I SUBJECT & VERB AGREEMENT

Please remember that subject and verb in a sentence

must agree with each other.

Example:

 The elevator works very well (singular)

 The elevators work very well (plural)

1 Subject separated from the verb:

- In English, subject and verb are often separated

from each other English learners have a bit difficulty

to decide exactly how they are agreed in person and

number.

Example:

The boys in the room (is or are) watching TV

2

- Very often, if the subject and verb are separated, they will be separated by a prepositional phrase The

prepositional phrase had no effect on the verb.

Subject + [prepostional phrase] + verb

More Examples:

 Several theories on this subject have been proposed.

 The study of languages is very interesting.

 The view of these disciplines varies from time to time.

 The danger of forest fires is not to be taken lightly.

3

- The following expressions also have no effect on the verb:

· together with· along with· accompanied by· as well as

2 Words that always take singular verbs and pronouns:

 Some words are often confused by English learners as being plural The following words must be followed by singular

verbs and pronouns in formal written English.

5

any + singular noun no + singular noun some + singular noun

every + singular noun each + singular noun

* Either and Neither are singular if they are not used with or and nor.

Examples:

- Everybody who has not purchased a ticket should be in this line.

- Something is under the table.

- If either of you takes a vacation now, we will not be able to finish the project.

- Anybody who has lost his ticket should report to the desk.

- No problem is harder to solve than this one.

- Nobody works harder than him.

Either / Neither:

When either and neither are followed by or and nor, the verb may be singular or plural, depending on whether the noun following or and nor is singular or plural

Let's check out the following formulas

neither/either + noun + nor / or + plural noun + plural verb

Example:

Neither Bob nor his friends are going to the beach

today

Either Bob or his friends are going to the beach today

neither/either + noun + nor/or + singular noun +

singular verb

Example:

Neither John nor Bill is going to the beach today

Either John or Bill is going to the beach today

None of the counterfeit money has been found.

none + of the + plural count noun + plural verb

Example:

None of the students have finished the exam yet.

3.2 No can take either a singular or plural verb depending on the noun

which follows it.

no + singular / non count noun + singular verb

4 Gerunds As Subjects:

If a sentence begins with {verb+ing} (gerund), the verb

must be a singular Let's study the following examples Example:

- Working for him is the best choice I've made.

- Going out at night doesn't seems interesting to me.

- Not studying has cause him many problems.

5 Collective Nouns

- Many words indicating a number of people or animals are singular The following nouns are usually singular In some cases they are plural if sentence indicates that the individual members are acting separately.

* majority can be singular or plural If it is alone it is usually singular; if it is followed

by plural noun, it is usually plural.

The majority believes that we are in no danger.

The majority of the students believe him to be innocent.

Examples of collective nouns:

- The committee has met, and it has rejected the proposal.

- The family was elated by the news.

- The crowd was wild with excitement.

- Congress has initiated a new plan to combat inflation.

- The organization has lost many members this years.

- Our team is going to win the game

The following nouns are used to indicate groups of certain animals They mean the same as group and thus are considered singular.

flock of birds, sheep school of fish herd of cattle pride of lions pack of dogs

Examples:

+ The flock of birds is circlling overhead.

+ The herd of cattle is breaking away.

+ A school of fish is being attacked by sharks.

6 A Number Of / The Number Of :

A number of + plural noun + plural verb : một số

The number of + plural noun + singular verb : số

Example:

of = many)

- The number of the days in a week is seven.

- A number of the applicants have already been interviewed.

- The number of residents who have been questioned on this matter is quite small.

7 Nouns are that always plural:

The following nouns are always considered plural They can not be singular In order to speak of them as singular, we must say "a pair of eyeglasses".

Let's study the following examples:

- The pants are in the drawer.

- A pair of pants is in the drawer.

- The pliers were on the table.

- The pair of pliers was on the table.

- These scissors are dull.

- This pair of scissors is dull.

scissors shorts pants jeans tongs

trousers eyeglasses pliers tweezers

Lưu ý:

DANH TỪỪ CÓ (S) NHỪNG DÙNG SỐỐ ÍT:

- Nhóm Môn hoọc: physics (vậọt lý ),mathematics (toán)

- Nhóm Bệọnh tậọt: Measles (sởởi), mumps (quai biọ )

Nhóm Tện nưởỐc : The United States (NưởỐc Myỹ), the Philipines, …

- Chưỹ NEWS: tin tưỐc

Exercise: Choose the correct form of the verb in the following sentences

1 Neither Bill nor Mary (is / are) going to the play tonight

2 Anything (is / are) better than going to another movie tonight

3 Skating (is / are) becoming more popular every day

4 A number of reporters (was / were) at the conference yesterday

5 Anybody who (has / have) a fever must go home immediately

6 Your glasses (was / were) on the bureau last night

7 There (was / were) some people at the meeting last night

8 The committee (has / have) already reached a decision

9 A pair of jeans (was / were) in the washing machine this morning

10 Each student (has / have) answered the first three questions

11 Either John or his wife (make, makes) breakfast each morning.

12 After she had perused the material, the secretary decided that everything (was / were) in order.

13 The crowd at the basketball game (was / were) wild with

excitement.

14 A pack of wild dogs (has / have) frightened all the ducks away.

15 The jury (is / are) trying to reach a decision.

16 The army (has / have) eliminated this section of the training

test.

17 The number of students who have withdrawn from class this quarter (is / are) appalling.

18 There (has / have) been too many interruptions in this class.

19 Every elementary school teacher (has / have) to take this

examination.

20 Neither Jill nor her parents (has / have) seen this movie before.

CÂU ĐIỀỪU KIỀọN

1 Có thể xảy ra (ở hiện tại)

Một ứng cử viên tổng thống nói rằng: Nếu tôi trở thành tổng thống, tôi sẽ bổ nhiệm anh làm thư ký.

2 Giả định, không có thật, không thể xảy ra (ở hiện tại)

Một người không ra ứng cử tổng thống nói rằng:

Nếu tôi trở thành tổng thống, tôi sẽ bổ nhiệm anh làm thư ký.

3 Không xảy ra, giả định trong quá khứ

Một người ứng cử tổng thống nhưng không trúng cử nói rằng:

Nếu tôi trở thành tổng thống vào năm ngoái thì tôi đã bổ nhiệm anh làm thư ký.

If she eats all that ice cream, she will feel terrible.

If I have time, I‘ll phone you later

You‘ll be hungry if you don’t have some dinner.

They won’t arrive on time if they miss the bus.

Note: We do not use will in the if clause.

If it rains, we’ll go to the cinema.

NOT If it will rain, we’ll go to the cinema.

.

I FIRST CONDITIONALS

B Use

First conditionals predict the results of a real or probable action or event.

If you get up late, you’ll miss the appointment.

(There is a real chance that you’ll get up late.)

We won’t go if it rains.

(There is a real chance that it will rain.)

II SECOND CONDITIONALS

If I had enough money, I would buy that house

If you didn’t eat so much, you‘d lose weight

He‘d feel better if he didn’t smoke so much

They wouldn’t play tennis if it was raining

Note: We do not use would in the if clause

If I had enough money …

NOT If I would have enough money …

II SECOND CONDITIONALS

III THIRD CONDITIONALS

A Form

We use the past perfect (continuous) form in the

if clause and would have + past participle in the main clause.

We usually use a comma (,) when the if clause is first, but not when the main clause is first.

If you hadn’t studied so hard, you would have failed.

I would have passed if I‘d worked harder

They wouldn’t have come if they hadn’t wanted

to see you

III THIRD CONDITIONALS

B Use

- We use third conditionals to describe something that didn’t happen, an imaginary situation in the past

If I had worked harder I would have passed the exam (I didn’t work hard, and I didn’t pass the exam.)

You wouldn’t have crashed if you hadn’t been driving

so fast.

(You were driving too fast, and you crashed.)

- Without using if

Had I worked harder I would have passed the exam.

Had you not been driving so fast, You wouldn’t have crashed

1 If they had left the house earlier, they _ (be; negative) so late getting to the airport that they could not check their baggage

2 If I finish the dress before Friday, I - (give) it to my sister for her birthday.

3 If I had seen the movie I _ (tell) you about it last night.

4 Had Bob not interfered in his sister`s marital problems, there —— (be) peace between them.

5 He would give you the money if he _ (have) it

6 She would call you immediately if she _ (need) help.

7 Had they arrived at the sale early, they (find) a better

selection.

8 If you have enough time, please _(paint) the chair before you leave.

9 We could go for a drive if today _ (be) Saturday.

10 If she wins the prize, it will be because she (write) very

well .

11 I ——————— (accept) if they invite me to the party.

12 If your mother (buy) that car for you, will you be happy?

13 If he _(decide) earlier, he could have left on the afternoon

flight.

14 Had we known your address, we _ (write) you a letter.

15 If the roofer doesn`t come soon, the rain _ (leak) inside.

16 My dog always wakes me up if he (hear) strange noises.

17 If you _ (see) Mary today, please ask her to call me.

18 If he (get) the raise, it will be because he does a good job.

19 The teacher will not accept our work if we (turn) it in late.

20 If he had left already, he (call) us.

21 If they had known him, they (talk) to him.

22 He would understand it if you (explain) it to him more

slowly.

23 I could understand the French teacher if she _(speak) more

slowly

CÁC THUở THUÂọT ĐOọC

 Đoọc lưởỐt qua các cậu hoởi trưởỐc.

 Khi đoọc bài đoọc, lưu ý đệỐn các nôọi dung liện quan đệỐn cậu hoởi.

 Đoọc lưởỐt, boở qua nhưỹng tưỪ vưọng không biệỐt, có thệở đoán nghĩa.

 Traở lởỪi các cậu hoởi.

MỘT SỐ ĐIỂM NGỮ PHÁP CẦN

LƯU Ý KHI THI TOEFL

Thông tin thừa (redundancy)

Không dùng song song cả 2 từ dưới đây trong cùng một câu:

sufficient enought Hai từ này nghĩa như nhau

compete together compete = đua tranh, cạnh tranh với nhau "to take part in a contest against

others"

reason because Hai từ này có nghĩa như nhau Mẫu đúng phải là "reason that"

join together join có nghĩa "to bring together", "to put together", "to become a part or a

member of "

repeat again repeat có nghĩa "to say again"

new innovation innovation có nghĩa là một ý tưởng mới "a new idea"

matinee performance matinee = buổi biểu diễn chiều

same identical hai từ này nghĩa giống nhau

two twins twins = two brothers or sisters

the time / when Hai từ này nghĩa giống nhau

the place / where Hai từ này nghĩa giống nhau

Khi thông tin trong cậu biọ lặọp đi lặọp laọi không cậỪn thiệỐt thì nó biọ goọi là thông tin thưỪa, cậỪn

phaởi loaọi boở phậỪn thưỪa đó

Ví duọ: NgưởỪi Anh không dùng the time when mà chiở dùng môọt trong hai.

It is (the time/ when) I got home.

NgưởỪi Anh không dùng the place where mà chiở dùng môọt trong hai.

It is (the place/ where) I was born.

CậỐu trúc song song trong cậu

Khi thông tin trong môọt cậu đưởọc đưa ra dưởỐi daọng liệọt kệ thì các thành phậỪn đưởọc liệọt kệ phaởi tưởng ưỐng vởỐi nhau vệỪ mặọt tưỪ loaọi

(noun - noun, adjective - adjective, ) Ví duọ:

Mr Henry is a lawyer, a politician,

Peter is rich, handsome, and many

The cat approached the mouse

slowly and silent The cat approached the mouse slowly and silently She like to fish, swim and surfing She like to fish, to swim and to surf. She like fishing, swimming and surfing. When teenagers finish highschool,

they have several choices: going to

college, getting a job, or the army

When teenagers finish highschool, they have several choices: going to college, getting a job, or joining the army.

Tim entered the room, sat down, and

is opening his book. Tim entered the room, sat down, and opened his book.

Tuy nhiện nệỐu thởỪi gian trong các mệọnh đệỪ khác nhau cuởa cậu là khác nhau thì đôọng tưỪ cũng phaởi tuận theo qui luậọt thởỪi gian Lúc đó cậỐu trúc cậu song song vệỪ thởỪi cuởa các đôọng tưỪ (như ví duọ ởở dòng cuôỐi baởng trện) không đưởọc áp duọng Ví duọ: She is a senior, studies every day, and will graduate a semester early

Môọt sôỐ ngưỹ đôọng tưỪ (phrasal verb) thưởỪng gặọp

Đó là nhưỹng đôọng tưỪ kệỐt hởọp vởỐi 1, 2 hoặọc đôi khi

3 giởỐi tưỪ, khi kệỐt hởọp ởở daọng như vậọy ngưỹ nghĩa cuởa chúng thay đôởi hặởn so vởỐi nghĩa ban đậỪu.

To break off: chấm dứt, cắt đứt, đoạn tuyệt

To bring up: nêu ra, đưa lên một vấn đề

To call on: yêu cầu / đến thăm

To care for: thích / trông nom, săn sóc (look after)

To check out (of/from) a library: mượn sách ở thư viện về

To check out: điều tra, xem xét

To check out (of): làm thủ tục để ra (khách sạn, sân bay) <> check in

To check (up) on: điều tra, xem xét

To close in (on): tiến lại gần, chạy lại gần

To come along with: đi cùng với

To count on = depend on = rely on

To come down with: mắc phải một căn bệnh

To do away with = get rid of: tống khứ, loại bỏ, trừ khử

To daw up = to draft: soạn thảo (một kế hoạch, một hợp đồng)

To drop out of = to withdraw from: bỏ (đặc biệt là bỏ học giữa chừng)

To figure out: Hình dung ra được, hiểu được

To find out: khám phá ra, phát hiện ra

To get by: Lần hồi qua ngày, sống sót qua được

To get through with: kết thúc

To get through to: thông tin được cho ai, gọi được cho (điện thoại), tìm cách làm cho hiểu

To get up: dậy/ tổ chức

To give up: bỏ, từ bỏ

To go along with: đồng ý với

To hold on to: vẫn giữ vững, duy trì

To hold up: cướp / vẫn giữ vững, vẫn duy trì, vẫn sống bình thường, vẫn dùng được (bất chấp sức ép bên ngoài hoặc sử dụng lâu)

To keep on doing smt: vẫn tiếp tục không ngừng làm gì

To look after: trông nom, săn sóc

To look into: điều tra, xem xét

To pass out = to faint: ngất (nội động từ, không dùng bị động)

To pick out: chọn ra, lựa ra, nhặt ra

To point out: chỉ ra, vạch ra