Education and training in the development of high quality human resources in vietnam at present

INTRODUCTION 1. The necessity of the research In Vietnam and in the world as well, it has long been thought that the success or failure, existence or death, and decadence or prosperity of a nation deeply depends on the nation’s human resources. In the context of rapid development of advanced scientific and technological revolution, knowledge economy and globalisation, countries are paying more attention to the development of highquality human resources. Human resources have become a competitive advantage of numerous countries worldwide. Thus, countries are increasingly attaching greater importance to bringing into full play the role of education and training to develop and enhance the quality of human resources, taking full advantages of internal forces in the situation of fiercer competition among countries all over the world under the framework of the present globalisation. After more than twenty five years of adopting renovation policies in the socialist orientation that the Party initiated and led, Vietnam’s revolution has obtained considerable achievements of historical significance. The country has overcome socioeconomic crisis and entered a new development era: accelerating national industrialisation and modernisation, and taking steady steps towards the socialist path. These achievements have set forth fundamental conditions for as well as requires the development of human resources, especially the highquality human resources to facilitate the country in the new era of development. In the national renovation process, the highquality human resources has made a rapid growth, making essential contributions to the national achievements of historical significance in all fields of social life. Education and training has played an overriding important and decisive role to the development of the country’s human resources. Resolution of the 2nd plenary session of the 8th Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam states that: “Developing education and training is the national top policy”, aiming to train a human resources that meets rising requirements. The 11th Party Congress also specified a strategic breakthrough: “Rapidly developing the human resources, particularly highquality human resources, concentrating on the fundamental and comprehensive renewal of the national education; incorporating the development of human resources with the development and application of science and technology” 49, 106. In the past year, our education sector in general and higher institutions have produced a strong contingent of engineers, BSc, MA, and doctors in the fields of economy, politics, education and training, culture, and social affairs…satisfying requirements for highquality human resources to hasten the national industralisation and modernisation. Nevertheless, Vietnam’s education and training sector still witnesses shortcomings. Content, curricula, teaching method, management forces, mechanism, policy as well as environment, conditions, and equipment and facilities for the cause of education and training to foster a highquality human resources remain limited, failing to meet the real demands. The quality of education and training, especially at higher level which is directly involved in the education and training of the highquality human resources, is generally low. The qualification and professionalism of graduates remains limited, their adaptability to the reality is still weak; our human resources remains few in quantity and limited in quality whereas mechanism is inadequate. These demonstrate shortcomings and limitations of our education and training sector which fails to manifest its role in developing the nation’s highquality human resources. The development of highquality human resources depends on a number of factors, in which the role of education and training is of overriding importance. Hence, it is a pressing issue for the nation’s education and training sector in general and higher education institutions in particular to produce a highquality human resources to satisfy the demands for speeding up the nation’s industrialisation, modernisation and international integration in the new era, contributing to realising the target to basically turn Vietnam into a modernityoriented industrial country by 2020, and to successfully

LUONG CONG LY

EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN THE DEVELOPMENT

OF HIGH-QUALITY HUMAN RESOURCES IN

I swear that this is the scientific research of my own.

The data and materials used in the thesis are honest,

origin and provenance clear The scientific results of the

thesis have not been published in any public works

Lương Công Lý

Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF THEME’S RESEARCH-RELATED 61.1 The researches related to human resource and role of human

1.2 The researches related to real situation of high quality human

1.3 The researches related to orientations and solutions to promote

the role of education and training for developing high quality

Chapter 2: HIGH QUALITY HUMAN RESOURCE AND ROLE OF

EDUCATION AND TRAINING FOR DEVELOPING HIGH QUALITY HUMAN RESOURCES IN VIETNAM AT

2.1 High qualiy human resource and important role of developing

high quality human resources in Vietnam at present 242.2 The concept, role, impact factors and education – training

requirements with developing high quality human resource in

Chapter 3: EDUCATION – TRAINING AND DEVELOPING HIGH

QUALITY HUMAN RESOURCE IN VIETNAM AT PRESENT, REAL SITUATION AND OUTSTANDING

3.1 Real situation of education - training execution in developing

high quality human resource in Vietnam today 633.2 Some conflicts need to be solved in order to improve roles of

education – training in develoing high quality human resource in

Chapter 4: DIRECTIONS AND SOLUTIONS FOR IMPROVING ROLES

OF EDUCATION –TRAINING IN DEVELOPING HIGH

4.1 Directions for improving roles of education – training in

developing high quality human resource in Vietnam today 1044.2 Major solutions for improving role of education – training in

developing high quality human resource in Vietnam today 109

APPENDIX

1 The necessity of the research

In Vietnam and in the world as well, it has long been thought that thesuccess or failure, existence or death, and decadence or prosperity of a nationdeeply depends on the nation’s human resources In the context of rapiddevelopment of advanced scientific and technological revolution, knowledgeeconomy and globalisation, countries are paying more attention to thedevelopment of high-quality human resources Human resources have become

a competitive advantage of numerous countries world-wide Thus, countriesare increasingly attaching greater importance to bringing into full play therole of education and training to develop and enhance the quality of humanresources, taking full advantages of internal forces in the situation of fiercercompetition among countries all over the world under the framework of thepresent globalisation

After more than twenty five years of adopting renovation policies in thesocialist orientation that the Party initiated and led, Vietnam’s revolution hasobtained considerable achievements of historical significance The countryhas overcome socio-economic crisis and entered a new development era:accelerating national industrialisation and modernisation, and taking steadysteps towards the socialist path These achievements have set forthfundamental conditions for as well as requires the development of humanresources, especially the high-quality human resources to facilitate thecountry in the new era of development

In the national renovation process, the high-quality human resources hasmade a rapid growth, making essential contributions to the nationalachievements of historical significance in all fields of social life Educationand training has played an overriding important and decisive role to thedevelopment of the country’s human resources Resolution of the 2nd plenarysession of the 8th Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnamstates that: “Developing education and training is the national top policy”,aiming to train a human resources that meets rising requirements The 11th

Party Congress also specified a strategic breakthrough: “Rapidly developingthe human resources, particularly high-quality human resources,concentrating on the fundamental and comprehensive renewal of the nationaleducation; incorporating the development of human resources with thedevelopment and application of science and technology” [49, 106].

In the past year, our education sector in general and higher institutionshave produced a strong contingent of engineers, BSc, MA, and doctors in thefields of economy, politics, education and training, culture, and socialaffairs…satisfying requirements for high-quality human resources to hastenthe national industralisation and modernisation Nevertheless, Vietnam’seducation and training sector still witnesses shortcomings Content, curricula,teaching method, management forces, mechanism, policy as well asenvironment, conditions, and equipment and facilities for the cause ofeducation and training to foster a high-quality human resources remainlimited, failing to meet the real demands The quality of education andtraining, especially at higher level which is directly involved in theeducation and training of the high-quality human resources, is generallylow The qualification and professionalism of graduates remains limited,their adaptability to the reality is still weak; our human resources remainsfew in quantity and limited in quality whereas mechanism is inadequate.These demonstrate shortcomings and limitations of our education andtraining sector which fails to manifest its role in developing the nation’shigh-quality human resources

The development of high-quality human resources depends on a number

of factors, in which the role of education and training is of overridingimportance Hence, it is a pressing issue for the nation’s education andtraining sector in general and higher education institutions in particular toproduce a high-quality human resources to satisfy the demands for speeding

up the nation’s industrialisation, modernisation and international integration

in the new era, contributing to realising the target to basically turn Vietnaminto a modernity-oriented industrial country by 2020, and to successfully

build up a society of wealthy people, prosperous nation, democracy, justice,and civilisation as our Party has stated

These issues are increasingly pressing to our nation on those days, interms of both theoretical and practical perspectives and demanding for athorough study With that in mind, the author has selected the subject

“Education and training in the development of high-quality human resources in Vietnam at present” as the specialism of this thesis

2 Purpose, task of the research

2.1 Research purpose

The thesis clarifies fundamental theoretical matters and the real situation

of the education and training to the development of high-quality humanresources; recommends a number of directions and solutions to bring into fullplay the role of education and training in the development of high-qualityhuman resources in Vietnam at present

2.2 Research task

- Clarifying theoretical ground related to the development of high-qualityhuman resources and the role of education and training in the development ofhigh-quality human resources in Vietnam at present

- Clarifying the real situation of the role of education and training in thedevelopment of high-quality human resources in Vietnam at present

- Proposing a number of essential directions and solutions to bring intofull play the role of education and training in the development of high-qualityhuman resources in Vietnam at present

3 Subject and scope of the research

sector, but studies the role of education and training in the development ofhuman resources in our country; concentrating the study in higher institutions

in Vietnam at present

- Studying the realities of the role of education and training in thedevelopment of high-quality human resources in certain higher institutions inVietnam at present

- In term of time scope, the thesis studies the role of education andtraining in the development of high-quality human resources in Vietnam from

1986 to present

4 Research methods

The study is based on theoretical foundation of the Marxism – Leninism,

Ho Chi Minh Thoughts, standpoints, paths of the Party and policies of theState of Vietnam on the development strategies of education and training, andthe development of human resources, and high-quality human resources inVietnam The study applies the methodology of the Marxism – Leninism, HoChi Minh Thoughts; incorporates theory and practice, properly employsanalysis and synthesis methods; logic and history, sociological study, andpractical recapitulation are major methods applied in the study of this thesis

5 New findings of the research

- The thesis explains more clearly the role of education and training inthe development of human resources in Vietnam at present

- Based on achievements, shortcomings and matters arise from thereality, the thesis proposes a number of fundamental directions and solutions

to bring into full play the role of education and training in the development ofhigh-quality human resources in Vietnam at present

6 Theoretical and practical significance of the research

6.1 Theoretical significance

The thesis explains more obviously theory of human resources, high-qualityhuman resources and the role of education and training in the development ofhigh-quality human resources in Vietnam at present The thesis providesscientific grounds to the implementation of directions and solutions to bring intofull play the role of education and training in the development of high-quality

human resources in Vietnam at present.

6.2 Practical significance

- The new findings of the thesis can be used as reference to planning and

implementing policies to develop the role of education and training in higherinstitutions in Vietnam at present

- The thesis can be a useful reference for lecturers, education managers

and pupils, and students in higher institutions in Vietnam at present

7 Conclusion

The thesis consists of introduction, four chapters, nine sections,conclusion, list of reference and appendixes

Chapter 1 OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH ON THE SAME SUBJECT OF THE

- Studies in China are related to the thesis consists of:

Liang You Jia (2006), Book Talent management, Publishing House of

Zhong Shan University, Quang Dong, China concentrates on analysing somefundamental issues such as concept of talents, talent management, basiccharacters of talent resources, factors impacting talent, value system of talentresources, driving force system of talent resources, the arrangement and usage

of talents, talent management institution and legislation This is a fundamentalbook of theory on talent resources and talent resources management of China.

Shen Rong Hua and Wu Guo Miao (2008), Book A Respect for

Intelligentsia and Talented People – A Hundred-Year Master Plan for the Restoration and Development of the Country, National Political Publishing

House, Ha Noi, systematically covers thoughts of Deng Xiao Ping onintelligentsia, talented people, respect for and the development of talentedpeople, education and training to develop high-quality human resources in thereform period The book asserts that China always considers the educationand training of high-quality human resources, the talented people work asmatters of special significance and as a hundred-year master plan for therestoration and development of the country A range of theoretical andpractical issues in Deng Xiao Ping thoughts on education and training todevelop high-quality human resources and talented people of the country hasbeen interpreted, being foundations for the Communist Party of Chinese tocarry out paths, and policies on cadres, developing high-quality humanresources in the period of socialist construction with Chinese characteristics

Wang Hui Yao (2010) Book National Strategy - Talents Change the

World, China’s People Press, highlights China’s strategy for the development

of high-quality human resources (talents), analyses basic issues of talents,assesses the situation of Chinese talents at present; proposes guidelines,policies, contents, especially the education and training to develop high-quality human resources for the country in the new development period đềxuất những chủ trương, nội dung, chính sách, đặc biệt là giáo dục và đào tạophát triển nguồn nhân lực chất lượng cao cho đất nước trong thời kỳ phát triểnmới

Liu Xiao Ping (2011), Book The Theories and Practices of Human

Resources Assessment, Sun Yat-sen University Press, contends that under the

context of knowledge economy, human resources play an extremely

important role: arousing and developing human resources and high-qualityhuman resources are of extreme significance Thus, to exploit and bring intofull play human resources nations should develop appropriate assessmenttheories and methods; and puts forward some theoretical issues and methods

of human resources assessment

Wang Chong (2012), Book The Quality of Economic Growth in Western

China in Association with the Usage of Rural Human Resources, China’s

People Press, illustrates the economic growth in China’s western region atpresent, points out factors of the growth quality, in which the authorconcentrates on analysing the human resources factor; and indicates someissues related to the usage and bringing into full play rural human resources,particularly the education and training of human resources to ensure andenhance the quality of economic growth in western China in the newsituation

Ren Zhong Ping (2004), Journal Article The Sublimation of the Reality

of Comprehensive Construction of Wealthy Society - Discussing about Development Viewpoint, Achievement Viewpoint, Populace Viewpoint, Nhân

dân Nhật báo, Beijing, issue 12, January 2004, contends importantimprovements in the work of talents, China’s human resources development

in the reform period, criticising the achievement hunting, and manifestations

of disregarding the populace in the work of talents; recommends certainrequirements on the work of talents in the new era

- Some monographs are related to the thesis from other countries:

In Japan, Okuhira Yasuhiro (1994), Book Japan’s Politics and Economy, National Political Publishing House, Ha Noi, obviously indicates

basic issues of talent; personnel policies, talent development; analysesexperience in the assessment and rotation of cadres, bringing into full playJapanese talents on Japan’s social characters; asserts efforts to conserve andbring into full play national traditions; presents the implementation of training

and employee management regime in public authorities, paying attention tobuilding virtues, especially loyalty virtue of employees and ensuring suitablepolicies and payment regulations to make employees keep their mind on theirwork.

In South Korea, Kim, Jang-ho (2005), Book New Paradigm of Human Resources Development: Government Initiatives for Economic Growth and Social Integration in Korea, KRIVET, Seoul, 135949, Korea The monograph

indicates socio-economic challenges in high-quality human resourcesdevelopment in Korea; asserts the important role of high-quality humanresources; competitiveness of the nation’s human resources; proposesdevelopment directions; especially introduces and analyses issues ofvocational education and training, incorporating training with researchdevelopment, and issues on building a learning society in Korea

In Singapore, the book Li Guangyao 40 Nian Zheng Lun Xuan (Lee

Kuan Yew’s Political Writings of 40 Years) (1994), National PoliticalPublishing House, Ha Noi, demonstrates Lee Kuan Yew’s thought oftreasuring talented people, the role of education and training in thedevelopment of human resources and training talents; emphasises that “theregime Singapore applies is the one to treasure talents", considering theknow-how to train and employ talented people as the key to success ofSingapore in developing high-level human resources and developing talents

In Lao, PhD thesis on Party construction Training, Fostering a Leading Contingent Managing the Party and State Economic Performance in Lao at Present, National Political Academy, Ha Noi by Sinkham Phommaxay

(2003) The author presents viewpoints, characteristics of economicmanagement leadership; analyses fundamental issues of policies related totraining and cultivating leading staff, and talented people; proposes solutions

to improve the quality and efficiency of training and cultivating leadersmanaging Lao’s economy in the new circumstance

Viewpoints, concepts, characteristics, role of human resources, quality human resources, talent, intellectuals, the importance of education andtraining as well as issues related to the talent usage, development of high-quality human resources, are comprehensively studied by the worksmentioned above This is an important foundation for the author to acquire,inherit, and continue studying and specifying in the author’s thesis

high In Vietnam, there have been many studies so far on highhigh quality human

resources and the role of education and training of human resources,noticeably:

Pham Minh Hac (Lead author – 1996), Study The Issue of Human Beings

in the Cause of National Industrialisation and Modernisation The work

analyses theoretical and practical foundations for performing human strategy,considering human factor, human development, human resources to be ofdecisive significance to material and spiritual creation; presents the relationbetween education and training, between the usage and creation of occupationwith the development of national human resources; from which definesmanagement responsibility of education and training towards thedevelopment of human resources for industrialisation and modernisation

Luong Viet Hai (Lead author - 2003), Research Impacts of Scientific,

Technical and Technological Advance on the Research and Development of Human Beings and Human Resources in Early 21 st Century, State-level

research project KX-05 Research on Culture, Human Beings, Human

Resources in Early 21 st Century November, 2003 The project carries out a

synthetic and comprehensive study on human beings, human resources;analyses and specifies concepts and factors affecting the quality of humanresources; fundamental issues of education and training, human resourcesmanagement in Vietnam in accelerated industrialisation, and modernisation;puts forwards essential recommendations to develop culture, people,education and training of human resources in the next decades

Bui Ngoc Lan (2002), Book Intellectual Resources in the Cause of

Renovation in Vietnam, National Political Publishing House, Ha Noi The

book analyses intellectual resources in Vietnam’s renovation process;indicates the role of intellectual resources in social development andfundamental conditions to bring into full play intellectual resources; proposesand analyses basic directions and solutions to bring into full play intellectualresources in the cause of renovation and national construction in the socialistdirection

Pham Tat Dong (2005), Book Vietnam’s Intellectuality, Reality and

Prospect, lead author, National Political Publishing House, Ha Noi The

author introduces a number of conceptions of intellectuality, Vietnam’sintellectuality; analyses characteristics, the formation and development ofintellectual contingent in Vietnam; points out prospects of and solutions todevelop this contingent in the new era

Nguyen Dac Hung (2007), Book Developing Talents to Strengthen the

Nation, National Political Publishing House, Ha Noi The book discusses the

“leading” force in high-quality human resources; introduces basic conceptssuch as: potential, ability, the talent, talent management; indicates certainlessons of experience from Vietnam’s history and some countries in the world

on developing high-quality human resources, developing the talent; analysessome fundamental viewpoints of the Party, Ho Chi Minh Thoughts onknowledge and the talent; indicates factors directly influencing the talentdevelopment, basic contents of high-quality human resources development,and talent development; raises some issues related to the training of pupilsand students and to the discovery of, fostering, training, using, and attractingthe talented people

Nguyen An Ninh (2009), Book Bringing into Full Play the Potential of

Vietnam’s Socio-Science Intellectuality, National Political Publishing House,

Ha Noi The book contributes to interpreting potential of Vietnam’s social

science intellectuality, an important section of the national high-qualityhuman resources; analyses theoretical and practical matters related toVietnam’s social science intellectuality, as a key component of the country’shuman resources; indicates basic issues of mechanism, policy, regime, ofeducation and training to bring into full play the potential of Vietnam’s socialscience intellectuality in the new era

Pham Thanh Nghi (Lead author - 2007), Book Raising the Efficiency of

Human Resources Management in the Process of National Industrialisation and Modernisation, Social Science Publishing House, Ha Noi The book

approaches basic theoretical issues of human resources and human resourcesmanagement; analyses the efficiency of human resources management andfactors affecting human resources management in our country in the process

of national industrialisation and modernisation

Vu Van Phuc, Nguyen Duy Hung (Co-authors - 2012), Book Develop

Human Resources to Meet the Demands for Industrialisation, Modernisation and International Integration, National Political Publishing House, Ha Noi.

The book states some basic concepts of manpower, human resources,analyses characteristics of Vietnam’s human resources, fundamental issues todevelop human resources for the requirements of industrialisation,modernisation and international globalisation This is a valuable source ofreference for research and actual guidance of developing the country’s humanresources at present

Ho Sy Quy (2007), Textbook Human Beings and Human Beings

Developmenti, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Faculty of

Philosophy, Education Publishing House, Ha Noi The documentsystematically indicates basic issues of human beings and human beingsdevelopment, such as the methodology on human beings study, definition,concept of human beings, manpower, personality, potential, talent,community and individual The textbook presents fundamental issues of

Vietnamese people, the role of human factors; indicates ability to develophuman beings; proposes directions and solutions to develop Vietnamesepeople, fulfilling requirements of the industrialisation and modernisation

Nguyen Huu Tiep (2010), Textbook Human Resources Textbook, Labour

and Social Publishing House, Ha Noi The document presents systematicallyfundamental questions of human resources, namely concept, criterion,classification, factors affecting human resources; presents the education andtraining of human resources, management, allocation, usage, policies, andmechanism towards the country’s human resources

Le Thi Hong Diep (2010), Political economics thesis Developing

High-Quality Human Resources to Expand Knowledge Economy in Vietnam The

thesis presents basic concepts such as: human resources, high-quality humanresources, characteristics of high-quality human resources in our country, thedevelopment of high-quality human resources; analyses increased population,the structure of human resources, the proportion of scientific andtechnological manpower, characteristics and requirements of knowledgeeconomy for high-quality human resources; proposes essential solutions todevelop high-quality human resources to expand the knowledge economy inVietnam

1.2 Studies on the reality of high-quality human resources

Vu Hy Chuong (Lead author - 2002), Research project Evaluating,

Forecasting Prospect and Basic Solutions to Create Human Resources for the Industrialisation and Modernistaion, Research project of social science 02-02.

The project evaluate the national human resources, indicates strengths,limitations and causes; forecasts factors affecting the development of humanresources and prospects for the development of human resources in the future.From these foundations, the project recommends fundamental directions andsolutions comprehensively, in particular education and training solutions toproduce human resources for the national industrialisation and modernisation

Pham Tat Dong, (Lead author - 2005), Research Project Scientific

Ground for Policies to Bring into Full Play the Working Ability and Creativeness of Intellectuals and Students, Ministerial-level research project,

Ha Noi The project directly mentions scientific grounds to introduce andimplement policies to bring into full play the labour ability and creativeness

of intellectuals and students The research analyses theoretical foundations,evaluate the status of labour capacity and creativeness, points outshortcomings of our country’s intellectuals and students; analyses factorsinfluencing their capacity and creativeness; proposes policies, particularly theimplementation of education and training policies to bring into full playworking capacity and creativeness of these resources considered as the keycomponent of the national high-quality human resources

Tran Van Tung and Le Ai Lam (1998), Book Human Resources

Development – World Experience and our Country’s Practice, Ha Noi The

book interprets some fundamental theoretical issues on human resources;presents the status of human resources development, from which introduceslessons of experience of human resources development by world powers inrecent decades and the practical development of human resources in Vietnam,concentrating on education and training and considering it as the decisivefactor in human resources development The book indicates that thesuccessful development of a nation is closely related to policies and strategies

of human resources development, especially education and trainingdevelopment strategy or in other words “people training strategy”

Institute for Education Development (2002), Book From Education

Development Strategy to Human Resources Development Policies, Institute

for Education Development, Ha Noi The book gathers research results ofsome scientists and managers from different fields of social and economicscience with the aim to unify viewpoints and policies of human resourcesdevelopment; recommends human resources development policies in order to

successfully implement objectives of the education and training development

to develop high-quality human resources, strengthening the nation

Nguyen Van Son (2002), Book Vietnam Higher Education Intellectuals

in the Period of Accelerated Industrialisation and Modernisation, National

Political Publishing House, Ha Noi The book presents fundamental issues ofhigher education intellectuals in Vietnam in the period of promotingindustrialisation and modernisation, particularly the status, to provide addedgrounds for the renovation and development of higher education to satisfyrequirements of the new era

The National Centre for Social Sciences and Humanities (2003), A summary research project of Results of the Post-Graduate Education in the

National Centre for Social Science and Humanities 1978 - 2003, Social

Sciences Publishing House, Ha Noi The project summarises results of thepost-graduate education in the National Centre for Social Sciences andHumanities in the 1978-2003 period; analyses some theoretical and practicalissues of post-graduate education; proposes basic solutions to promote post-graduate education in the National Centre for Social Sciences and Humanities

in the next period of time

Le Du Phong, (Lead author - 2006), Book Resources and Driving Force

of Development in the Socialist-Oriented Market Economy in Vietnam, The

Publishing House of Political Theory, Ha Noi, introduces concepts of humanresources, analyses the importance of human resources as the driving force ofdevelopment; analyses the status of human resources development in ourcountry under the context of socialist-oriented market economy withemerging requirements for development

Ngo Huy Tiep, (Lead author - 2009), Book Renovating Leadership

Modes of the Party Towards our Country’s Intellectuals at Present, National

Political Publishing House, Ha Noi The book reflects the status of Vietnam’s

intellectuals, of the application of leadership methods of the Party towards ourintellectuals over the past time From that basis, the book introduces certainsolutions to renew Party’s leadership modes towards intellectuals, inparticular solutions to renovate awareness of Party committees at all levelsand the State management authorities, policies to treat and treasure theintellectuals who make remarkable contributions to the society.

Duong Van Quang, Banh Tien Long, Trinh Duc Du (Lead authors

-2009), Book Summary Record of the Workshop on “Cultivating Human

Resources for International Integration”, The Gioi Publishers, Ha Noi The

book gathers writings on human resources training for internationalintegration, especially high-quality human resources; many writings analyse,evaluate the status of human resources, point out limitations and weaknesses

of our human resources under requirements for international integration;clarify limitations which result from education and training; specifyfundamental issues of human resources education and training forinternational integration

Nguyen Van Khanh, (Lead author - 2012), Book Vietnam Intellectual

Resources, History, Status Quo and Prospect, National Political Publishing

House, Ha Noi The book presents concepts of intellectual resources, theusage of intellectual resources; experience in building and bringing into fullplay intellectual resources in some countries in the world and in Vietnam;assesses history and status quo of Vietnam intellectual resources in a number

of fields; analyses factors affecting the usage of intellectual resources, pointout advantages, disadvantages and prospects of bringing into full playVietnam’s intellectual resources at present

Trinh Ngoc Thach (2008), PhD thesis of education management

Completing Management Model of High-Quality Human Resources Education and Training in Higher Education Institutions in Vietnam The

author surveys and analyses the management model of high-quality humanresources training in some key higher education institutions of Vietnam, inwhich thoroughly studies the Ha Noi National University’s model to describetypical features of the management models of high-quality human resourcestraining in Vietnam’s higher education institutions, indicating advantages,limitations and the adoptability; proposes some basic solutions to completethe management model of high-quality human resources training in Vietnam’shigher education institutions

Le Quang Hung (2011), PhD thesis Developing High-Quality Human

Resources in Key Economic Zones in the Central Region, Development

Strategy Institute From the economic perspective, the thesis presents theimportance of high-quality human resources development in key economiczones in the central region; assess advantages, disadvantages, and causes ofhigh-quality human resources in the region; introduces some requirementsand solutions to develop high-quality human resources in the central region’skey economic zones, attaching much importance to education and training.Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences (2008), Summary record of the

workshop Constructing a Contingent of Intellectuals in the Period of

Promoting National Industrialisation and Modernisation, International Integration, co-organised by the Central Committee for Propaganda and

Education and Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences’ Party Affairs Section onMarch 28, 2008, Ha Noi The summary record collects numerous reportsextensively discussing the intellectuals in Vietnam; thoroughly analyses thestatus of our intellectuals; introduces many solutions, recommendations,especially on policies and mechanism to attract and evaluate intellectuals andthe talent in the period of speeding up national industrialisation,modernisation and international integration

Nguyen Thi Hong Van (2005), Article Education with the Development

of Human Resources for Industrialisation and Modernisation, Journal of

Education Development, No 4, analyses the role of education in developinghuman resources, especially high-quality human resources forindustrialisation and modernisation; indicates the status quo and shortcomings

of education; recommends opinions to renovate education and training tomeet the demand for human resources development for nationalindustrialisation and modernisation

Hoang Xuan Long (2006), Article Policies to Develop Science and

Technology Human Resources: Status Quo and Recommendations, Labour

and Social Affairs Review, No 288, presents the status quo of science andtechnology human resources development in our country, points outlimitations, and shortcomings in policies towards this matter; proposesviewpoints on the policies related to the development of science andtechnology human resources in the new era

Pham Minh Hac (2008), Article Developing Human Beings, Human

Resources – Concept and Policy, printed in the Book Emerging Theoretical and Practical Issues in the Current Circumstance, National Political

Publishing House, Ha Noi The article discusses theoretical grounds of humandevelopment; introduces concepts of human resources, talent, labour force;analyses the status quo and proposes solutions to develop the national humanresources

Duong Vinh Suong (2012), Article Education, Training in the

Development of Human Resources for Industrialisation and Modernisation,

Communist Party of Vietnam’s Theoretical and Political Journal, No (833).The article analyses the role of high-quality human resources; assesses thestatus of our human resources and high-quality human resources, analyseslimitations, weaknesses of our human resources in comparison with countries

in the region and the world; recommends major solutions of education andtraining to develop high-quality human resources for the process of nationalindustrialisation and modernisation.

1.3 STUDIES RELATED TO DIRECTIONS AND SOLUTIONS TO BRING INTO FULL PLAY THE ROLE OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH-QUALITY HUMAN RESOURCES

The development of high-quality human resources requires syntheticstrengths, and synchronous implementation of solutions, mechanisms,policies, in which education and training is top priority There are numerousresearch projects with different approaches and scopes, studying directionsand solutions to develop high-quality human resources and the role of humanresources education and training in our country

The Communist Party of Vietnam (2008), Resolution of the 7th session ofthe 10th Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam on“Building

a Contingent of Intellectuals in Promoting National Industrialisation and Modernisation”, Ha Noi This is a special resolution of the Party on building

a contingent of intellectuals - the key force in the high-quality humanresources in the new ear, providing standpoints and fundamental theoretical,political, and ideological foundations bases, which this research shouldthoroughly grasp and use it as a support The resolution indicates researchapproaches, examines and points out concepts of intellect; highlights the roleand importance of the intellectual staff in the revolutionary; analyses thestatus of Vietnam’s intellectual contingent, specifies limitations, weaknessesand disadvantages of this contingent; limitations and shortcomings ineducation and training and in intellect operations; points out objectives,viewpoints and recommends major duties and solutions to build a contingent

of intellectuals in speeding up the national industrialisation andmodernisation

Research project Building a Contingent of Vietnam’s Intellectuals in the

2011-2020 Period, State-level project, Code: KX.04.16/06-10, The State-level

Science and Technology Programme KX.04/06-10: “Scientific research ofpolitical theory in the 2006-10 period” The work is a significant scientificproject, presenting numerous theoretical and practical questions of theVietnam’s intellectual contingent; approaches of intellectual study; concepts,conceptions of intellect; judgments, and assessments of advantage,disadvantage, and limitation; position, role, importance of intellectualcontingent through revolutionary periods and in the past years; interpretsemerging requirements and duties of the national renovation in the newcontext; points out and analyses imperative and basic issues of building upVietnam’s intellectual staff in the 2011-2020 period

Nguyen Manh Huong, (Lead author - 2012), research project Building

Up a Contingent of Military Intellectuals in the new Period, Ministerial-level

scientific research project, Ministry of National Defence, Ha Noi Theresearch asserts that military intellectuals form the essential component of thehigh-quality human resources in military force; introduces concepts andcriteria to recognise military intellectuals; clarifies advantages anddisadvantages of the current staff of military intellectuals; definesrequirements, and proposes basic solutions, especially solutions to enhanceeducation and training, the usage and preferential treatment policies to build

up a contingent of military intellectuals in the new period

Nguyen Duy Bac, (Lead author - 2013), Ministerial-level research

project Characteristics of Vietnamese People with the Training of

High-Quality Human Resources in Our Country at Present, National Academy of

Politics and Public Administration, Ha Noi The research analysesfundamental features of Vietnamese people, advantages and disadvantages ofthese features; interprets some issues related to the development of high-

quality human resources training in our country at present from the realcharacteristics of Vietnamese people and requirements of the new period

Le Thi Ai Lam (2003), Book Developing Human Resources through

Education and Training - East Asia Experience, Social Sciences Publishing

House, Ha Noi The book presents the role of and solutions to developinghuman resources through education and training in some East Asian nations;and from the East Asian experience the author recommends lessons ofexperience that Vietnam can learn from

Mutli-authors (2008), Book Problems of Current Education, Viewpoints

and Solutions, Intellect Publishing House, Ha Noi The book analyses

viewpoints that consider education and training as the national top policy;analyses theoretical and practical issues of education and training in Vietnamand some other countries in the world From that foundation, the book claimsthat some fundamental viewpoints of the country’s education and trainingmust be properly understood; recommends solutions and petitions to renovateeducation and training to develop high-quality human resources forrequirements of the new era

Ngo Van Ha (2010), Book Higher Education in North Vietnam in the

1954-1975 Period, National Political Publishing House, Ha Noi The book

analyses systematically the Party’s viewpoints of higher education, and thetraining of cadres in north Vietnam in the 1954-1975 period; clarifies theestablishment and development of the Party’s policies on building thenational higher education to develop human resources for the socialismconstruction in the North and the fight for national unification; indicatesachievements, limitations and typical features of the higher education in theNorth during this period of time; draws lessons of experience, contributingrecommendations for the development of our current higher education todevelop the nation’s high-quality human resources in the new situation

Ministry of Education and Training (2010), Book Renewing

Management of Higher Education System in 2010-2020 Period, Ministry of

Education and Training, Vietnam Education Publishing House, Ha Noi Thebook presents a number of resolutions, decisions, circulars, regulations issued

by the Ministry of Education and Training and its relevant bodies in recentyears in order to address limitations, shortcomings, weaknesses facing ourhigher education system at present, and to implement synchronous solutions

to renew the management of the higher education system in the 2010-2012period; especially regulations of post-graduate training, which are considered

as the foundations for renovating education and training to develop our quality human resources at present and in the coming years

high-Tran Khanh Duc (2010), Book Education and Training: Developing

Human Resources in the 21st Century, Vietnam Education Publishing House,

Ha Noi The book mentions and analyses thoroughly the situation of humanresources education and training; the role of education and training in thedevelopment of human resources in our country in the 21st century; fromwhich proposes solutions to promote and renew education and training,fulfilling requirements for the development of human resources in the 21st

century

Nguyen Van Khanh (2010), Building and Bringing into Full Play

Intellectual Resources for the National Strengthening, National Political

Publshing House, Ha Noi The book deeply analyses Vietnam’s intellectualresources from various perspectives on intellectual resources; assesses thestatus of intellectual resources, indicates limitations, shortcomings ofprofessional qualification, integration ability, structure of our intellectualresources; proposes certain solutions to build and bring into full playVietnam’s intellectual resources for the national strengthening in the new era

Ta Ngoc Tan (Compilation guide - 2012), Developing education and

training of human resources, talents, Some experience from the world, The

National Academy of Politics and Public Administration, National PoliticalPublishing House, Ha Noi The book analyses thoroughly basic issues ofhuman resources, talents and the development of education and training ofhuman resources and talents of some nations in the world, drawing usefullessons of experience for Vietnam in renewing fundamentally andcomprehensively education and training to develop national human resourcesand talents

Nguyen Thanh (2001), PhD thesis, Developing Human Resources and

the Role of Education and Training in the Development of Human Resources for the Cause of Industrialisation and Modernisation in our Country at Present, Institute of Philosophy The thesis presents theoretical and practical

issues of human resources development; clearly analyses theoretical issues ofthe role of education and training in developing human resources; proposessome major solutions to renovate education and training to develop humanresources for the cause of national industrialisation and modernisation

Chu Van Cap (2012), The article Developing High-Quality Human

Resources for Sustainable Development in Vietnam, Journal of Communism,

issue No 9 (839), directly discusses basic theoretical and practical issues ofthe development of high-quality human resources which contributes to thesustainable development in Vietnam in the new era; and proposes certainsolutions for this issue

Bui Manh Nhi (2012), The article Fundamentally and Comprehensively

Renew Vietnam Education and Training, Journal of Political Theory, Bulletin

of the Central Theoretical Council, issue No (49) (122), systematicallypresents Vietnam’s education and training in the past decades, especially fromthe renewal to present, indicating major achievements and limitations; fromwhich defining directions, requirements, and solutions to for a fundamentaland comprehensive renovation of Vietnam’s education and training at present

To sum up, the studies indicate a relatively adequate and comprehensive

picture of human resources, high-quality human resources, in terms of boththeoretical and practical perspectives, the development of high-quality humanresources, particularly the role of education and training in the development

of our country’s high-quality human resources through different periods oftime

Many studies assert that high-quality human resources are a matter ofextreme importance in the countries’ development strategies, are the drivingforce for socio-economic development; affirming the significant role ofeducation and training and the necessity to renew and enhance the quality ofeducation and training to develop high-quality human resources Numerousstudies contend that each different period of time imposes differentrequirements for high-quality human resources; each type of high-qualityhuman resources make particular demands for quality, virtues, capability,suitable for characteristics, quality, function, and duties of each type ofhuman resources Many studies assert the indispensability of developing high-quality human resources in response to revolutionary duty in the new era, ofrenovating education and training in developing high-quality humanresources; indicating requirements for accelerating national industrialisationand modernisation and international integration, requiring for humanresources that are completely able to successfully perform that cause

A range of theoretical and practical issues of education and training indeveloping high-quality human resources; requirements, orientations andsolutions, recommendations for renewing education and training content,curricula, and management system to develop high-quality human resources

in response to revolutionary requirements in the new era are discussed andinterpreted quite clearly by researches in terms of subjects and objective oreach study

Theoretical and practical issues of human resources development,especially high-quality human resources; of the relations between education

and training with the development of high-quality human resources in ourcountry; of renewing education and training content, curricula andmanagement system to develop high-quality human resources will beinherited, employed and developed by the thesis author in the author’s study.They further provide the author with scentific grounds to clarify the thesis’sareas of study

However, due to the approach and scope of research of each work, none

of the studies mentioned above present systematically, comprehensively andspecifically education and training with the development of high-qualityhuman resources in Vietnam at present How are issues associated with therelations between education and training with the development of high-qualityhuman resources indicated and resolved?; directions, requirements and how tobring into full play the role of education and training in the development ofhigh-quality human resources?; how is the renewal of education and trainingcontent, curricula, and management system in universities brought about andimplemented?, etc in order to educate and develop high-quality humanresources satisfying requirements, and duty of period of industrialisation,modernisation, and international integration, target to basically turn Vietnaminto a modernity-oriented industrial country by 2020, the research so farremains unsystematic, incomplete and unthorough, which needs further study.The gap of theory and practice, as well as the importance of studies inthe new era has been a pressing issue, urging the author to concentrate on

“Education and training in the development of high-quality human resources in Vietnam at present” to develop the author’s thesis

Chapter 2 HIGH-QUALITY HUMAN RESOURCES AND THE ROLE OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH- QUALITY HUMAN RESOURCES IN VIETNAM AT PRSENT

2.1 High-quality human resources and the importance of developing high-quality human resources in Vietnam at present

2.1.1 Concept of human resources, high-quality human resources and the development of high-quality human resources

* The concept of human resources

The concept of human resources should be based on a synthetic andcomprehensive examination and approach of human beings and human beingfactors

In accordance with Marxist - Leninist philosophy, the first historical andmajor behaviour of human beings is productive labour, through which themankind transform themselves The natural and social faces of human beingsare incorporate According to Karl Marx, the essence of man is no abstractioninherent in each single individual In reality, it is the ensemble of the socialrelations” [103, p.11] Human, especially labour power, is essential factor ofthe productive force, manpower means “human labour power used inproduction” [183, p.1239] Human is the centre of development strategies,and the subject of development Labour is a general category consisting of:physical and mental health Physical health is influenced by material life,healthcare, and exercise of each single individual, deciding operating capacity

of the human Mentality is identified through the knowledge of science,professionalism, experience, critical thinking ability, which are developedthrough education and training and practical operations of the mankind

The concept “manpower”, “human resource”, were used in 1970s in the

20th century in many Western and Asian countries At present, this concept isquite popular based on emerging opinions of the role and position of humanbeings in the development cause In our country, this concept has been widely

employed since early 1990s of the previous century

The National Economics University introduces some approaches of

human resources: Firstly, the approach is based on labour ability of the

mankind, is labour force, and all those who are physically and mentally

healthy and able to work Secondly, the approach is based on the status of

economic performance, consisting of all those who are working in economic,

cultural and social sectors, Thirdly, the approach is based on labour capacity

and age limit, including those in working age group, are able to work,

employed and unemployed Fourthly, the approach is based on the working

age group including the reserve human resource, those in the working agegroup but have not entered the labour market, those working for households,pupils and students, etc [44, p.55-56]

According to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP):

“Human resources are all knowledge, skill, experience, competence, andcreativeness of human beings in the relation with the development of eachsingle individual and of the nation” [176, p.8] The World Bank states thathuman resources can be viewed as the whole human capital consisting ofphysical and mental health, occupational skill, etc of each single individual, that

is capital source besides other resources such as monetary, technology andnatural resources

In accordance with the International Labour Organisation (ILO), humanresources are all those in the age group that can partake in the labour force,and are understood as:

In a broad sense, human resources provide labour power for social

production, and man power for the development; in a narrow meaning,

human resources are the labour ability of the society, are sources for economic development, consisting of inhabitants in the working age group,are able to take part in the labour process, social production, which means thewhole individuals capable of participating in labour process [69, p.40]

socio-In the book “Resources and driving force for development in thesocialist-oriented market economy in Vietnam”, human resources are “an

ensemble in the organic unity between the social capability (physical andmental health, intellect) and dynamism of human beings” [127, p.14].

From the perspective of labour force, the Ministry of Labour, Invalidsand Social Affairs asserts that human resources are the potential of labour in acertain period of the nation, which can be identified within a locality, in asector or a region; are the most important resources of the socio-economic

development This view is presented: firstly, human resources as the resources

of labour power for the society, comprising the whole population with normal

physical development, and working capability; secondly, human resources as

a component of socio-economic development, as the society’s labour abilitywhich is viewed in a narrow meaning, comprising the population in theworking age group able to work, in this sense human resources are equal to

labour resources; thirdly, human resources are a collection of people

involving in the labour process, are an ensemble of physical and spiritualfactors of individuals mobilised in the labour process, and socio-economicdevelopment

Human resources are studied from different respects, mostly in theperspective of labour resources The Vietnam Labour Law regulates that: men

in the age group of 15 to 60 and women in the age group of 16 - 55, are part

of the human resources in working age group Those in the working agegroup unable to work due to health, diseases and physiology… are not subject

to the concept of human resources studied, therefore, not human resources.Human resources should be considered from three factors: quantity(population size) presenting the size of human resources; quality presentingthe relationship between factors forming internal nature of human resources,manifested through criteria of health, knowledge qualification,professionalism, and mechanism Quantity, quality and mechanismincorporate, creating the strength and development of human resources

Based on the concepts and approaches mentioned above, a generalconcept can be viewed as:

Human resources are a special type of general resources, are labour force, consisting of factors creating the strength of human beings and social community; are the overall quantity, quality and mechanism with criteria of physical and mental health, and intellects which generate the capabilities that can be mobilised in the socio-economic development.

According to that concept, human resources comprise those who areworking, those in the working age group; those in the working age group ofnormal health but unemployed; those who are prepared to enter the labourforce, in reserve, with specific criteria of physical and mental health, andintellect so they can be directly mobilised in the process of socio-economicdevelopment Those who are unable to work and to be mobilised in the socio-economic development are not comprehended in this concept

Human resources are both driving force and objectives of the nationalsocio-economic development

Human resources are the driving force of the national socio-economic development That is “sources of all sources”, “resources of all resources”.

Among resources, human resources are the most important, which generatedriving force for development, and only through human resources can otherresources maximise their effects Human resources are an important internalforce affecting the development of each nation, and especially developing andpopulous nations as our country No matter how advanced and plentifulfacilities and machinery and other resources are, without human beings –human resources – to operate and associate them, they will be effectless; ifhuman resources are of low quality, and fail to meet the real requirements,other resources can uphold their efficiency

Human resources are the most revolutionary element in the social production force Karl Marx discovered the development rule of the history of

human society, and the simple truth that in order to exist first and foremostpeople have to eat, drink, dress, stay and travel…before performing practice

of politics, science, art and religion And people have to work to havesomething to eat, to wear and somewhere to stay Nevertheless, humanlabour is not a random activity but requires modes of labour, that isproduction method Production method is the way human beings producematerial assets in certain period of time Each different period of time hasdifferent production methods The movement to replace each other ofsocio-economic forms in the history is based on the proper replacement ofproduction modes, in which the role and influence of human beingsassociate with that process, because human beings are the leadingproduction force People manufacture production tools and use them toinfluence and transform the nature, producing products to meet their owndemands; thus, people are the subject, and driving force of history; humanresources are the basic driving force of the nation’s socio-economicdevelopment

Human resources are the driving force and objective of socio-economicdevelopment That is a consistent, dialectical relationship, inseparable inevaluating the role of human resources In regard to the relationship betweenproduction and consumption, people are consumers of material assets, havestrong influence on production through the supply and demand relation ofcommodities on the market, orient production, thus, promoting productiondevelopment The most significant driving force of socio-economicsustainable growth is human resources Investing for people and spending forpeople are extremely essential to establish a special form of capital,productive of sources of income in the future Investing for people isinvestment through education and training, job guarantee, satisfying demands

for material and spiritual consumption, healthcare, and welfare guarantee.This is considered the most effective mode of investment for development, ofwhich objectives are the people That is the consistent dialectical relationshipbetween motivation and objective of the movement of social history, in thesocio-economic development strategy for national construction of eachcountry

* The concept and criteria of high-quality human resources

- The concept:

Approaching the concept of high-quality human resources must stemdirectly from the concept of human resources and the reality of the nation,locality, field in particular periods of time Accordingly, high-quality humanresources are labour force of knowledge, high professionalism and especiallycreativeness, flexibility, adaptability to rapid changes of productiontechnologies and of careers That is the “leading”, “spearhead”, “high-quality”sections, playing an essential role in all operations of human resources indifferent fields of social life High-quality human resources are a historicconcept In each period of time, demands for “high-quality” set for theseforces vary, however, no matter how different they are, they are of higherquality and comprehensiveness than the rest of the human resources, playing

a key role that can guide the development of the general human resourcesserving the socio-economic development of the nation, the locality, and fields

in specific period of time

Based on the analyses mentioned above, the thesis puts forward a

concept as follows: High-quality human resources is the high-quality

component of the human resources, demonstrating the strength and

“leading”, key role in all socio-economic performances of the country, the region, locality and areas in each particular period of time

To our country at present, high-quality human resources is obviouslydetermined by the Party at the 11th Central Committee as the high-quality

component of the human resources, consisting of those who are not onlycompetent in their major but also possess standards of morality of arevolutionist, completely loyal to the Party, the Nation and the people, andhave both “talent and virtue” as President Ho Chi Minh’s counsel They are

“proficient”, “leading” in all fields of operation, and spearhead in the nationalhuman resources

High-quality human resources should be understood comprehensivelywith elements of quantity, quality and mechanism All these three factors:quantity, quality and mechanism dialectally interrelate in a perfect wholecreating the strength, labour ability, and “leading” and core role in thedevelopment of these human resources

- Assessment criteria (qualitative, quantitative) of high-quality human resources in Vietnam at present.

The 11th Central Committee of the Party emphasised the development ofhuman resources, “Attaching much importance to developing a contingent ofcompetent leaders and managers, specialists, business managers, skilledlabourers and leading scientific and technological personnel” [43, p.130].Based on the Party’s standpoints and the status of human resources, the

country’s high-quality human resources can be considered to include:

+ Competent leaders and managers

+ Specialists and profound business managers

+ Skilled workers

+ Scientific and technological officials

The forces belong to the high-quality human resources mentioned abovecoincide with research result of the thesis’s author In accordance with asurvey using written questionnaire, to the question which force is the high-quality human resources in our country at present most agree that these forceswith high response rate Over 54% of higher education lecturers surveyed said

competent leaders and managers are the high-quality human resources; 77,5%said specialists and competent business managers; about 90% said skilledlabourers; 88,77% said scientific and technological officials The rate issimilar to response from students surveyed: 67,73%, 83,93%, 89,63%,87,04% [appendixes 3].

Quantity is the “material essence”, indicating the size of the human

resources The point is how to ensure the quantity of high-quality humanresources sufficient for the requirements of the new era

Quality is a factor of enormous content, reflecting the comprehensive

qualification presented mainly through criteria of quality, qualification, andcapacity of human force The quality of human beings consists of: physicalfitness, health, political quality; education, qualitifcations; awarenesscapability, creative thinking; skillfulness, labour ability; capability to carryout and complete duties; virtuous character, lifestyle, and working style Thecontent of these components may develop and change due to the regulationsand development of the duties that the high-quality human resources directlyundertake with their position, responsibility and professionalism, and labour,

in association with the socio-economic development in the new era

Mechanism is an important indicator generating the quality and strength

of the human resources The mechanism of the high-quality human resources

is manifested in line with work position; age group, sex; ethnic group, region;length of service; education, training, professionalism…; fields of work andcareers

Quantitative perspective:

The general human resources should be identified based on thepopulation size, age gropu, sex and the population distribution in region andterritory Accordingly, human resources comprises those of education,intelligence, and working capacity higher than the general human resources of

the country The quantity of the high-quality human resources should besuitable with the size of the country’s human resources.

Qualitative perspective:

High-quality human resources currently comprise those with an education background from higher level or skilled workers with an education background from secondary vocational training.

This is the first criterion of high-quality human resources Specificcriteria indicating the education level of the labourer are important criteriareflecting the quality of human resources Requirements for education level isdifferent in each period of time At present, the education level as definedabove is suitable and reasonable as compared to the general level of the wholenation and the world The education level is demonstrated through age group,education levels: general, vocational training, higher education and post-graduate This is a hard criterion, not anyone who has an education level asmentioned above is naturally considered as high-quality labour, because they

do need to satisfy other criteria

Those are of professional and technical qualification which is higher than the average of the country’s human resources

This criterion is the training level, knowledge, professional, technical andpractical qualifications of high-quality manpower The research projectOverall study of education and training and Vietnam human resourcesanalysis carried out by UNESCO, UNDP and Ministry of Education andTraining classifies the technical and professional qualifications as follows:post-graduate, higher education, technical secondary education, technicianswith degree, and technicians with no degree The professional and technicalqualifications of the labourers is the decisive criterion of the quality of humanresources; of high-quality human resources, this criterion must be higher thanthe average of the human resources

Those are of good practical qualifcation and capability, are innovative, flexible, and able to attract and lead the collective, community in the production, and scientific, political, and social activities

Criterion of qualification and capability are of great significance,consisting of: practice, custom, habit, manners, morality, lifestyle,tradition, national culture, of which the professional and technicalqualification, creativeness, and flexibility to adapt to changes of thesituation, career, are an important criterion presenting the quality of humanresources This criterion also indicates the role, influence of high-qualityhuman resources in all fields of operation, in which they are core, leadingthe collective, community in the production, and scientific, political, and

social activities

Those are in good health to be able to operate in social areas

The Human Development Index (HDI) is an essential indicator toevaluate the general human resources and the high-quality human resources inparticular Criteria of the health status of the people, and citizens arepresented through the physical, mental and social comfortableness of humanbeings The criteria basically reflect health as body (height and weight),disease and life expectancy Healthy labourers, specialists, scientists,managers, and leaders will generate greater socio-economic benefits becausethey concentrate strength, durability, enduringness, and intellect on the work

A proper mechanism accords with the demand for socio-economic development.

This is the criterion reflecting the whole high-quality human resources.The whole mechanisms of age group, sex; social background, nationality,religion; education level; professionalism; region, and fields of operationindicate the reasonableness and strength of the high-quality human resources

in a nation, a sector and field of work during a certain period of time

Quantitative and qualitative matters mentioned above closelyincorporate, indicating the comprehensive quality of this human resourceswhich is more comprehensive and higher than the rest of the country’s humanresources Nevertheless, the reality indicates that the criteria mentioned aboveshould be considered flexibly and specifically in regard to each category ofhuman resources in each particular area, to specify who are included in theconnotation of the high-quality human resources; and to avoid unilateraljudgment

* Developing high-quality human resources

Development is the overall purposive operation of human beings toproduce material and spiritual value to satisfy the needs of human beings andthe needs for social development Each type of value has differentdevelopment demand Developing people differs from developing conditions

to serve the people High-quality human resources in our country at present isthe result of the education and training in the past decades, closely associatedwith the revolutionary, and with the promotion of national industrialisation,modernisation and international integration

Based on characteristics of the subject and methods mentioned above,the thesis asserts that:

Developing high-quality human resources is a general operation of the Party, State and the whole society as well as labourers, with compatible contents, forms, methods, mechanisms, and policies, particularly education and training in order to create a high-quality human resources with sufficient quantity and proper mechanism, and at the same time to mobilise and bring into full play the role of high-quality human resources in the cause of renewal, national construction and defence in the new era.

Developing high-quality human resources is the overall self-motivatedand purposive activities tightly-organised, implying basic matters reflectingthe purpose, content, duties of high-quality human resources development inthe new period This is a dialectic process manifested through specific and

interrelated processes: firstly, that is the process of education and training, and

cultivation to develop each single individual and the whole high-quality

human resources; secondly, that is the process of using, managing and

supplementing new forces for the high-quality human resources in line with

emerging requirements in the new period; thirdly, that is the process of

awakening, mobilising, bringing into full play the role, and strength of thesehuman-resources in reality These three processes take place simultaneously

in the dialectic relation through the whole development process of the quality human resources This process should be thoroughly and completelyunderstood by subjects, would it be well-implemented

high-Developing high-quality human resources is the implementation ofcontents, forms and measures influencing each section and individual,stimulating, awakening, promoting, facilitating each individual to self-improve and whole high-quality human resources to develop This processmust abide by the rules of the human resources formation and development.High-quality human resources do not come into being naturally, but areformed, develop and promoted strongly and actively in association with thenational socio-economic development strategy and to serve that strategicdevelopment Our country at present, high-quality human resourcesdevelopment should concentrate on developing cadres, specialists, businessmanagers, competent entrepreneurs, profound and skilled labourers so theywill become “leading” and “spearhead” forces in the human resources,devoting the most and the best for the national construction and defence

Objective development aims to generate high-quality human resources to

meet the demand; and at the same time aim to arouse, and bring into full playthe role and strength of the whole high-quality human resources inaccelerating industrialisation, modernisation, and international integration inthe new period

Content development is comprehensive, specifically:

Developing the quantity Based on revolutionary requirements, national

socio-economic development requirements, and requirements of each sectorand locality to define a proper development of quantity; to resolve the khắcphục tình trạng có mà không sử dụng, thiếu không đáp ứng yêu cầu, thậm chílãng phí, chất lượng thấp không đáp ứng tốt yêu cầu

Developing the quality is the process of bringing into full play,

developing, educating, training, cultivating, enhancing overall componentfactors of mankind quality, satisfying socio-economic developmentrequirements in the new era

Developing the mechanism of high-quality human resources to ensure

entireness of high-quality human resources in any field, sector, locality, andunit, meeting to the full requirements of the socio-economic development ineach field, locality and the whole nation This requires a proper mechanism inall fields and localities to best bring into the full high-quality human resources

as well as the strengths of each single individual in each field, profession, andregion

Forms, measures of developing high-quality human resources in our

country in the new period are plentiful, diverse, consisting of activities ofthought, organisation, and policies to build up, arouse and bring into full playthese resources in terms of quantity, quality and mechanism to fulfill therequirements and duties They are activities of: planning, educating, training,cultivating, managing, and using human resources; commendatory anddisciplinary works; creating conditions for human resources to strive, devoteand self-practice in reality; implementing mechanism, policies andpreferential treatments; bringing into full play the role and responsibility ofsubjects and the role of high-quality human resources; most of all, focusing

on education and training