Chapter 071. Vitamin and Trace Mineral Deficiency and Excess (Part 2) ppt

Part 2 Table 71-2 Deficiencies and Toxicities of Metals Element Deficiency Toxicity Tolerable Upper Dietary Intake Level function determined Developmental defects, male sterility, te

(Part 2)

Table 71-2 Deficiencies and Toxicities of Metals

Element Deficiency Toxicity Tolerable

Upper (Dietary) Intake Level

function determined

Developmental defects, male sterility, testicular atrophy

20 mg/d (extrapolated from animal data)

Calcium Reduced bone Renal insufficiency

(milk-alkalai syndrome),

2500 mg/d

(milk-mass, osteoporosis nephrolithiasis, impaired

iron absorption

alkalai)

Copper Anemia, growth

retardation, defective keratinization and pigmentation of hair, hypothermia,

degenerative changes in aortic elastin, osteopenia, mental deterioration

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hepatic failure,

deterioration, hemolytic anemia, renal dysfunction

10 mg/d (liver toxicity)

Chromium Impaired glucose

tolerance

Occupational: renal failure, dermatitis, pulmonary cancer

ND

Fluoride Dental caries Dental and skeletal

fluorosis, osteosclerosis

10 mg/d (fluorosis)

enlargement, T4, cretinism

Thyroid dysfunction, acne-like eruptions

1100 µg/d (thyroid

dysfunction)

abnormalities, kilonychia, pica,

performance, impaired cognitive development, premature labor, perinatal maternal

Gastrointestinal effects (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation), iron overload with organ damage, acute systemic toxicity

45 mg/d

of elemental iron (GI side effects)

mortality

Manganese Impaired growth

development, reproduction, lipid and carbohydrate

metabolism; upper body rash

General:

Neurotoxicity, Parkinson-like symptoms

Occupational:

Encephalitis-like syndrome, Parkinson-like syndrome, psychosis, pneumoconiosis

11 mg/d (neurotoxicity)

Molybdenum Severe

neurologic abnormalities

Reproductive and fetal abnormalities

2 mg/d extrapolated from animal data

Selenium Cardiomyopathy, General: Alopecia, 400 µg/d

heart failure, striated muscle degeneration

nausea, vomiting, abnormal nails, emotional lability, peripheral neuropathy, lassitude, garlic odor to breath, dermatitis

Occupational: Lung and nasal carcinomas, liver necrosis, pulmonary inflammation

(hair, nail changes)

Phosphorous Rickets

(osteomalacia), proximal muscle weakness,

rhabdomyolysis,

Hyperphosphatemia 4000

mg/d

paresthesia, ataxia, seizure, confusion, heart failure, hemolysis, acidosis

retardation, taste and smell, alopecia, dermatitis, diarrhea, immune dysfunction, failure to thrive, gonadal atrophy, congenital

malformations

General: Reduced copper absorption, gastritis, sweating, fever, nausea, vomiting

Occupational:

Respiratory distress, pulmonary fibrosis

40 mg/d (impaired copper metabolism)

Note: ND, not determined; GI, gastrointestinal