The Mechanical Engineering Handbook SeriesSeries Editor Frank Kreith Consulting Engineer Published Titles Handbook of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Jan F.. Brown Forthcoming
Trang 1AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL
TECHNOLOGY HANDBOOK
Trang 2The Mechanical Engineering Handbook Series
Series Editor
Frank Kreith
Consulting Engineer
Published Titles
Handbook of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
Jan F Kreider
Computational Intelligence in Manufacturing Handbook
Jun Wang and Andrew Kusiak
The CRC Handbook of Mechanical Engineering
Frank Kreith
The CRC Handbook of Thermal Engineering
Frank Kreith
The Handbook of Fluid Dynamics
Richard W Johnson
Hazardous and Radioactive Waste Treatment Technologies Handbook
Chang Ho Oh
The MEMS Handbook
Mohamed Gad-el-Hak
Air Pollution Control Technology Handbook
Karl B Schnelle, Jr and Charles A Brown
Forthcoming Titles
Biomedical Technology and Devices Handbook
James Moore and George Zouridakis
Fuel Cell Technology Handbook
Gregor Hoogers
Handbook of Mechanical Engineering, Second Edition
Frank Kreith and Massimo Capobianchi
Handbook of Non-Destructive Testing and Evaluation Engineering
James Tulenko and David Hintenlang
Inverse Engineering Handbook
Keith A Woodbury
Opto-Mechatronic Systems Handbook: Techniques and Applications
Trang 3Authored by
Karl B Schnelle, Jr., Ph.D., P.E.
Vanderbilt University Nashville, Tennessee
Charles A Brown, P.E.
VECO Pacific, Inc
Bellingham, Washington
AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL
TECHNOLOGY HANDBOOK
Trang 4This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reprinted material
is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated A wide variety of references are listed Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use.
Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Schnelle, Karl B.
Air pollution control technology handbook / Karl B Schnelle, Jr and Charles A Brown.
p cm (Mechanical engineering handbook series) Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8493-9588-7 (alk paper)
1 Air Pollution Handbooks, manuals, etc 2 Air Purification Equipment and supplies Handbooks, manuals, etc I Brown, Charles A (Charles Arnold), 1951- II Title III Series.
TD883 S283 2001 628.5 ′ 3 dc21 2001037498
9588 fm frame Page 4 Wednesday, September 5, 2001 9:38 PM
Trang 5The authors would like to dedicate this book to all the students who have been in their air pollution control courses at Vanderbilt University, Western Washington University, Gonzaga University, and Education Services of the American Institute
of Chemical Engineers We appreciate your attendance, your attentiveness, and your desire to improve our environment
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Trang 6DESIGN YIELDS NEW ACTION MOST IDEAL
TO ENVIRONMENT
This book is written to serve as a reference handbook for the practicing engineer or scientist who needs to prepare the basic process engineering and cost estimation required for the design of an air pollution control system The user of this book should have a fundamental understanding of the factors resulting in air pollution and a general knowledge of the techniques used for air pollution control The topics presented in this handbook are covered in sufficient depth so that the user can proceed with the basic equipment design using the methods and design equations presented Although moving sources, especially those powered by internal combustion engines, are serious contributors to the air pollution problem, this book will focus on station-ary sources Furthermore, this handbook will not consider nuclear power plants or other radioactive emissions Therefore, the major audience for this book will be engineers and scientists in the chemical and petroleum processing industry and steam power plant and gas turbine industry
Using this book the air pollution control systems designer may
• Begin to select techniques for control
• Review alternative design methods
• Review equipment proposals from vendors
• Initiate cost studies of control equipment This book is certainly suitable for anyone with an engineering or science back-ground who needs to get a basic introduction to air pollution control equipment design It could also be used as a text or reference book in a continuing education program or a university classroom
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Trang 7Professor Schnelle wishes to acknowledge the assistance of his former student
Dr Partha Dey and his wife Anita Dey as well as his current student Atip Laung-phairojana for the preparation of 70 drawings which are part of the chapters he wrote There would have been no book without their help Furthermore, Professor Schnelle is forever grateful to his wife Mary Dabney Schnelle who read every word
he wrote including the equations She helped remove many errors of grammar and spelling and corrected errors of algebra and definition that the author did not find
Mr Brown would like to acknowledge the assistance of Dr Michael Durham,
Dr Jean Bustard, and Ms Lynn McGuire for their review and suggestions for content
of selected chapters Also, he truly appreciates the software application support provided by his wife Susan Brown, and is eternally thankful for her loving encour-agement, patience, and support while writing this book and during all of his profes-sional endeavors
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Trang 8Engineering, has been a member of the Vanderbilt University Faculty for more than
40 years He has served as Chair of the Environmental and Water Resources Engi-neering Program and the Chemical EngiEngi-neering Department for a total of 14 years
He has extensive publications in the chemical engineering and environmental area
Dr Schnelle is an emeritus member of both the American Institute of Chemical Engineers and the Air and Waste Management Association He is a Fellow of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers and a Diplomate of the American Acad-emy of Environmental Engineers He has been a lecturer in the American Institute
of Chemical Engineers continuing education program for more than 30 years, where
he has taught the Designing Air Pollution Control Systems and the Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling courses
Dr Schnelle is a licensed Professional Engineer in the State of Tennessee He has been an environmental consultant to the World Health Organization, the Envi-ronmental Protection Agency, the U.S State Department, and the state of Tennessee and Nashville Air Pollution Control Agencies as well as to numerous private cor-porations He has served two terms as a member of the Air Pollution Control Board
of the state of Tennessee and continues teaching full time at Vanderbilt University
Inc., in Bellingham, WA, where he is responsible for air pollution control process design and air permitting projects for various clients Also, he is an instructor for the short course on Designing Air Pollution Control Equipment for the American Institute of Chemical Engineers and an instructor for the course in Air Quality at Western Washington University’s Huxley College He is a member of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, where he served as Director of the Environmental Division, and of the Air and Waste Management Association
Mr Brown is a licensed Professional Engineer in Washington, California, and North Dakota He has more than 26 years of experience in a variety of industries, and has authored several articles and papers related to chemical engineering and air pollution controls
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Trang 9Regulations
1.4.1 Sources of Air Pollution
1.4.2 Meteorological Parameters Affecting Transport of Pollutants
1.4.3 The Effects of Air Pollution — A Comparison of London Fog and Los Angeles Smog
2.1.1 1970 Clean Air Act Amendments
2.1.1.1 National Ambient Air Quality Standards
2.1.1.2 New Source Performance Standards
2.1.1.3 Hazardous Air Pollutants
2.1.1.4 Citizen Suits
2.1.2 1977 Clean Air Act Amendments
2.1.2.1 Prevention of Significant Deterioration
2.1.2.2 Offsets in Non-Attainment Areas
2.2.1 Title I: Provisions for Attainment and Maintenance of National Ambient Air Quality Standards
2.2.1.1 NAAQS Revisions
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Trang 102.2.10 Title X: Disadvantaged Business
2.2.11 Title XI: Employment Transition Assistance
References
3.1.1 Applicability
3.1.1.1 Potential to Emit
3.1.1.2 Fugitive Emissions
3.1.1.3 Secondary Emissions
3.1.2 Significant Emission Rates
3.1.3 Modification
3.1.4 Emissions Netting
3.1.4.1 Netting Example
3.2.1 Step 1: Identify Control Technologies
3.2.2 Step 2: Eliminate Technically Infeasible Options
3.2.3 Step 3: Rank Remaining Options by Control Effectiveness
3.2.4 Step 4: Evaluate Control Technologies in Order of Control Effectiveness
3.2.4.1 Energy Impacts
3.2.4.2 Environmental Impacts
3.2.4.3 Economic Impacts and Cost Effectiveness
3.2.5 Step 5: Select BACT
3.3.1 Preliminary Analysis
3.3.2 Full Analysis
References
4.1.1 Inversions
4.1.1.1 Surface or Radiation Inversions
4.1.1.2 Evaporation Inversion
4.1.1.3 Advection Inversion
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Trang 114.4 Atmospheric-Diffusion Models
4.4.1 Other Uses of Atmospheric-Diffusion Models
4.5.1 The Industrial Source Complex Model
4.5.2 Screening Models
4.5.3 The New Models
4.6.1 The Source
4.6.2 Transport
4.6.2.1 The Effective Emission Height
4.6.2.2 Bulk Transport of the Pollutants
4.6.2.3 Dispersion of the Pollutants
4.6.3 The Receptor
References
5.3.1 Gaseous Pollutants
5.3.2 Velocity and Particulate Traverses
5.3.3 Isokinetic Sampling
References
6.3.1 Fixed vs Mobile Sampling
6.3.2 Continuous vs Integrated Sampling
6.3.3 Selection of Instrumentation and Methods
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Trang 126.8.7 Chemilumenescence for Detection of Ozone and Nitrogen Oxides
6.8.8 Calibration of Continuous Monitors
6.8.8.1 Specifications for Continuous Air-Quality Monitors
6.8.8.2 Steady-State Calibrations References
7.1.1 Annualized Capital Cost
7.1.2 Escalation Factors
7.3.1 OAQPS Control Cost Manual
7.3.2 Other Cost-Estimating Resources
References
8.2.1 Process Flowsheets
8.3.1 A Mass-Balance Example
8.3.2 An Energy-Balance Example
References
9.2.1 Mathematical Methods for Profitability Evaluation
9.2.2 Incremental Rate of Return on Investments as a Measure of Profitability
9.2.2.1 An Example
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Trang 13Chapter 10 Introduction to Control of Gaseous Pollutants
10.1 Absorption and Adsorption
10.1.1 Fluid Mechanics Terminology
10.1.2 Removal of HAP and VOC by Absorption and Adsorption Reference
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Aqueous Systems
11.3 Nonaqueous Systems
11.4 Types and Arrangements of Absorption Equipment
11.5 Design Techniques for Countercurrent Absorption Columns
11.5.1 Equilibrium Relationships
11.5.2 Ideal Solutions — Henry’s Law
11.5.3 Countercurrent Absorption Tower Design Equations
11.5.4 Origin of Volume-Based Mass-Transfer Coefficients
11.5.4.1 Steady-State Molecular Diffusion
11.5.5 The Whitman Two-Film Theory
11.5.6 Overall Mass-Transfer Coefficients
11.5.7 Volume-Based Mass-Transfer Coefficients
11.5.8 Determining Height of Packing in the Tower: the HTU
Method
11.5.9 Dilute Solution Case
11.6 Countercurrent Flow Packed Absorption Tower Design
11.6.1 General Considerations
11.6.2 Operations of Packed Towers
11.6.3 Choosing a Tower Packing
11.6.3.1 Dumped Packings
11.6.4 Packed Tower Internals
11.6.5 Choosing a Liquid–Gas Flow Ratio
11.6.6 Determining Tower Diameter — Random Dumped Packing
11.6.7 Determining Tower Diameter — Structured Packing
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Trang 14Chapter 12 Adsorption for HAP and VOC Control
12.1 Introduction to Adsorption Operations
12.2 Adsorption Phenomenon
12.3 Adsorption Processes
12.3.1 Stagewise Process
12.3.2 Continuous Contact, Steady-State, Moving-Bed Adsorbers
12.3.3 Unsteady-State, Fixed-Bed Adsorbers
12.3.4 Newer Technologies
12.3.4.1 Rotary Wheel Adsorber
12.3.4.2 Chromatographic Adsorption
12.3.4.3 Pressure Swing Adsorption
12.4 Nature of Adsorbents
12.4.1 Adsorption Design with Activated Carbon
12.4.1.1 Pore Structure
12.4.1.2 Effect of Relative Humidity
12.5 The Theories of Adsorption
12.6 The Data of Adsorption
12.7 Adsorption Isotherms
12.7.1 Freundlich’s Equation
12.7.2 Langmuir’s Equation
12.7.3 The Brunner, Emmett, Teller, or BET, Isotherm
12.7.3.1 Adsorption without Capillary Condensation
12.7.3.2 Adsorption with Capillary Condensation
12.8 Polanyi Potential Theory
12.9 Unsteady-State, Fixed-Bed Adsorbers
12.10 Fixed-Bed Adsorber Design Considerations
12.10.1 Safety Considerations
12.11 Pressure Drop Through Adsorbers
12.12 Adsorber Effectiveness and Regeneration
12.12.1 Steam Regeneration
12.12.2 Hot Air or Gas Regeneration
12.13 Breakthrough Model
12.13.1 Mass Transfer
12.13.2 Breakthrough Curve Example
12.14 Regeneration Modeling
References
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Trang 1513.2.4 Ground Flare
13.2.5 Safety Features
13.3 Incineration
13.3.1 Recuperative Thermal Oxidizer
13.3.2 Regenerative Thermal Oxidizer
13.3.3 Recuperative vs Regenerative Design Selection
13.4 Catalytic Oxidation
References
14.1 Introduction
14.2 VOC Condensers
14.2.1 Contact Condensers
14.2.2 Surface Condensers
14.2.2.1 An Example — Condensation Temperature
14.3 Coolant and Heat Exchanger Type
14.3.1 An Example — Heat Exchanger Area and Coolant Flow Rate
14.4 Mixtures of Organic Vapors
14.4.1 An Example — Condensation of a Binary Mixture
14.5 Air As a Noncondensable
References
Appendix A: Derivation of the Area Model for a Mixture Condensing
from a Gas Appendix B: Algorithm for the Area Model for a Mixture Condensing
from a Gas
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Theory of Biofilter Operation
15.3 Design Parameters and Conditions
15.3.1 Depth and Media of Biofilter Bed
15.3.2 Microorganisms
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Trang 16Chapter 16 Membrane Separation
16.1 Overview
16.2 Polymeric Membranes
16.3 Performance
16.4 Applications
References
17.1 NOxfrom Combustion
17.1.1 Thermal NOx
17.1.2 Prompt NOx
17.1.3 Fuel NOx
17.2 Control Techniques
17.2.1 Combustion Control Techniques
17.2.1.1 Low-Excess Air Firing
17.2.1.2 Overfire Air
17.2.1.3 Flue Gas Recirculation
17.2.1.4 Reduce Air Preheat
17.2.1.5 Reduce Firing Rate
17.2.1.6 Water/Steam Injection
17.2.1.7 Burners out of Service (BOOS)
17.2.1.8 Reburn
17.2.1.9 Low-NOxBurners
17.2.1.10 Ultra Low-NOxBurners
17.2.2 Flue Gas Treatment Techniques
17.2.2.1 Selective Noncatalytic Reduction (SNCR)
17.2.2.2 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
17.2.2.3 Low-Temperature Oxidation with Absorption
17.2.2.4 Catalytic Absorption
17.2.2.5 Corona-Induced Plasma References
18.1 H2S Control
18.2 SO2 (and HCl) Removal
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