from Harvard 1957 Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy published 1954–69 Headed Harvard's Center for International Affairs 1969 Left Harvard to become national security advisor in Nixon Wh
Trang 1Born May 27, 1923, in Fürth, Germany, and given the first name Heinz, Kissinger was the son of middle-class Jewish parents who fled Nazi persecution while he was a teenager The family immigrated to the United States in 1938, and Kissinger became a U.S citizen in 1943
Service in the U.S Army took Kissinger back to Europe duringWORLD WAR II Following combat and intelligence duty, he served in the post-war U.S military government in Germany from
1945 to 1946 Decorated with honors and
discharged from the service, he earned a bachelor of arts degree summa cum laude in government studies at Harvard College in 1950, then added a master’s degree and, in 1954, a doctorate
While teaching at Harvard in the 1950s, Kissinger came to national attention with his book Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy (1957) The book was a bold argument against narrow COLD WAR views of military strategy It took aim at the reigning defense doctrine of the day, which was an all-or-nothing approach holding that the United States should retaliate massively with nuclear weapons against any aggressor Kissinger proposed a different solu-tion based on the approach of Realpolitik, the German concept of an intensely pragmatic, rather than idealistic, vision of international relations The United States should deploy nuclear weapons strategically around the world
as a deterrent, he argued, while relying on conventional, non-nuclear forces in the event of aggression against it The idea gradually took hold over the next decade
Kissinger viewed the Soviet Union as the chief adversary of the United States, but also as the only other superpower and, therefore, to be dealt with in a consistent and rational fashion
He helped develop the concept of détente, which allowed for the easing of relations between the United States and the U.S.S.R and also paved the way for the opening of relations with China
Kissinger directed the Harvard International Seminar from 1952 through 1969 Rising to the top of his field, Kissinger became a driving force
Henry Kissinger.
JOE CORRIGAN/GETTY
IMAGES
Henry Alfred Kissinger 1923–
◆
1923 Born,
Fürth, Germany
1939–45 World War II
1950–53 Korean War
1961–73 Vietnam War
◆
1938 Family immigrated to United States
1943–46 Served with U.S Army
in Europe
1954 Earned Ph.D from Harvard
1957 Nuclear Weapons
and Foreign Policy published
1954–69 Headed Harvard's Center for International Affairs
1969 Left Harvard
to become national security advisor
in Nixon White House
1972 Arranged Nixon's visit to China; helped broker the Anti-Ballistic-Missile Treaty with USSR
◆
1982 Founded consulting firm
of Kissinger Associates, Inc.
1979 White House Years published
1973–77 Served as secretary of state under both Nixon and Ford
1973 Brokered cease-fire negotiations with Vietnam; awarded Nobel Peace prize with North Vietnamese negotiator, Le Duc Tho
1994
Diplomacy
published
1999
Years of Renewal
published
2006 Received Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service 2007 Received Hopkins-Nanjing award for work in improving Sino-American relations
2002 Appointed by President George Bush to lead independent probe into September 11 terrorist attacks; resigned due to potential business conflicts
2001 Does America Need A Foreign Policy? published
◆
168 KISSINGER, HENRY ALFRED
Trang 2behind Harvard’s efforts in the area of foreign
policy He took increasingly higher positions in
the school’s Center for International Affairs and
directed its Defense Studies Program Kissinger
became much sought after by politicians,
diplomats, and government defense specialists
in the 1960s He counseled Presidents JOHN F
policy In 1968, he advised Governor Nelson A
Rockefeller of New York, in Rockefeller’s
unsuccessful campaign for theREPUBLICAN PARTY
nomination for president After the election, the
new president, RICHARD M.NIXON, was quick to
hire away his opponent’s adviser at Rockefeller’s
urging
Named first to the position of assistant for
national security affairs, a high-level post, he
soon eclipsed the president’s secretary of state,
WILLIAM P ROGERS, in visibility and influence
Indeed, by the end of Nixon’s first term,
Kissinger was the acknowledged architect of
U.S foreign policy His rise to preeminence was
complete in 1973, when Nixon made him
secretary of state
Under Nixon, Kissinger had a string of
historic successes He arranged Nixon’s
break-through visit to China in 1972, which ended
years of hostile relations between the two
nations Also in 1972, at the Strategic Arms
Limitations Talks (SALT 1), he helped to broker
the Anti-Ballistic-Missile Treaty, the landmark
agreement to limit nuclear proliferation, signed
by the United States and the Soviet Union
Kissinger’s approach to Vietnam was the
most controversial aspect of his tenure While
attempting to turn the conduct of the war over
to the South Vietnamese allies
(“Vietnamiza-tion”), Kissinger is alleged to have helped plan
the secret U.S invasion and bombing of
Cambodia, which resulted in the destabilization
of that country Kissinger conducted peace
negotiations between the United States and
Vietnam en route to the signing of a ceasefire in
1973 In recognition of his efforts, he was
awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, with the chief
North Vietnamese negotiator, Le Duc Tho, who
refused the award
Kissinger also engineered ceasefires between
Arab states and Israel after their 1973 war,
conducting what was known as shuttle
diploma-cy He made eleven shuttle missions between
Egypt, Israel, and Syria as part of his efforts
to negotiate peace in the region More
contentiously, Kissinger is also alleged to have played a role in the coup against President Salvador Allende in Chile in 1973 and in the invasion of East Timor by Indonesia in 1975, although the extent of his involvement is a source of extensive disagreement, and Kissinger himself denies playing any sort of part in either event
When Nixon’s 1974 resignation resulted in the succession of GERALD R FORD as president, Ford kept Kissinger as both secretary of state and national security adviser
Kissinger was awarded the presidential Medal of Freedom in 1976 and the Medal of Liberty in 1986 In private life, Kissinger continued to be active in international affairs
He taught, served as a consultant, and often commented in the media on foreign policy, while also writing two popular memoirs: White House Years (1979) and Years of Upheaval (1982) President RONALD REAGAN briefly lured Kissinger back into public life in 1983, appoint-ing him to head a commission to make policy recommendations on Latin America In 1994 Kissinger published Diplomacy, which analyzed modern foreign relations, including the strate-gies employed during the Vietnam War, and in
2003, he published Ending the Vietnam War: A Personal History of America’s Involvement in and Extrication from the Vietnam War
In November 2002, Kissinger was appointed
by President GEORGE W BUSH to chair the commission that had been convened to investi-gate the September 11, 2001 attacks on the Pentagon and the World Trade Centers Two weeks later, Kissinger announced his resigna-tion from the commission in order to avoid possible conflicts of interest with persons and organizations that employed his consulting firm, Kissinger Associates
Kissinger, through his consulting firm, public appearances, and editorials continued
to express opinions on U.S foreign policy In
2006, he was given the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service by the Wilson International Center, and in June 2007, he received the Nanjing award from the Hopkins-Nanjing Center in Hopkins-Nanjing, China for his role
in improving Sino-American relations
FURTHER READINGS
Newsday (September 23, 2002).
ACONVENTIONAL ARMY LOSES IF IT DOES NOT WIN THE GUERILLA ARMY WINS
IF IT DOES NOT LOSE
—H ENRY K ISSINGER
Trang 3Bhorne, Alistair 2009 Kissinger: 1873, the Crucial Year New York: Simon & Schuster.
Post (March 2).
Henry A Kissinger Web site Available online at http://www.
henryakissinger.com/ (accessed September 5, 2009).
Kissinger, Henry A 2003 Ending the Vietnam War: A History of America’s Involvement in and Extrication from the Vietnam War New York: Simon & Schuster.
CROSS REFERENCE Arms Control and Disarmament.
KITING The unlawful practice of drawing checks against a bank account containing insufficient funds to cover them, with the expectation that the necessary funds will be deposited before such checks are presented for payment
vKLEINDIENST, RICHARD GORDON Richard Gordon Kleindienst, a prominent Arizona lawyer and REPUBLICAN PARTY leader, served as U.S attorney general from 1972 to
1973 He was charged in theWATERGATEscandals and ultimately pleaded guilty to a perjury charge
in 1974
Kleindienst was born August 5, 1923, in Winslow, Arizona He served in the U.S Army from 1943 to 1946 and then attended college
He graduated from Harvard University in 1947 and received his law degree from Harvard Law School in 1950 He was admitted to the Arizona bar in 1950 and entered practice with a law firm
in Phoenix
Politics soon became a dominant part of Kleindienst’s life He was elected as a Republican
to the Arizona House of Representatives in
1953 where he served one term During the 1950s, the western conservative wing of the Republican Party started to grow SenatorBarry
M Goldwater, of Arizona, became the standard-bearer of conservatism, and Kleindienst devoted himself to this cause He led the Young Republicans and served on the state and national Republican committees He also took on the role
of political mentor to WILLIAM H REHNQUIST, a young Arizona attorney who later would become chief justice of the U.S Supreme Court Kleindienst’s political activities climaxed in
1964, when he served as director of field operations for Goldwater’s unsuccessful presi-dential campaign against incumbent LYNDON B
JOHNSON Kleindienst became an ally of RICHARD M
presidential campaign and served as general counsel of the Republican National Committee
As a reward for Kleindienst’s campaign work, Nixon appointed him deputy attorney general in January 1969 Kleindienst brought to Washing-ton, D.C., his protégé Rehnquist to serve as counsel to Attorney GeneralJOHN N.MITCHELL
In 1972 Mitchell agreed to resign as attorney general and to become the head of President Nixon’s re-election committee Kleindienst was appointed attorney general on June 12 At his confirmation hearings, Democratic senators raised questions about an antitrust settlement that Kleindienst had negotiated between the federal government and International Tele-phone and Telegraph Corporation (ITT) Rumors suggested that the White House had
Richard Gordon Kleindienst 1923–2000
1925
1939–45 World War II
1950–53 Korean War
1961–73 Vietnam War
1923 Born,
Winslow, Ariz.
◆❖
1943–46 Served in U.S Army
1950 Graduated from Harvard Law School; admitted to Ariz bar
1953 Elected to Arizona House
1964 Served as director
of field operations for Goldwater's presidential campaign against Johnson
1969 Appointed deputy attorney general
1974 Pleaded guilty to misdemeanor perjury charge related to Senate confirmation hearings;
Nixon resigned
1985 Justice
published
1981 Acquitted of 12 counts of perjury; Arizona Supreme Court suspended license to practice for one year in disciplinary case
1972 Appointed U.S attorney general;
burglars tied to Nixon reelection campaign arrested during break-in
of DNC's Watergate headquarters
2000 Died, Prescott, Ariz.
1999 Participated in historic forum of former U.S Attorneys General
at American Bar Association convention
IT IS OF UTMOST
IMPORTANCE TO THIS
ADMINISTRATION IN
POWER,AND YOU
MEN MUST DO
EVERYTHING YOU CAN
TO INSURE THAT
RESULT
—R ICHARD
K LEINDIENST
170 KITING
Trang 4pressured Kleindienst to drop the antitrust suit.
The senators also alleged that ITT had received
a favorable disposition of the lawsuit in return
for a large contribution to Nixon’s re-election
campaign At his hearings, Kleindienst denied
that anyone had pressured him
On June 17, five days after Kleindienst was
sworn in as attorney general, persons working
for the Nixon re-election committee broke into
Democratic National Committee headquarters
at the Watergate office building complex in
Washington, D.C The burglars planted
elec-tronic eavesdropping devices in hopes of
gaining intelligence on the Democrats’ strategy
to defeat Nixon The burglars were arrested
On January 20, 1973, Kleindienst met with
Mitchell and White House advisers to discuss
handling the public-relations problems that
were mounting in the wake of the break-in
As events unfolded, prosecutors began to tie the
burglars to the White House and the re-election
committee leadership On April 30, Kleindienst
and top White House aides H.R Haldeman,
John D Ehrlichman, and John W Dean III
resigned, amid charges of White House efforts
to obstruct justice in the Watergate case
In 1974, Kleindienst pleaded guilty to a
misdemeanor perjury charge for failing to testify
fully at his Senate confirmation hearings
con-cerning the ITT lawsuit The charge against him
revealed that Nixon had called him in 1971 and
told him to drop the case Kleindienst later
claimed that he was innocent of the charge and
that he had not been swayed by Nixon’s
directive He was fined $1,000 and sentenced
to 30 days in jail, but the judge suspended the
sentence Prosecutors also discovered that ITT had contributed $400,000 to the Nixon cam-paign following the resolution of the lawsuit, but Kleindienst was never implicated in that matter
Kleindienst returned to Arizona, where he resumed his law practice In 1985, he published Justice, his account of his time in Washington, D.C He died at his home in Prescott, Arizona,
on February 3, 2000
FURTHER READINGS Ben-Veniste, Richard 2009 The Emperor’s New Clothes:
Exposing the Truth from Watergate to 9/11 New York:
Thomas Dunne.
Kleindienst, Richard G 1985 Justice: The Memoirs of Attorney General Richard Kleindienst Ottawa, IL:
Jameson.
Kutler, Stanley I 1992 The Wars of Watergate New York:
Norton.
vKNAEBEL, ERNEST Ernest Knaebel was an attorney who became an assistant U.S attorney for Colorado and later a U.S Supreme Court reporter of decisions
Born June 14, 1872, in Manhasset, New York, and raised in New York, Knaebel received his college and legal education at Yale He received his bachelor of arts degree in 1894, his bachelor of laws degree summa cum laude in
1896, and his master of laws degree magna cum laude in 1897 After graduating from law school,
he was admitted to the New York, New Mexico, and Colorado bars He practiced law in New York City from 1897 to 1898
In 1898 Knaebel moved to Colorado and entered private practice with his father in
❖
1861–65 U.S Civil War
1872 Born, Manhasset, N.Y.
◆
1894 Received A.B.
from Yale University
1897 Received J.D.
from Yale University 1897–98 Practiced law in New York City
1898 Moved to Colorado
◆◆
1902–07 Served as assistant U.S attorney for Colorado
◆
1907 Served as special assistant to U.S attorney general
1914–18 World War I
1939–45 World War II
1916–44 Served as reporter of decisions for U.S Supreme Court 1911–16 Served as assistant U.S attorney general
1909–16 Organized and directed Public Lands Division of U.S Justice Department
❖
1947 Died, West Boxford, Mass.
KNAEBEL, ERNEST 171
Trang 5Denver From 1902 to 1907 he served as assistant U.S attorney for Colorado He returned to the East in 1907 to become a special assistant to the attorney general in Washington, D.C., and was named assistant attorney general in 1911 During his tenure with
involved in land-fraud prosecutions, arguing many of the early cases concerning public and Indian land disputes that came before the U.S
Supreme Court He also organized the PUBLIC
directed that division from 1909 to 1916
In 1916 Knaebel was appointed the reporter
of decisions for the U.S Supreme Court In this capacity, he and his staff were responsible for the slow, painstaking task of editing the Court’s decisions and preparing them for publication
The reporter checks all citations in the opinions, corrects typographical and other errors, adds the headnotes summarizing the major points of law, and lists the voting lineup of the justices and the names of counsel Under Knaebel’s tenure, the office of reporter was reorganized by statute and the printing and sale of U.S Reports, the official publication of Supreme Court orders and decisions, was turned over to the U.S
superinten-dent of documents Knaebel edited volumes 242
to 321 of U.S Reports
Knaebel was a member of theAMERICAN BAR
Delta He served on the Board of Governors of the Lawyers’ Club and was a member of the Cosmos Club and the Yale Club
Knaebel served as reporter of decisions from
1916 until January 31, 1944, when he retired because of ill health He died on February 19,
1947, in West Boxford, Massachusetts
KNOW-NOTHING PARTY The Know-Nothing movement was actually a group of secret anti-Catholic, anti-Jewish and anti-immigrant political organizations that called itself the American party The movement, composed principally of native-born, white, Anglo-Saxon males, came into being in the 1850s, grew rapidly, and waned almost as quickly
In the early 1800s, as immigrants continued
to flow into the United States, a number of American citizens grew increasingly alarmed
Waves of Germans, who mostly spoke in their native tongue, and Irish, whose thick brogues
were difficult to understand, were two groups who inspired the great opposition The clannish Irish, who were Catholics, were particularly feared and despised Many Protestants felt that all Catholics were controlled by and took orders from the pope in Rome
Certain groups of already established Amer-icans who called themselves“Nativists,” formed secret societies dedicated to stopping the flow of immigrants The depth of nativist animosity was demonstrated in 1834 when a group of anti-Catholic laborers and townspeople chased a group of students and Ursuline nuns from their school and convent near Boston and then burned the buildings
In 1835 a group of New Yorkers organized a state political party, the Native American Democratic Association Association candidates, running on a platform that opposed Catholics and immigrants, with support from the Whigs (members of a political party formed in 1834 to oppose ANDREW JACKSON and the Democrats) gained 40 percent of the vote in the fall elections In the 1840s more groups appeared
in Baltimore, Philadelphia, and other metropol-itan regions of the country Various local groups appeared and disappeared over time Eventually the themes of hostility to Catholics and immigrants and the corresponding opposition
to the costs of trying to support and educate indigent foreigners found favor with groups attempting to organize on a national basis
In 1849 a secret fraternal organization bearing the name of the Order of the Star Spangled Banner was launched in New York and similar lodges began to form in other major American cities When asked about their nativist origins, members would respond that they “knew nothing” and soon found them-selves so-labeled Secretive at first, the organi-zation soon found support for proposals that included stringent restrictions on IMMIGRATION, exclusion of foreign-born persons from voting
or holding political office and a residency requirement of more than 20 years for U.S citizenship Because many Know-Nothing sup-porters felt that liquor had a pernicious effect
on immigrants, they sought to limit alcohol sales They also supported daily Bible readings
in schools and tried to ensure that only Protestants could teach in the public schools
As it shed its clandestine beginnings, the Know-Nothing movement spread rapidly By
172 KNOW-NOTHING PARTY
Trang 61852 supporters of the Know-Nothing
move-ment had achieved significant results with many
of their candidates winning seats in local and
state elections With the passage of the KANSAS
more supporters Although originally allied with
the Whigs, the phenomenal success of the
Know-Nothings as well as growing debate over
governor and all but two members of the
Massachusetts state legislature as well as 40
members of the New York state legislature By
1855 Know-Nothing adherents had elected
thousands of local government officials as well
as eight governors Forty-three Know-Nothing
candidates were elected to the U.S House of
Representatives and there were five
Know-Nothing senators
Yet even as the number of Know-Nothing
adherents reached its peak, the movement was
beginning to decline Despite their numbers in
elective office, the Know-Nothings were largely
unsuccessful in passing significant legislation
They introduced a bill in Congress that called
for the prohibition of immigration of
foreign-born paupers and convicts They also
intro-duced legislation in several states that required
registration and literacy tests for voters
In 1856 the Know-Nothings held their first
and only national convention in Philadelphia
where, as the American party, they supported
former President MILLARD FILLMORE as their
presidential candidate The meeting illustrated
the growing divide between antislavery and
proslavery factions within the party when a
group of antislavery delegates abruptly left the
convention Fillmore received 21 percent of the
popular vote and eight electoral votes, finishing
a poor third behind Democrat JAMES BUCHANAN
(who had been nominated instead of unpopular
incumbent FRANKLIN PIERCE and who won the
election) and Republican John Fremont
The dismal showing of Fillmore and the
increasing controversy over slavery continued
the rapid disintegration of the Know-Nothing
movement Many antislavery adherents joined
remnants of the Whigs in the newly emerging
joined theDEMOCRATIC PARTY By 1859 the
Know-Nothing movement had lost support in all but a
few Northern and border states and was no
longer of any significance on the national stage
FURTHER READINGS Anbinder, Tyler G 1994 Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know-Nothings and the Politics of the 1850s.
New York: Oxford Univ Press.
Mulkern, John 1990 The Know-Nothing Party in Massa-chusetts: The Rise and Fall of a People’s Party Boston:
Northeastern Univ Press.
An 1844 “Nativist” campaign banner.
By 1856 the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic political group—then known as the American party (or Know-Nothings)— held their only national convention
in Philadelphia, nominating Millard Fillmore for president DAVID J & JANICE L FRENT COLLECTION/ CORBIS
KNOW-NOTHING PARTY 173
Trang 7Taylor, Steven 2000 “Progressive Nativism: The
of Massachusetts (summer) Available online at http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3837/is_200007/
ai_n8908750/; website home page: http://findarticles.
com (accessed August 5, 2009).
KNOWINGLY Consciously; willfully; subject to complete under-standing of the facts or circumstances
According to provisions contained in the
have acted knowingly in regard to a material element of an offense when: in the event that such element involves the nature of his or her conduct or the circumstances attendant thereto,
he or she is aware that the conduct is of such nature or that those circumstances exist; if the element relates to a result of the person’s conduct, he or she is conscious of the fact that
it is substantially certain that the conduct will precipitate such a result
When the term knowingly is used in an indictment, it signifies that the defendant knew what he or she was going to do and, subject to such knowledge, engaged in the act for which he
or she was charged
vKNOX, PHILANDER CHASE Philander Chase Knox was a corporate attorney, industrialist, and two-time U.S senator from Pennsylvania He served as U.S attorney general under PresidentWILLIAM MCKINLEYfrom 1901 to
1904, and as U.S secretary of state under President WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT from 1909
to 1913
Knox was born to privilege on May 6, 1853,
in Brownsville, Fayette County, Pennsylvania
His banker father, David S Knox, financed commercial activities in the region around Pittsburgh His mother, Rebekah Page Knox, was involved in numerous philanthropic and social organizations, and she encouraged her children in COMMUNITY SERVICEpursuits
Knox’s early education was in local private schools with the children of other prominent Pennsylvania families He received a bachelor of arts degree from Mount Union College, in Alliance, Ohio, in 1872 While in college Knox began a lifelong friendship with future president McKinley, who was then district attorney of Stark County, Ohio McKinley encouraged the young man’s interest in the law, and arranged for him to read law in the office of Attorney H
B Swope, of Pittsburgh
After spending three years with Swope, Knox was admitted to Pennsylvania’s Allegheny County bar in 1875 Shortly thereafter he was appointed assistant U.S district attorney for the Western District of Pennsylvania Two years later he formed a law partnership with James H Reed, of Pittsburgh, that would last more than
20 years In 1880 he formed an equally lasting marital partnership with Lillie Smith, daughter
of Pittsburgh businessman Andrew D Smith Knox’s professional skills and personal style were well suited to the business climate
of his day He was intimately involved in the industrial development of the Pittsburgh region as well as the organization and direction
of the companies forging that development His efforts made him one of the wealthiest men
in Pennsylvania
Knox, along with many of his business and social peers, was a charter member of the South
Philander Chase Knox 1853–1921
❖
1853 Born,
Brownsville, Pa.
1861–65 U.S Civil War
◆
1872 Earned B.A from Mt.
Union College
◆
1875 Admitted
to Allegheny County (Pa.) bar
◆ 1889 Johnstown Flood
◆
1897 Elected president of
Pa Bar Association
1901–04 Served as U.S.
attorney general
1904–09 Represented
Pa in U.S.
Senate 1909–13 Served as secretary of state under President Taft
◆
1913 Returned to private practice
1914–18 World War I
1916–21 Served second term in U.S
Senate
❖
1921 Died, Washington, D.C.
174 KNOWINGLY
Trang 8Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, on Lake
Conemaugh, near Johnstown, Pennsylvania
The club erected a dam to create its private
lake retreat When the dam failed on May 31,
1889, an ensuing flood killed more than
2,000 people and destroyed countless homes
and businesses in its path Author David
McCullough noted in his history The Johnstown
Flood that no money was ever collected from the
club or its members through damage suits But
Knox’s family contributed to the relief efforts,
and Knox and other businessmen used their
resources to help rebuild many of the
compa-nies and restore many of the jobs lost in the
cataclysm
By 1897 Knox had sufficiently redeemed
himself to be elected president of the
Pennsyl-vania BAR ASSOCIATION In 1899 his longtime
friend President McKinley offered him the
position of attorney general of the United
States Knox declined McKinley’s initial offer
because he was heavily involved in the
forma-tion and organizaforma-tion of the Carnegie Steel
Company, so the position went to JOHN W
GRIGGS
When Griggs resigned in 1901, McKinley
again offered the position to Knox This time
Knox accepted He began his term on April 9,
1901 Within the year he brought an antitrust
action against the NorthernSECURITIESCompany,
through which James J Hill, John Pierpont
Morgan, and others had attempted to merge the
Great Northern, the Northern Pacific, and the
Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy railroads Knox
guided the litigation through several appeals
and made the winning argument before the
U.S Supreme Court (Northern Securities Co v
United States, 193 U.S 197, 24 S Ct 436, 48
L Ed 679[1904])
Later in 1901 he ruled against executive
authority—and his own preferences—when he
advised that game refuges in the national forests
could be established only through legislation
He told President McKinley that he regretted
having to make that decision:“I would be glad
to find authority for the intervention by the
Secretary [of Interior] for the preservation of
what is left of the game but it would seem
that whatever is done in that direction must be
done by Congress, which alone has the power”
(Baker 1992, 405)
Knox stayed on as attorney general under
President THEODORE ROOSEVELT In 1902 he
traveled to Paris to examine the title to a canal concession across the Isthmus of Panama Knox validated a French company’s questionable title (in a 300-page opinion) and opened the way for the United States to purchase the company’s interests The incident is often cited as an example of the law being manipulated by presidential prerogative Knox reportedly said afterward that Roosevelt’s plan to acquire the canal concession was not marred by the slightest taint of legality
His service as attorney general ended June
10, 1904, when Governor Samuel W Penny-packer, of Pennsylvania, appointed him to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Senator Matthew S Quay Knox took Quay’s seat in the U.S Senate July 1, 1904, and was subsequently elected to a full six-year term During his term
he was active and influential, especially in railroad rate legislation He served on the Judiciary Committee, took a prominent part
in a debate over tolls for the Panama Canal, and for a time was chairman of the Senate committee on rules
He resigned his Senate seat March 4, 1909,
to accept President Taft’s appointment as secretary of state Under Taft the focus of foreign policy was the encouragement and
Philander Chase Knox.
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
THE CONSCIOUSNESS
OF POSSESSING A GIANT’S STRENGTH IS
A SUFFICIENT PREVENTIVE AGAINST THE TYRANNY OF USING IT AS A GIANT
—P HILANDER K NOX
Trang 9protection of U.S investments abroad Taft’s approach, often called dollar diplomacy, was first applied in 1909, in a failed attempt to help China assume ownership of the Manchurian railways Tangible proof of Knox’s efforts in this attempt can be seen today in Washington, D.C.: The Chinese government gave him 2,000 cherry trees that still blossom each spring
More successful attempts at dollar diplomacy were eventually made in Nicaragua and the Caribbean
In March 1913 Knox returned to the practice of law He did not last long Just three years later, he announced his intention to seek a second term in the U.S Senate He was elected November 6, 1916 He was an outspoken opponent of theLEAGUE OF NATIONS, and he took
a leading role in the successful fight against the ratification of the TREATY OF VERSAILLES at the close ofWORLD WAR Ibecause, he said, it imposed
“obligations upon the United States which under ourCONSTITUTION cannot be imposed by the treaty-making power.”
On October 12, 1921, Knox collapsed and died outside his Senate chamber in Washington, D.C He was 68 years old He was buried near his home at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania
FURTHER READINGS Baker, Nancy V 1992 Conflicting Loyalties: Law and Politics
in the Attorney General’s Office, 1789–1990 Lawrence:
Univ Press of Kansas.
Dictionary of American Biography Twenty Volumes and
vKOOP, CHARLES EVERETT
under President RONALD REAGAN, boldly led the United States on controversial health issues such as smoking, ABORTION, infanticide, and
Koop was a driven, dedicated public servant, committed to doing what he felt was best for the health of the American people He aggressively confronted pressing health issues while dodging the political machinery of Washington, D.C During his eight-year tenure, Koop increased the influence and authority of his post with the
medicine and a sincere interest in promoting the public’s health, Koop was affectionately regarded as“America’s family doctor.”
Koop was born October 14, 1916, in Brooklyn, the only surviving child of John Everett Koop and Helen Apel Koop As a young pupil, he excelled academically and socially, participating in football, baseball, basketball, and wrestling One month before his 17th birthday, Koop entered Dartmouth College The Dartmouth coaches quickly recognized Koop’s talent at football and awarded him the coveted position of quarterback However, after
a severe concussion damaged his vision and threatened the surgical career that he had envisioned as a young man, Koop quit the team He immersed himself in pre-med studies, majoring in zoology Having lost his football
Charles Everett Koop 1916–
1925
1914–18
World War I
1939–45 World War II
1950–53 Korean War
1961–73 Vietnam War
1916 Born,
Brooklyn, N.Y.
1937 Earned B.A from Dartmouth College
1948–81 Served as surgeon-in-chief of Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
1958 Appointed professor of pediatric surgery at U Penn.
1980 The Right to Live, The
Right to Die published
1982 Surgeon General's
Report on Smoking and Health published
1984 Baby Doe Amendment passed, expanding definition of child abuse
1986 Health Consequences of Passive Smoking and The Surgeon
General's Report on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome released 1991 Won Emmy
for 5-part health care reform documentary
C Everett Koop, M.D.; Koop: The Memoirs of America's Family Doctor published
1981–89 Served as surgeon general under President Reagan
1988 Understanding AIDS: A Message from the Surgeon General sent to every home in America 1999 Received
American Cancer Society Medal
of Honor
2002 Critical Issues in Global Health Care published
2005 Awarded Surgeon General’s Medallion
176 KOOP, CHARLES EVERETT
Trang 10scholarship, Koop took a series of odd jobs to
finance his way through college
Koop entered medical school at Cornell
University in the fall of 1937 In 1938, he
married Elizabeth (“Betty”) Flanagan, with
whom he eventually raised four children When
the United States entered WORLD WAR II, and
many physicians were called to duty, Koop
performed many surgeries that, under normal
circumstances, would have been assigned to
more senior physicians
For his next phase of training, Koop and his
family moved to Philadelphia There, he took an
internship at Pennsylvania Hospital, followed
by a residency at University of Pennsylvania
Hospital After residency, in 1948, Koop became
surgeon-in-chief of Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia
During his more than 30 years at Children’s
Hospital, Koop helped establish pediatric
sur-gery as a medical specialty At the time he took
the job, many surgeons were reluctant to
operate on infants and small children because
of the risks associated with sedating them Koop
devised anesthetic techniques for his young
patients and worked tirelessly to perfect surgical
procedures and post-operative care for children
Along with being a skilled surgeon, he was a
compassionate doctor He was sensitive to the
parents of sick and dying children and helped to
create support groups to meet their needs
Koop’s work with pre-term and malformed
babies at Children’s Hospital influenced his
strong positions against abortion, infanticide,
Koop wrote The Right to Live, the Right to Die
(1980), a bestseller that outlined the
relation-ship among those three practices He quickly
became a spokesman on these issues and
committed a great deal of his time to trying to
rouse the American conscience Later, after he
was nominated to be surgeon general, Koop was
surprised to learn that his Republican
suppor-ters valued him more for his stance against
abortion than for his impressive medical career
In 1980, with retirement just one year away,
Koop accepted the invitation to become the
surgeon general in Reagan’s new
administra-tion The surgeon general is an officer in the
United States Public Health Service
Commis-sioned Corps, a uniformed, mobile health unit
Under the leadership of the secretary of Health
and Human Services, the surgeon general
administers health policies and supervises personnel in the field During his time in office, Koop broadened the surgeon general’s role from low-profile administrator to high-profile leader
Koop’s surgeon general’s reports and fre-quent testimony influenced the passage of numerous health-related mandates He became
a household name as he gently, yet firmly, informed the American public about the most preventable threats to their health Regardless of the political consequences, Koop believed that
he was obligated to provide accurate informa-tion to the public
Koop launched an antismoking campaign with the 1982 Surgeon General’s Report on Smoking and Health In that DOCUMENT, he clearly stated the relationship between cancer deaths and smoking In the years that followed, Koop produced reports that linked smoking to cardiovascular disease and to chronic obstruc-tive lung disease
In an anti-tobacco campaign, Koop targeted smokeless tobacco products, such as chewing tobacco and snuff, citing their connections to various cancers His actions spurred the passage
of the Comprehensive Smokeless Tobacco Health Education Act of 1986, 15 U.S.C.A §§
4401 et seq., a mandate to educate the public about this health threat At Koop’s urging, Congress legislated warning labels for smokeless tobacco products
Koop examined the effects of smoking
on nonsmokers in his 1986 report Health
C Everett Koop.
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