correct-writing

A common adjective modifies or adds to the meaning of common noun.. In other words, an attributive adjective limits or restricts the meaning of noun or pronoun and is therefore not set o

The sentence is the basic unit of discourse - either written or spoken Sentences are made up of words, and words have dif- ferent functions to perform And on the basis of the different functions to perform, words are grouped into different parts of speech In other words, words in a sentence do not come together in a haphazard way or manner, in fact, they are arranged together according to certain syntactic rules It then follows that a good knowledge of different parts of speech and different functions they perform will help us to produce correct sentences, either written or spoken.

On the basis of the various functions they perform, words are separated into 8 parts of speech as follows:

(1) nouns (2) pronouns (3) adjectives (4) verbs (5) adverbs (6) prepositions (7) conjunctions (8) absolute expressions

I N OUNS

A noun is a word that names a person, a thing or a place.

A C OMMON N OUNS AND P ROPER N OUNS

Nouns generally fall into two general classifications: common nouns and proper nouns

A common noun names any one of a class of people, things or place.

Washington DC * United Kingdom * J.F Kennedy

B C ONCRETE N OUNS A ND A BSTRACT N OUNS

Nouns are further divided into concrete nouns and abstract

nouns A concrete noun names an object normally found in ural world.

nat-The jar of fruits and vegetables are stored in the cupboard

An abstract noun names an idea, a quality or an action.

Happiness, democracy, loneliness, heaven, hell, patience, ness, skiing, learning English etc.

kind-Tư do va cöng băng la nhưng cơ sơ ₫ï̉ xêy dưng nï̀n dên chu

X Freedom and equality are the bases on which a democracy is built

Tònh ban cua chung töi băt ₫ều tư thơi trung hoc

X Our friendship began in high school

Tiḯng chim hot lam töi thưc giếc

X The singing of a bird in the garden woke me up

C C OLLECTIVE N OUNS

A collective noun names a group of collection of people or

things regarded as a single unit

Family / committee / team / jury / crowd / assembly / meeting / crew / faculty etc.

Gia ₫ònh chung töi dư ₫ịnh don ₫i Đa lat

X Our family is planning to move to Dalat

Uy ban hop măt ba lền möt tuền

X The district committee meets three times a week

Đöi banh cua chung ta tö́i nay bay vï̀ nươc

X Our team is flying home tonight

Bö̀i thểm ₫oan cho răng bị cao co töi

X The jury has declared/found the defendant guilty

NOTE

D S INGULAR N OUNS A ND P LURAL N OUNS

Nouns may be singular or plural in number

Cat - catsMan - menChild - ChildrenWoman - women

E N OMINATIVE - O BJECTIVE - P OSSESSIVE C ASE

Nouns may be in nominative case, objective case or possessive case.

Her mother's worriesThe mother's worriesThe child's motherThe children' mother(s)Mary and John's car (Marry and John share the same car)Mary's and John's car

When refer to a group as a single unit, verbs used with them must be singular in number.

X In the winter of wet years, the streams ran full-freshet, and they

swelled the river until sometimes it raged and boiled (John Steinbeck, East of Eden)

X The Salinas Valley is in South California. It is a long narrow

swale between two ranges of mountains, and the Salinas River winds and twists up the center until it falls at last into Monterey Bay

On the basis of the forms and functions, pronouns are classified as:

OBJECTIVE CASE

3rd He/She/It His/Hers/Its Him/Her/It

Giưa töi va cö ta khöng con gò nưa

X There is nothing left between her and me

B R ELATIVE P RONOUNS

A relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a dependent clause which normally functions as an adjective The most com- mon relative pronouns are: WHO, WHOM, WHICH and THAT

We need to learn also the emphatic form: WHOEVER, WHOMEVER, WHICHEVER, and WHATEVER.

Ngươi yïu töi bêy giơ cach xa ngan dăm

X The woman/man (whom) I love is now a thousand miles away

X The man who loves me is now a thousand miles away

Ba töi, ngươi töi ₫a thương yïu va kñnh phuc suö́t ₫ơi, nay ₫a gền 60 tuö̉i

X My father, whom I have loved and admired all my life, is now almost 60

Bết cư ₫öi nao bị ₫a bai trong bết cư vong nao trư vong chung kḯt phai vï̀ nươc trong vong 24 giơ

X Any team which is defeated in any round except the finals is to leave for home in 24 hours

NOTE

* When a clause functions as an adjective, it may be defining or non-defining.

* THAT is used to refer to both people and thing and

is never used in non-defining clause.

* WHOM, WHICH and THAT can be omitted when they functions as object in defining clause only.

* WHICH is usually used to stand for a collective noun.

C I NTERROGATIVE P RONOUNS

An interrogative pronoun is used to introduce a question or a

dependent clause The most common interrogative pronouns are WHO, WHOM, WHAT and WHICH The emphatic forms are WHOEVER, WHATEVER and WHICHEVER.

Who was the first to explore the Lang Biang highlands?

X Doctor Yersin was

Who was the first to set foot on the moon?

X Louis Armstrong was

What are you going to do after leaving college?

X I will start my own business

Whom should I marry?

X Marry which of them who loves you the most

What did you do it with?

X I did it with a knife

What time is it?

X It’s half past nine

What is there in your hand?

X My future

D D EMONSTRATIVE P RONOUNS

A demonstrative pronoun points out or identifies a place, a son or a thing The common demonstrative pronouns are THIS, THAT, THESE and THOSE.

per-Đêy la nhưng ngươi hang xom cua töi

X These are our neighbors

Đêy chñnh la cai töi muö́n

X This is exactly what I need/want/wish for

Đêy chñnh la vến ₫ï̀ kho khăn cua töi hiïn nay

X That is my problem at present

NOTE

Nhưng ngươi nay vưa mơi don ₫ḯn

X These people have just moved in

Töi muö́n cai nay

X I want this one

Chung ta nïn cö́ găng giai quyḯt vến ₫ï̀ ₫o

X We should try to solvethat problemKhi co thơi gian, töi se ban vơi anh vï̀ vến ₫ï̀ nay

X When there is time, then I will discuss this issue with you

E E MPHASIZING (I NTENSIVE ) P RONOUNS

An emphasizing pronoun is used to give emphasis to a noun or another pronoun

NOTE

Myself / Himself / Herself / Itself / Yourself / Ourselves / selves / Yourselves

Them-Chñnh töi ₫a viḯt thư nay cho cö ta

X I myself wrote her this letter

Chñnh öng thềy ₫ang trach trong viïc nay

X The teacher himself is to blame in this case

Chñnh hăn ta quyḯt ₫ịnh khöng lếy cö ta

X He himself has decided not to marry her

* These pronouns should be placed right after the noun

or pronoun they emphasize and may be omitted.

SELF ; ITSELF ; OURSELVES; YOURSELVES ;

THEM-SELVES

Em chăng yïu anh ty nao; em chỉ yïu em ma thöi

X You don't love me at all; you love yourself only

Chung ta phai yïu chñnh chung ta ₫ï̉ co thï̉ thưc sư yïu thương

ngươi khac

X We must learn to be kind to ourselves to be really kind to ers

oth-Cö ta nhòn mònh trong gương va mĩm cươi

X She looked at herself in the mirror and smiled

Dong söng tan pha ₫ết ₫ai cua cac nöng trai ven bơ, cươp ₫i ca hecta

₫ết; giêt nga nha cưa, chuö̀ng trai rö̀i cuö́n chung ₫i, nhếp nhö xa tñt

X The river tore the edges of the farm lands and washed whole acres down; it toppled barns and houses into itself, to go float-ing and bobbing away (John Steinbeck, East of Eden)Hăn thò thềm vơi chñnh mònh băng möt giong khan khan

X He whispered hoarsely to himself

“Ta co cai gò trong tui vêy?” Bilbo buöt miïng thö́t lïn Thêt ra, hăn

₫ang noi vơi chñnh hăn, nhưng Gollum lai cho ₫o la möt cêu ₫ö́

X ‘What I have in my pocket?’ Bilbo said aloud He was talking to

himself, but Gollum thought it was a riddle

(Tolkien, The Hobbit)

* Reflexive pronouns are used as the object of a verb

or the object of a preposition and can not be omitted

1 INDEFINITE /in&defInBt/

SOMETHING, SOMEONE, SOMEBODY, SOME PLACE, NOBODY, NOTHING, ALL, MANY, FEW, SEVERAL, BOTH, EACH, EITHER, NEITHER

Ca hai ưng viïn ₫ï̉u ₫u tiïu chuển

X Either of the applicants is qualified for the job

Ca hai ưng viïn ₫ï̀u khöng ₫u tiïu chuển

X Neither of the applicants is qualified for the job

Ca hai giai phap ₫ï̀u tö́t

X Either of the solutions is satisfactory

Ca hai giai phap ₫ï̀u khöng tö́t

X Neither of the solutions is satisfactory

As demonstrative pronouns, indefinite pronouns can be used as adjectives which modify nouns.

Chuyḯn ₫i co thï̉ mết tư 5-7 ngay

X The trip may take several days

H 1 R ECIPROCAL P RONOUNS

In formal writing EACH OTHER refers to two persons, and ONE ANOTHER refers to more than two persons But there is a tendency in modern English to use EACH OTHER for both cases.

Töi va Marry biḯt nhau suö́t ₫ơi

X Mary and I have known each other all our lives

Cac con a, cö́ găng yïu thương va săn soc lễn nhau sau khi bö́ chḯt

A C OMMON - P ROPER A DJECTIVES

Adjectives are commonly categorized as common adjectives

and proper adjectives A common adjective modifies or adds to the meaning of common noun A proper adjective modifies or adds to the meaning of proper noun.

America - American

Vietnam - Vietnamese

B D ESCRIPTIVE - L IMITING A DJECTIVES

Adjectives are also classified as descriptive adjectives and iting adjectives A descriptive adjective describes a person, a

lim-place or a thing.

Clean / sad / cheerful / mean / lazy /large/small

A limiting adjective points out or specifies a person, a place or a thing.

(1) a, an, the

(2) my / yours (possessive adjective)

(3) John's mother / my mother's (noun possessive case)

(4) cardinal number: 1,2,3…

(5) ordinal number: first, second, third…

Gia sinh hoat hiïn thơi cao hơn khoang 2% so vơi 6 thang ₫ều năm

X The cost of living is about 2% higher at present than in the first six months of the years

Trong hai thêp niïn ₫ều cua thḯ ky

X During / In the first 2 decades of the century…

Hai vến ₫ï̀ ₫ều tiïn quan trong cua töi la

X My first two important problems are…

Trong 10 cêu hoi sau ₫êy …

X In the 10 following questions…

C A TTRIBUTIVE - A PPOSITIVE - P REDICATIVE

On the basis of their functions, adjectives are classified as attributive (defining) adjectives, appositive (non-defining) adjectives and predicative adjectives.

1 A TTRIBUTIVE A DJECTIVES

An attributive adjective represents an attribute (that is special quality or a typical quality) of a noun or pronoun In other words, an attributive adjective limits or restricts the meaning of noun or pronoun and is therefore not set off.

An honest father

An honest and hard-working father

CONDITION 1A: There was some people who want to see you this morning

B: Anybody special?A: No, sir Nobody special sir

Tö́i nay TV co gò hay khöng?

X Is there anything interesting on TV tonight?

Töi co ₫iï̀u mơi cho anh ₫êy

X I’ve got something new for you

Anh co chuyïn vêy?

X Is there anything wrong with you?

X No, nothing wrong

* Attributive adjectives normally precede the nouns or pronouns they modify.

An attributive adjective may follows the word it fies with a few conditions:

modi-1 The word it modifies is an indefinite pronoun.

2 It is modified by an adverbial expression, which is mally a phrase.

CONDITION 2A life

An empty life

Möt cuöc sö́ng trö́ng rö̃ng khöng muc ₫ñch thò khöng ₫ang sö́ng

X A life empty of a purpose is not worth living

Möt ngươi hăm hơ lam vưa long ngươi khac thò khöng ₫ang tin cêy

X A person anxious to please others is untrustworthy

Möt ngươi dï̃ hai long thò dï̃ băt chuyïn

X A person easy to please is easy to talk to

Möt trai tim trö́ng văng sư hiï̉u biḯt, thöng cam va tha thư thò chỉ la möt căn nguc tu tö́i tăm

X A heart void/vacant of understanding, sympathy and

forgive-ness is only a dark prison cell

Möt ngươi kho tñnh thò kho cam thếy sung sương

A person hard to please is unlikely to feel happy

2 A PPOSITIVE A DJECTIVES

An appositive adjective represents only an appositive idea; that

is to say, it represents only an after thought or something added

In other words, an appositive adjective only gives more mation to the noun or pronoun it refers to; it doesn't narrow or restrict the meaning of the noun at all Appositive adjectives are normally set off when they follows a noun or pronoun they refer to.

infor-Qua tim cua cö ta, trö́ng văng sư hiï̉u biḯt va thöng cam, chỉ la möt căn nguc tu tö́i tăm

X Her heart, void of understanding and sympathy, is only a dark, prison cell

* An appositive adjective must be modified by an adverbial

expression when it follows the noun it modifies.

N , Appositive Adjective + Adverbial Expression ,

Bö́ töi, rết dï̃ băt chuyïn, co nhiï̀u ban tö́t

X My father, easyto talk to, has many good friends

Bilbo, nong long thoat hiï̉m, chếp nhên lơi ₫ï̀ nghị ngay lêp tưc

X Bilbo, anxiousto escape, accepted the suggestion at once

NOTE

Ba töi, thanh thêt va tö́t bung, co nhiï̀u ban tö́t trong ₫ơi

X My father, honest and kind-hearted, has many good friends in his life

Nhưng sinh viïn ₫ang lam viïc vơi töi, thöng minh va chăm chỉ, se

₫êu ky thi nay

X The students working with me, intelligent and hard working, are certain to pass the exam

Nhưng ₫ưa tre, nghịch ngơm va ö̀n ao, ua ra

X The children, boisterous and noisy, rushed out

Roland thếy sư khön ngoan cua lơi khuyïn nïn ₫a ₫ö̀ng y ma khöng bao giơ biḯt ₫ươc răng Flag, quy quyït va ₫öc ac, hiï̉u qua ro bñ mêt thềm kñn cua öng

X Roland saw the wisdom of the advice and agreed, never ing that Flag, cunning and wicked, understood his deepest secret (Stephen King, The Eyes of the Dragon)

know-No nhòn thếy bong mònh trong gương, mơi ₫ều xanh xao va hoang hö́t Nhưng tñch tăc sau cai bong mĩm cươi vơi no

X He saw his reflection,pale and scared-lookingat first But a moment later the reflection smiled at him (J.K Rowling, The Socerer’s Stone)

* If an appositive adjective is not modified by an adverbial expression, it must be coordinated with another adjec- tive.

N , Appositive ADJ1 + Appositive ADJ2 ,

The young Queen, beautiful and gracious, was loved by her subjects.

X Beautiful and gracious, the young Queen was loved by her jects

sub-3 P REDICATE A DJECTIVE

A predicate adjective modifies a subject or an object When it modifies a subject, it is called SUBJECTIVE COMPLEMENT; when it modifies an object it is called OBJECTIVE COMPLE- MENT And it is more often than not, predicative adjectives are used after linking verb.

Adjectives may be natural; it means that, these adjectives have existed in English since the beginning of the language.

sad / happy / dark / beautiful / ugly / gracious / young

Adjectives may be derived:

(a) from Present Participles and Past Participles

(b) through suffixes and prefixes

Interest > Interesting / Interesed (a)

Delight > Delighting / Delighted (a)

Love (v) > Lovable / Loved (a)

* An appositive adjective with a modifier or a ordinated adjective may follow or precede the sub- ject of a sentence when the subject is a noun.

co-Appositive Adj,

S,

Appositive Adj, S

S=N

A P RINCIPLE P ARTS OF A V ERB

There are four principle parts of a verb:

a The present

b The past

c The past participle

d The present participle

it does not pass any action to any noun or pronoun at all.

The ship sank slowly

A crowd collected at the scene of the accident

Birds fly to the South for warmer climate

The Baggines have lived in the neighborhood of the Hill for time out

of mind (Tolkien, The Hobbit)

He only sleeps for four hours a night

usu-or noun equivalent also receives the action passed to it by the verb.

Regular verb: Wait - Waited - Waited - Waiting

Irregular verb: Grow - Grew - Grown- Growing

X He clappedhis hands once, and the ropes binding Harry fell off

X ‘Come here,’ Quirrellrepeated ‘ Look in the mirror and tell me what you see.’

X ‘I must lie’, he thought desperately, ‘I must look and lie about

what I see, that’s all.’

X He saw his relfection, pale and scared-looking at first But a

moment later, the reflection smiled at him It putsits hand into its pocket and pulled out a blood-red stone It winked and put

the stone back in its pocket - and as it did so, Harry felt thing heavy dropinto his real pocket (J.K Rowling, The

some-Socerer’s Stone)

X Suddenly the great beast beat its hideous wings, and the wind

of them was foul Again it leaped into the air, and then swiftly

fell down upon Eowyn, shrieking, striking with beak and claw

X Still she did not blench: maiden of the Rohirrim, child of kings, slender but as a steel-blade, fair yet terrible A swift stroke she

dealt, skilled and deadly The outstretched neck she clove der, and the hewn head fell like a stone Backward she sprang

asun-as the huge shape crasun-ashed to ruin, vasun-ast wings outspread, pled on the earth; and with its fall the shadow passed away A light fell about her, and her hair shone in the sunrise (J.R.R

crum-Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings)

Only transitive verbs have voice There are only 2 voices: the active and the passive.

China and South Korea regard Yakusuni shrine as a symbol of Japan’s past militarism

a The Indicative Mood

A verb in the indicative mood states a fact or describe an action.

Ba ta ₫oc möt bai diï̃n thuyḯt rết thu vị

* Linking verb is intransitive verb which links or joins a subject with the rest of the sentence.

X He was on me by that time, trying to find out how far I’d got (J.K Rowling, Harry Potter)

* Many, many verbs are intransitive in one sense and transitive in another

X I ran as fast as I could

X Her boyfriend is running a hotel in Dalat

X She gave a very interesting speech

Ngay xưa, ơ möt vương quö́c no, co möt vị vua co hai ngươi con trai

X Once, in a kingdom, there was a King with two sons

Roland tö́t bung khöng phai la möt öng vua tai ba nhết cung khöng phai möt öng vua tö̀i nhết

X Roland the Good was neither the best nor the worse King

b The Imperative Mood

A verb in the imperative mood expresses an order or request.

Sit down, please (request)

Sit down (order)

c The Subjunctive Mood

A verb in the subjunctive mood expresses a wish or a condition

or supposition which is contrary to the fact.

Ươc gò töi 20 tuö̉i trơ lai

X I wish I were 20 years old again

Gia sư trai ₫ết nö̉ tung trong vong 15 phut, ban se lam gò trong thơi gian ₫o?

X If the earth were to explode in 15 minutes; what would you do

in the meantime?

Nḯu co măt ơ ₫o, töi se tat cho no möt cai vao giưa măt

X If I had been there I would have slapped him in the face

D A SPECTS

There are 3 aspects:

a The aspect of time

b The perfective aspect

c The continuous aspect These aspects combine together to produce 12 tenses in English.

An adverb sometimes is used broadly.

He ran fast.The morning was delightingly fresh

He sang unusually beautifully that night

Obviously, you've fallen in love with him

She always drives carefully.She drives very carefully when it rain

Her answer is terribly annoying

Sadly, our team was badly defeated/beaten

B D IFFERENT K INDS OF A DVERBS

Happiness, where are you?

Dear, why do you love him so much?

2 R ELATIVE A DVERBS WHEN, WHERE, WHY

Nơi töi sinh ra la möt ngöi lang nho khoang 200km vï̀ phña ₫öng Sai gon

X I was born in the place where is a small village about 200km southeast of Saigon

Cac con a, bö́ muö́n ₫ươc chön cết ơ nơi bö́ ₫ươc sinh ra

X Children, I want to be buried where I was born

Töi khöng hiï̉u tai sao hăn lai bết cển ₫ḯn thḯ

X I don't know the reason why he was so careless

Năm töi lïn 10, me töi tai gia

X The year when I got ten, my mother remarried

Băng möt sư tònh cơ ky la nao ₫o ma vao möt buö̉i sang thêt yïn tĩnh

xa xưa, thuơ con nhiï̀u rưng cêy va ñt tiḯng ö̀n

X By some curious chance one morning long ago in the quiet of the world, when there was less noise and more green (Tolk-ien, The Hobbit)

Khi öng Bilbo Baggins ơ Bag End thöng bao răng chăng lêu nưa öng se tö̉ chưc möt buö̉i tiïc huy hoang ₫ï̉ mưng sinh nhêt 111 tuö̉i cua mònh thò ơ Hobbiton ngươi ta khao nhau ềm ĩ vï̀ sư kiïn nay

X When Mr Bilbo Baggins of Bag End announced that he would shortly be celebrating his eleventy-first birthday with a party of special magnificence, there was much talk and excitement in Hobbiton (Tolkien, The Lords of the Rings)

Peter mơi lïn năm luc me chu qua ₫ơi

X Peter was five when his mother died (Stephen King, The Eyes of the Dragon)

3 C ORRELATIVE A DVERBS

Töi khöng cao băng anh

X I'm not as tall as you areTöi khöng gia băng anh

X I'm not as old as you are

Cö ta lam viïc khöng chăm chỉ băng chị

X She doesn't work so hard as you do

Coi kòa, töi khöng giau như anh nghĩ ₫êu

X Come on, I don't have so much money as you think

Cuöc sö́ng ơ ₫êy khöng dï̃ dang như töi nghĩ

X Life here is not as easy as I think

Sang mai rang co măt ơ ₫êy sơm chưng nao hay chưng ếy

X Try to be here as early as possible.Điïn thoai cho töi sơm chưng nao hay chưng ₫o

X Phone me as soon as you can

Luc ₫o töi chỉ chay thuc mang ma thöi

X I only ran as fast as I could.

Hay cö́ găng yïu thương ban thên mònh hḯt mưc ₫ï̉ co thï̉ yïu thương ngươi khac

X Try to love yourself as much as you can so that you can truly love others

AS NOT AS NOT SO

ADJ ADV UN’S/ CN’S

AS AS

AS

AS AS POSSIBLE

AS AS ONE COULD

Cang ₫i xa anh cang nhơ em

X The more I’m away from you, the more I miss you

Nơi ₫êu co tònh yïu thò nơi ₫o co hanh phuc

X Where there is love, there is happiness

Ơ ₫êu co hoa thò ơ ₫o co bươm

X Where there are flowers, there are butterflies

Ơ ₫êu co mêt thò ơ ₫o co ruö̀i

X Where there is honey, there are flies

Khi nao co thơi gian thò töi se ban chuyïn nay vơi anh

X When there is time, then I will discuss the issue with you

4 C ONJUNCTIVE A DVERBS (C ORRELATIVE A DVERB C ON

MOREOVER, NEVERTHELESS, THEREFORE, THUS, etc.

Töi yïu cö ta thưc long; tuy nhiïn, töi se khöng cều hön cö ta

X I love her truly; however, I will not propose to her

Leo lïn möt ngon ₫ö̀i thò dï̃ hơn leo xuö́ng; tương tư, sö́ng ₫oi tuö̉i tre bao giơ cung dï̃ hơn sö́ng tuö̉i gia

X It’s is easier to climb uphill than downhill; likewise, it is easier

to live one’ youth than one’s old age

WHEN , THEN

WHERE , THERE

THE , THE

5 I NDEPENDENT O R A BSOLUTE A DVERBS

These adverbs have little or no grammatical function in the tences in which they appear Instead, they govern the whole idea

sen-of the statement.

Buö̀n thay, buö̉i tiïc khöng thanh cöng

X Sadly enough, the party was not a success

6 A DVERBS E XPRESS V ARIOUS I DEAS

Adverbs express the idea of TIME, CAUSE or REASON, CONCESSION, DEGREE or EXTEND, RESULT or CONSE- QUENCE, CONDITION, DEGREE plus RESULT etc.

Hăn con qua tre ₫ï̉ co thï̉ nhên chưc vu ₫o

X He is too young to be given the job.Nhưng ngươi khac lai qua găt gong khöng noi chuyïn ₫ươc

X The others were too grumpyto talk (Tolkien, The Hobbit)Ho găp nhau lền ₫ều tai lï̃ höi hang năm, khi Peter lïn têm

X They first met at the annual Festival,when Peter was eight (Stephen King, The Eyes of The Dragon)

X ‘I am deeply grateful,’ said Frodo, ‘but I wish you would tell me

plainly what the black riders are If I take your advice I may not see Galdalf for a long while, and I ought to know what is the danger that pursues me.’ (Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings)

ADVERB OF DEGREE plus RESULT There are three ways to express an idea of degree plus result WAY 1

X The storm was so violent that half of the houses in the village was swept down

X He drives so carelessly that no one dares to ask for a ride

After work is convenient for every one.

The man of my dream

B P REPOSITION M AY B E S IMPLE OR C OMPOUND

A simple preposition consists of one word: ABOVE,

AGAINST, AT, BEHIND, BESIDE, BENEATH, BELOW,

FOR, INTO, WITH, WITHOUT, WITHIN, FROM, TO,

UNDER, OF, etc.

A compound preposition consists of at least two words:

AHEAD OF, APART FROM, AS FAR AS, AS TO, IN FRONT

OF, IN ADDITION TO, BECAUSE OF, BY MEANS OF,

CONTRARY TO, IN PLACE OF, IN ORDER TO, INSTEAD

OF, IN SPITE OF, OUT OF, UP TO, RATHER THAN, WITH

A VIEW TO, etc.

Chung töi hoan thanh kḯ hoach sơm hơn hai tuền

X We finished / completed the project about two weeks ahead of

schedule Trươc giơ hoc thò thuên tiïn cho moi ngươi

X Before school is convenient for everyone

C A DVERBIAL P ARTICLES C AN B E U SED A S P REPOSITIONS

These adverbial particles are not many The most common adverbial particles are IN, OUT, ON, OFF, UP, DOWN, ABOUT, OVER, THROUGH, ROUND, BACK etc.

Anh ta nga ngưa va gay cö̉

X He fell off the horse and broke his neck

Hăn yïn lăng nhòn viïn phến rơi khoi ban

X He silently watched the piece of chalk rolling off the table.Nhòn mưa rơi khoi mai nha thêt thu vị

X It's fun to watch the rain falling off the roof

No rơi khoi tềng 12 va chḯt lêp tưc

X He felt off the 12th floor and died at once

Above ADVERBIAL PARTICLES are also used as adjectives

Me a, ngay mai cup nươc

X Mother, the water is off tomorrow

Khi töi vï̀, ₫en trong văn phong ₫a tăt hḯt

X The lights in the office were all off when I left

Khi töi vï̀ thò ₫en trong văn phong vễn con sang

X The lights in the office were all on when I left

Cö ta khöng co trong sơ lam khi töi goi ₫iïn cho cö ta

X She was not in when I called

There are a number of prepositions which are derived from

verbs: ACCORDING TO, CONSIDERING, CONCERNING, FOLLOWING, GIVEN, GRANTING, OWING TO, REGARD- ING, WITHOUT, WANTING etc.

Thiḯu sư chên thêt thò se khöng co tònh ban chên chñnh

X Wanting honesty true friendship is impossible

Theo sau quyḯt ₫ịnh cua toa an, bao ₫öng xay ra ơ nhiï̀u nơi trong nươc

X Following the decision by the court, violence broke out in many places in the country

A number of conjunctions, chiefly conjunctions of time, may be used as prepositions: AFTER, BEFORE, SINCE, UNTIL,

WHILE etc.

Töi chưa găp lai cö ta tư khi cö ta ra ₫i vao năm 1975

X I haven't met her again since she left SG in 1985

since = conjunction

Chung töi la ₫öi ban thên tư khi con ơ trung hoc

X We have been close friends since high-school

Em se yïu anh mai mai

X I will love you until the end of time

Töi quyḯt ₫ịnh ₫ơi ho cho ₫ḯn sau tḯt

X I decided to wait for them until after Tet

since = preposition

VII CONJUNCTIONS

Conjunction is a word which is used to join two words, two

phrases or two clauses.

A T HE D IFFERENT K INDS OF C ONJUNCTIONS

1 C OORDINATING C ONJUNCTIONS (C OORDINATOR )

These coordinating conjunctions are used to join two elements

of equal rank and equal importance And they are AND, OR, BUT, NOR, FOR and SO.

Töi yïu cö ta thưc long, va töi se cều hön cö ta möt ngay gền ₫êy

X I love her truly, and I'm going to propose to her one of these days

Vḯt thương khöng lam Charles lo lăng, nhưng vḯt seo no ₫ï̉ lai thò co

X The wound had not worried Charles, but the scar did beck, The East of Eden)

(J.Stein-X There was sweat on Frank’s forehead now, and the hand on the walking stick was trembling Inside the room, the cold voice was continuing to hiss, and Frank was visited by a strange idea,

an impossible idea This man could talk to snakes

X But Hermione wasn’t at dinner, nor was she in the library when they went to look for her afterward (J.K Rowling, The Goblet

of Fire)

2 T HE P AIRS OF C OORDINATORS

These coordinating conjunctions are also used in pairs called the pairs of correlative conjunctions These pairs are used when emphasis is needed.

Cö ta thöng minh va chăm chỉ

X She is intelligent and hardworking

Cö ta khöng nhưng thöng minh ma con chăm chỉ nưa

a choice

a rejection of both choice

a contrast

X She is not only intelligent but also hard-working

Hay cho töi tư do hoăc chḯt

X Give me liberty or death

X Give me either liberty or death

Chung ta sinh ra khöng phai trïn thiïn ₫ang, ma ơ dươi ₫ịa nguc

X We are born not up in Heaven, but down in Hell

X It might have been better had I simply been a man, not a jan, and if Achiles and Agamemnon and Odysseus and the oth-ers had simply been men, not Achaeans But we were as the

Tro-Fates1decreed, and from this comes my story (Richard Powell, Whom The Gods Would Destroy)

3 S UBORDINATING C ONJUNCTIONS (S UBORDINATOR )

A subordinating conjunctions is a word which is used to duce a subordinate clause and join it to the main clause or some parts of the sentence in which it appears: AFTER, AS, AS IF,

intro-AS THOUGH, BECAUSE, BEFORE, LEST, SINCE, THAT, UNLESS, WHEN, WHETHER, WHILE etc.

Töi se cều hön cö ta vò töi cam thếy cö ta yïu töi thưc long

X I will propose to her because I feel she really loves me

Hăn lam như hăn la chö̀ng cö ta vêy

X He acted as if he were her husband

X The villagers of Little Hangleton still called it ‘the Riddle House’, even though it had been many years since the Riddle family

had lived here (J.K Rowling, The Goblet of Fire)

X I wish I could tell the story as if I were not in it No one can

speak endlessly of himself without appearing to boast, and I

may seem like just another old man 2prating of days when his blood ran hot and full, rather than dribbles from melting snow (Richard Powell, Whom The God Would Destroy)

1 DECREE (V, N)

(V) to decide * the government decreed a state of emergency

* It was decreed that the following day would be a holiday

2 PRATE ON / ABOUT STH (old fashioned/disapproving) - noi huyïn thuyïn, lai nhai - talk too much in a stupid or boring way

Dễu töi ngheo, töi chưa lương gat ai.

X Though I'm poor, still I have yet cheated nobody

Dễu töi ngheo, tuy nhiïn töi chưa lương gat ai

X Though I'm poor, I have yet cheated nobody

Vi cha cö ta thònh lònh qua ₫ơi, nïn cö ta ₫anh phai bo y ₫ịnh hoc lïn ₫ai hoc

X Since her father died unexpectedly, therefore she had to give

up the idea of going to college

Măc du hăn noi dö́i, töi vễn tin tương hăn

X Although he lied to me, I still believed in him

Nḯu trơ thanh ngươi lơn ₫ï̉ trơ nïn de dăt vơi chñnh bö́ me mònh, thò tha töi trơ lai thơi thơ ếu

X If I were a grown-up and felt reserved towards my own ents, then I would wish to live my boyhood years again

par-VIII ABSOLUTE EXPRESSION

These expressions have a logical function rather than a matical function In other words, they are grammatically inde- pendent in the sentence in which they appears; they are almost always non-defining and therefore set off.

Why, this is not my book!

Oh my God! What are you doing?

Damn it! Water is off a again

Nouns used in direct address:

Darling / Honey / Dear

Honey, sit down / Marry, make me a coffee, please!

Darling, do you care for a cup of coffee?

My dear, what’s wrong with you?

(2) and what we say about it (called the predicate)

In other words, the subject of a sentence tells whom or what the sentence is about, and the predicate of a sentence tells what the subject is or does.

A T HE S UBJECT OF A S ENTENCE

The subject of a sentence is expressed by a noun, a pronoun or a noun equivalent.

X My elder daughter is now in the US

X She is now working for her master's degree in mass media communications

X Mastering languages takes hard work and patience

X After work is convenient for everybody

X What you are saying is not true

A Subject may be simple or compound

X I love her

X He and I lover her

X My father and my mother are nearly 60

X Before work or after work is OK

X Loving somebody and marrying him or her are two different things

X What you say and what you do must go together

B T HE P REDICATE OF A S ENTENCE

1 V ERB

a Intransitive Verb (vi)

A predicate is sometimes a single word which is an intransitive verb.

X Birds fly

X Flowers bloom

THE SE

There are intransitive verbs (vi), which are complete in meaning

by themselves In other words, they don't need complements.

b Transitive Verb (vt)

But more often than not (very usually), the predicate contains a transitive verb (vt) And this means that something else is

required to complete its meaning And this something else is

called the complement of the verb.

2 T HE D IFFERENT C OMPLEMENTS

a The Direct Object (DO)

Many transitive verb take the DO to become complete in the

meaning In other words, the DO completes the meaning of the

V by receiving the action expressed by it The DO may be a

noun, a pronoun or a noun equivalent

X I do not need your bloody money, but I need you

X I enjoywalking alone in the rain

down-X You should learn to live your own life and to let others live their own

X I don't know at all where she lives and what she does for a ing

liv-NOTE The DO may be simple or compound

b The Indirect Object (IO)

There are a number of verbs which also need the IO in addition

to the DO to become complete in the meaning The IO always comes before the DO and is usually a PRONOUN

THE SE

X Gave the boy/him 5 dollars

X Give whoever comes a copy of this material

X Show whoever is present how to use the machine

X I am leaving him everything that I have, of course, except a few oddments (Tolkien, The Lords of the Rings)

c The Object Complement (OC)

There are a number of verbs which takes the objective ment (OC) in addition to the direct object to become complete

comple-in the meancomple-ing The OC may be a noun or noun equivalent, an adjective or adjective equivalent When it is a noun or a noun equivalent, it renames the object; when it is an adjective or adjective equivalent, it modifies the object

Sư ghen tuöng ₫a lam Othello trơ thanh möt ke sat nhên

X Jealousy made Othello a murderer.Con ₫ưng lo, me se lam cho no trơ thanh möt ngươi vơ hiï̀n

X Don't worry, son I'm making her a good wife.Töi thếy buö̉i tiïc thêt chan

X I think the party boring

NOTE The OC may be simple or compound

X The news made us happy

X We found her honest and reliable

X We found the telephone out of order

X Jealousy made Otherllo a murderer

X The spirit of Japanese people has made Japan what it is today

THE SE

d The Subjective Complement (SC)

The SC renames or modifies the subject of the sentence and at the same time completes the meaning of a linking verb The SC may be an adjective or an adjective equivalent, a noun or a noun equivalent When it is an adjective or an adjective equivalent, it modifies the subject; when it is a noun or a noun equivalent, it renames the subject or functions as an appositive.

X She is intelligent

X The elevator is out of order

X My mother's only pleasure is taking care of us and seeing us

happy

NOTE The SC may be simple or compound

X She is intelligent

X He is my close friend

X The house is still in good condition

X She is intelligent and hard-working

e The Retained Object (RO)

When a verb which has both the DO and IO is put into the sive voice, one object becomes the subject and the other is

pas-retained and therefore is called the pas-retained object (RO)

Although either object may become the subject; the IO is more commonly used to be the subject and the DO is retained.

X They gave each boy 20 dollars

X Each boy was given 20 dollars

C T HE M ODIFIER OF THE S UBJECT OR THE P REDICATE

While a subject and a predicate are indispensable to a sentence, more often than not, a sentence contains something besides -

passive V

sub-it belongs to the subject, sub-it functions as an ADJECTIVE; when

it belongs to the predicate, it functions as an ADVERB The predicate with its modifier is called a complete predicate The subject with its modifier is called a complete subject

Bö́ cua lu tre mong muö́n cho cac con ₫ươc hoc lïn ₫ai hoc

X The father of the children wishes to send all his children to lege

col-Ngươi ₫eo ₫ö̀ng hö̀ măc möt bö com lï băng vai tuyt va mang giềy bö́t ₫i mưa cao ₫ḯn ₫ui; ngươi kia măc vay chung vơi ao poncho

X The man with the watch wore a tweed suit with thigh-length galoshes; his college, a kilt and a poncho (J.K Rowling, The Goblet of Fire)

Banh xe thơi gian ₫a quay ₫ươc 50 vong kï̉ tư cai ₫ïm mau lưa ma kinh thanh cua chung töi sup ₫ö̉

X The wheel of time has made fifty turns since that nightof blood and fire when my towered city died (Richard Powell, Whom the God Would Destroy)

The modifier may be a single word or a group of words times, a sentence may contain some absolute expressions.

Some-X Marry, you should listen to me and refuse his offer of marriage

X ‘I’m not joking, Mr Weasley,’ he said, ‘though now that you mention it ’

X ‘Hermione, who are you going to the ball with? (J.K Rowling, The Goblet of Fire)

X ‘Dear old Frodo,’ said Pippin ‘Did you really think you had thrown dust in all your eyes? You have not been nearly careful

or clever enough for that! You have obviously been planning to

go and saying farewell to all your 1haunts all this year since April.’ (Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings)

1 HAUNT (n) a place that sb visits often

3 Modifier of the S or P (not indispensable, but usually

present)

4 Absolute Expression

II THE CLAUSE AND PHRASE

A C LAUSE

A clause is a group of related words that contains a subject and

a predicate Clauses are classified as independent clauses and dependent clauses.

An INDEPENDENT CLAUSE (IC) expresses a complete

thought and therefore can stand as an independent sentence by itself.

A DEPENDENT CLAUSE (DC) does not express a complete thought and therefore can't stand as an independent sentence by itself A dependent clause is normally used as a noun, as an

adjective or as an adverb.

SENTENCE

Absolute Expression S M Predicate M

sub-There are five kinds of phrases in English:

THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE

X … in the morning

X The lady standing by my mother is my teacher of English

THE GERUND PHRASE

X Mastering a language takes time and patience

THE PARTICIPLE PHRASE

X Standing at the street corner, the detective …

THE INFINITIVE PHRASE

X I want to see the Manager!

X A time to love and a time to remember

THE NOMINATIVE ABSOLUTE PHRASE

X Autumn having come, leaves are beginning to turn yellow

X She prayed in silent, eyes closed

III TYPE OF SENTENCES CLASSIFIED BY STRUCTURE

Sentences are classified by structures as simple sentences, plex sentences and compound sentences.

com-A S IMPLE S ENTENCE

Simple sentence is a single clause which expresses a complete thought and contains no dependent clause A simple sentence may be short or long and may have compound elements.

An infinitive clause is a dependent clause in which the verb is not conjugated and is used as a noun.