Tiếng anh chuyên ngành Thổ nhưỡng và Môi trường đất phần 9 docx

Soil is a complex mixture of inorganic materials clay, silt, pebbles, and sand, decaying organic matter, water, air, and billions of living organisms.. Yet your life and the lives of ot

Tiếng anh chuyên ngành Thổ nhưỡngvà Môi trường đất NXB Đại học quốc gia Hà Nội 2007 Tr 83 – 91 Tài liệu trong Thư viện điện tử ĐH Khoa học Tự nhiên có thể được sử dụng cho mục đích học tập và nghiên cứu cá nhân Nghiêm cấm mọi hình thức sao chép, in ấn phục vụ các mục đích khác nếu không được sự chấp thuận của nhà xuất bản và tác giả Mục lục Unit 9 SOIL 2

A READING 2

I Comprehension questions 3

II True - False questions 4

III Increasing your vocabulary 4

B Writing 5

I Sentence - transforming 5

II Sentence-building 6

C Further practice 7

D Translation 8

I Translate into Vietnamese 8

II Translate into English 8

E Vocabulary 10

Unit 9 SOIL

Nguyễn Thị Minh Nguyệt

Unit 9

SOIL

• Warm-up Activities

- What are the components of soil?

- How many horizons of soil are there?

-

What is soil? Soil is a complex mixture of inorganic materials (clay, silt, pebbles, and

sand), decaying organic matter, water, air, and billions of living organisms Soil forms when life-forms decay, when solid rock weathers and crumbles, and when sediments are deposited

by erosion Unless you are a farmer, you probably think of soil as dirt- something you don't want on your hands, clothes, or carpet Yet your life and the lives of other organisms depend

on soil, especially topsoil To a large extent all flesh is soil nutrients Soil also provides us with wood, paper, cotton, medicines-everything we get from plants-and helps purify the water

we drink Yet since the beginning of agriculture we have abused this vital, potentially renewable resource Entire civilizations have collapsed because they mismanaged the topsoil that supported their populations

Mature soils are arranged in a series of zones called soil horizons, each with a distinct

texture and composition that varies with different types of soils A cross-sectional view of the

horizons in a soil is called a soil profile Most mature soils have at least three of the possible

horizons

The top layer, the surface-litter layer or O-horizon, consists mostly of freshly fallen and

partially decomposed leaves, twigs, animals waste, fungi, and other organic materials

Normally it is brown or black in color The- topsoil layer, or A- horizon, are a porous mixture

of partially decomposed organic matter (humus) and some inorganic mineral particles Usually

it is darker and looser than deeper layers The roots of most plants and most of the soil's organic matter are concentrated in these two upper layers As long as these layers are anchored

by vegetation, soil stores water and releases it in a nourishing trickle instead of a devastating flood

The two top layers of most well-developed soils teem with bacteria, fungi, earthworms, and small insects These layers are also home for burrowing animals such as moles and gophers These soil-dwellers interact in complex food webs

Bacteria and other decomposer microorganisms are found by the billions in every handful of topsoil They recycle the nutrients we and other land organisms need by breaking down some of the complex organic compounds in the upper soil into simpler inorganic compounds soluble in soil water Soil moisture carrying these dissolved nutrients is drawn up by the roots of plants and transported through stems and into leaves

Some organic litter in the two top layers is broken down into a sticky, brown residue of

partially decomposed organic material called humus Because humus is only slightly soluble

in water, most of it stays in the topsoil layer A fertile soil, producing high crop yields, has a thick topsoil layer with lots of humus Humus also helps topsoil hold water and helps keep nutrients taken up by plant roots from being carried away as rainwater percolates downward through the topsoil

(Taken from "Sustaining the Earth" by Tyler Miller, G)

Answer the following questions

1 How does soil form?

2 What does soil give us? When did people start to abuse soil?

3 Why haven't we succeeded in civilizing?

4 When are mature soils called soil horizons? How many possible horizons do they have?

5 What are two top layers? What are there in these top layers?

6 What does the topsoil layer consist of?

7 Where can soil-dwellers interact?

8 How do bacteria and other decomposer microorganisms recycle the nutrients?

9 Why does most of humus stay in the topsoil layer?

10 Which soil can produce high crop yields?

Decide whether the following statements are true "T" or false "F" Correct the false statements

1 Neither our life nor the lives of other organisms depend on topsoil

2 Not all mature soils have at least three of the possible horizons

3 Soil can not be used again It is used once only

4 Only mores and gophers live in A-horizon

5 The composition of the surface-litter layer is quite different from that of the

topsoil layer

6 We can find only one or two billion of bacteria and other decomposer

microorganisms in every handful of topsoil

7 Because of having a thick topsoil layer with lots of humus, a fertile soil

produces high crop yields

8 The color of the deeper layer is not so dark as the topsoil layer

9 Some living organisms are found in soil

10 One of the characteristics of humus is to help topsoil hold water

Synonyms

Find words or phrases in the text that can be replaced by the following:

1 complicated

2 composition

3 mixture of two or more things

4 act on each other

5 use again and again

6 fully developed

7 full of pores

8 overwhelming

9 matter deposited on the land by water or wind

10 advanced stage of social development

Gap-filling Complete the following statements with one of the appropriate words given bellow topsoil soil horizons living organisms inorganic materials the surface-litter layer horizons soil profile organic matter the topsoil layer soil-dwellers food webs mature soils 1 Soil is a mixture of (1) , decaying (2) , water, air and billions of (3)

2 Mature soils are arranged in a series of zones called (4)

3 Your life and the lives of other organisms depend on soil, especially (5)

4 A cross-sectional view of the horizons in a soil is called (6)

5 The top-layer, (7) ,consists mostly of freshly fallen and partially decomposed leaves, twigs, animal waste, fungi and other organic materials 6 (8) is a mixture of partially decomposed organic matter and some inorganic mineral particles 7 Most (9) have at least three of the possible (10)

8 The (11) interact in complex (12)

Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it

1 Unless you are a farmer, you probably think of soil as dirt

If you are

2 The surface-litter layer is brown or black in color

The color of

3 The topsoil layer is darker and looser than the deeper layers

The deeper layer

4 The two top layers of most well-developed soils teem with bacteria, fungi, earthworms, and small insects

There are

5 A fertile soil producing high crop yields has a thick topsoil layer with lots of humus

A soil which

6 If a soil is too dry, the seeds will not germinate

Unless

7 When the young plant break the soil surface, food manufacture by photosynthesis can begin

When the soil surface

Make any changes and additions to complete the following sentences from the prompts given bellow

8 Too much / cultivation / destroy / soil structure

9 The plant / produce / food / chemical substances / present / soil / air

10 We / can / use a unit / called / soil profile / describe / soils

11 When / we / want / compare / two soils, / we / examine / profiles

12 The root hairs / be / part / a plant / which / absorb / water / mineral / soil

13 The temperature / wet / soils / be / lower / than / well-drained soils

14 Seeds / can not / germinate / a soil / which / lack / sufficient oxygen

15 It / take / century / form / 1 inch / new topsoil

Gap-filling

Read the following paragraph Put a circle round the letter of the correct word or words

to use in each blank

1 a passes b used to pass c would pass d passed

2 a are burning b would burn c have burnt d were burnt

3 a not used b did not use c not using d was not used

4 a doubles b had doubled c will double d would double

5 a were unable b would be unable c will be unable d are unable

6 a has declined b will decline c declines d would decline

7 a believed b is believing c believing d is believed

9 a did not increase b would not increase c does not increase d may not increase

10 a would never use b may never be used c would never be used d may never use

11 a was b used to be c would be d has been

When man first learned how to make a fire, he began to use fuel for the first time The fuel he used was probably wood As time (1) , man eventually discovered that substances such as coal and oil (2)

Coal (3) very widely as a source of energy until the last century With the coming of the industrial revolution, it was soon realized that production (4) if coal was used instead of wood Nowadays, many of the huge factories and electricity generating stations (5) to function if there was no coal

In the last twenty or thirty years, however, the use of coal (6) As a result, there have been changes in the coal industry It (7) that more people (8) coal if oil and gas were not so readily available

There is more than enough coal in the world for man's needs for the next two hundred years if our use of coal (9) Unfortunately, however, about half of the world's coal (10) Mining much of it (11) very expensive even if it was possible

to use new equipment

(Taken from "Extra Practice" by George, D)

Three materials in various compositions; water (including snow), rock and soil cover the Earth surface Soil results from the weathering of rock materials, which involves both the physical breakdown of rock into small particles and chemical alteration of its composition There are, however, many other processes, which together produce the distinctive features of the material we call soil and organize this material into soil on the surface of the land Of primary importance are the processes associated with plants, animals and microorganisms, which colonize the soil

(Taken from "Land Use" by O’Callaghan, J.R)

1 Do các cấp hạt của đất rất nhỏ nên nước không thể ngấm qua đất một cách dễ dàng

2 Nếu có quá nhiều nước ở trong đất thì nó phải được tháo rút

3 Thành phần đất ở những vùng khô cằn và thành phần của đá gốc rất giống nhau

4 Trong nhiều thế kỷ qua người ta đã nhận ra rằng, mặc quần áo màu sáng trong khí hậu nóng thì mát hơn là mặc quần áo màu tối vì màu tối hấp thụ nhiệt nhiều hơn Tương tự như thế, đất sẫm màu hấp thụ nhiệt nhiều hơn đất sáng màu Mặc dù đất tối màu có lượng mùn cao, hấp thụ nhiệt nhiều hơn đất sáng màu, nhưng loại đất này lại thường xuyên chứa được nhiều nước hơn

5 Môi trường đô thị ở nước ta đang bị ô nhiễm do các chất thải rắn và nước thải chưa được thu gom và xử lý theo đúng quy định Thêm vào đó thì khí thải, tiếng ồn và bụi từ các phương tiện giao thông và các ngành sản xuất quy mô vừa và nhỏ cùng với cơ sở hạ tầng yếu kém càng làm cho điều kiện vệ sinh môi trường ở đô thị lâm vào tình trạng báo động Hệ thống cấp thoát nước lạc hậu, xống cấp, không đáp ứng được yêu cầu Mức ô nhiễm không khí do bụi và các khí thải độc hại ở nhiều nơi vượt tiêu chuẩn cho phép nhiều lần, đặc biệt ở một số thành phố lớn như Hà Nội, thành phố Hồ Chí Minh vượt tiêu chuẩn cho phép từ 2 đến 3 lần

1 abuse (v) : lạm dụng

2 anchor (v) : neo, bám chặt

3 civilization (n) : sự văn minh, sự khai hoá

4 complex (adj) : phức tạp

5 compound (n) : hợp chất

6 crumble (v) : vỡ vụn

7 decay (v) : thối rữa, mục nát

8 decompose (v) : phân huỷ

9 earthworm (n) : con giun đất

10 fungus (n) : nấm

11 humus (n) : mùn cây

12 inorganic (adj) : (thuộc) vô cơ

13 interact (v) : tương tác

14 material (n) : vật chất

15 mature (adj) : trưởng thành

16 mineral (n) : khoáng chất

17 mixture (n) : hỗn hợp

18 mole (n) : số phân tử gam của vật chất

19 particle (n) : phân tử, hạt

20 pebble (n) : đá cuội

21 percolate (v) : ngấm

22 porous (adj) : lỗ rỗng, tính rỗng

23 purify (v) : lọc, làm cho tinh khiết

24 recycle (v) : tái chế

25 resource (n) : tài nguyên

26 root (n) : rễ cây

27 sand (n) : cát

28 sediment (n) : trầm tích

29 soil profile (n) : phẫu diện đất

30 soluble (adj) : có thể hoà tan

31 stem (n) : thân cây

32 topsoil (n) : (tầng) đất mặt

33 zone (n) : miền, vùng