Electric Lighting Act (1882) (UK) 369–70
electric motors 355, 381–5 in domestic
appliances 925, 927–8, 929, 931, 937
induction 383–4 linear 384–5 pole
amplitude modulated 384 precursors see
electromagnetic engines repulsion 384
synchronous 383 universal 383 variable
speed control 384
electric power generation 41, 284, 356–62,
369–70, 371, 372, 381, 960 gas turbines
333, 338–40 nuclear 215 steam turbines
295–303, 385 wind 259–60
electric telegraph 357, 572, 574, 713–15, 964–5
railway signalling system 714, 965 wartime
role 988–9
electric vehicles 378, 380, 458–9 trams 47, 959–
60
electric water heaters 920
electrical appliances 386
electrical measurement 373–7
electricity 41, 959–61 current 351–4 off-peak
372–3, 917 static 350–51; inverse square
law 373 transmission 370–72 see also
hydro-electric power
electricity supply meters 376
electrification iron- and steel-making 176
railways 382, 584–5, 591–2, 594, 598, 599,
600
electrochemistry 352
electrodynamometer 374
electro-forming 419
electrolysis, applications of 105, 107–11, 112–
13, 114–19, 224–5, 352
electromagnetic engines 377–81
electrometer, torsion balance 373
electron, discovery 213
electron-beam welding 420
electronic clocks and watches 697
electronics 41–2, 428
electrophonetic telegraph 719
electroscope, gold leaf 373
electroslag refining (steel) 184
elements 187
elephant (weapon of war) 970–71
Encyclopédie (Diderot) 236
energy meters 376
English Improver, The (Blith) 774
engravings copper 674 photo-process 679 steel
678 wood 678 ENIAC 42, 702 Erie canal complex 510–11 Eros (statue) 108–9, 111 Eskimos, use of copper 48 etching 419
ethylene 212 ethylene glycol 212 Etruscans brass statuary 75 building and architecture 868, 873 wood-turning 389 excavators 471
Exeter Canal 476
Experienced Millwright, The 238
Explorer satellite 656 explosives 190, 223, 988 exponents 698 external combustion engines 341–2 facsimile transmission 743–4 factory system 28–9 water power in 240–42 fallowing 777–8
fan vault 876
Fantasia (motion picture) 723
farm traction 787–91 fastenings 852–3 feldspar 193 felt 807 ferries, ro-ro 550 ferro-vitreous construction 895–6 Fertile Crescent 13, 764 fertilizers 170, 223–4, 774–5 Festiniog Railway 565, 575, 606 fibre optics 199, 748
fibres, textile 804–808 see also man-made fibres
fighter aircraft 632, 995, 998 rocket-propelled
634, 639 STOVL 640 filament lamp 41, 132–3, 365–9, 386–7, 914–
15, 959 filling stations 459–60 Filmorex system 751 filters, sintered metal 137 filtration beds (water) 953 finery 152, 155
Finow Canal 495, 497 fire 7–9
fire arrows 970
Trang 2fire drill 8
fire lighting see ignition
firearms, mass production 30, 405–407, 983
fireplaces 916
fishing 9, 766
Fissero-Tartaro-Canalbianco Canal 501
flak jacket 1009
flamethrowers 993
flash locks 476, 494, 517
flax 806 hackling 806, 840 spinning 841
flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) 424–8
flight simulator 703
flint building material 856–7 mines 9 sickles
779–80 uses: in fire-making 7–8; in glass
196; in pottery 193
flint glass 197
flintlock guns 979
float glass 198
flood control 955–6
floor coverings 15, 904–906
floor polisher 927
floppy disk 707, 753
flour mill see corn mill
flowline production 427
fluorescent lamps 387, 915
fluoridation of water 953
flushwork 857
Flying Bedstead (aircraft) 639
flying boats 627, 633
flying buttress 877–9
Flying Hamburger (train) 595
Flying Scotsman (locomotive) 606
flywheel 16
foam, furniture 907
fog signals 543
Fontinettes boat lift 487
food mixer 937
food preparation 936–7 see also cooking
food preservation 796–801, 937–8
footwear 854
Ford cars Model A 37 Model T 413–14, 452
Forth and Clyde Canal 478
fortification 982 camps 970 cities 969
FORTRAN computer language 704
Fossa Carolina 494
Fossdyke Navigation 476
fountain pens 668–9
four-stroke cycle 322, 454 frame knitting 819–20 Franco-Prussian War 612, 734, 985 Franks 971–2
freeways see motorways
friction welding 419 frigate 536
From the Earth to the Moon (Verne) 747
frozen food 797–8, 938 fuel cells 455 fulling 816–18 fungicides 777 furnaces blast: iron 149–51, 153, 154, 157–8,
160, 162–3, 178; zinc 94 bloomery 149, 151 copper-smelting 50, 52, 60 electric arc 106,
176, 182 electric induction 162 finery 152,
155 glass-making 171, 196, 198 refractory linings 194–5 regenerative 93 reverberatory 83–4, 104, 157, 162 rocking resistor 119 vacuum melting 125, 133, 183–4 furnishings 906–907
furniture 907–911 fusee 24, 392, 394 galena 68–9, 71 galley, ship’s 520 galvanizing 95–6, 180 galvanometers 374, 377, 714 garages 459–60
garnierite 98 gas bath heater 919 gas cookers 210, 942–4, 958 gas discharge lamps 387, 961 gas engines 305–307, 310, 314–15, 454, 614 gas fires 210, 916, 958
gas geysers 919–20
gas industry 40, 161, 957–9 see also coal gas;
natural gas gas irons 934 gas lighting 208–209, 914, 958 mantle 123,
209, 914, 958 gas masks 993 gas meter 209, 958 gas turbines 329–41 aircraft engines 39, 330,
333, 335–8, 634–40 blades 126–8, 141 electric power generation 333, 338–40 helicopter engines 643 marine engines 340,
Trang 3537 motor cars 341, 455 railway
locomotives 334, 340–41 supercharged
309, 315–16
gas warfare 992–3, 998, 1009
gasoline see petrol
Gatling gun 985–6
Gauge of Railways Act (1846) (UK) 568
gauges 400, 401, 413, 414–15, 421 strain 420
gear cutting machines 395–6, 408–409, 410–11
gears 16–17 bevel 17 clock 17 cog and rung
269 cycloidal 269 helical 17 lanthorn and
trundle 17, 19 mill 17, 236, 238, 247, 250
mortise 17 sun-and-planet 276
gelignite 988
Gemini space missions 653
Genoa: Mola Nuovo 548
geodesic dome 882
German silver see nickel silver
gesso 909
geysers, gas 919–20
Ghent-Terneuzen Canal 492
gilding 68, 80
gilding metal 74
gill boxes 840–41
ginning (cotton) 808, 834
glass 16, 195–9 cut 197 float 198 lead (flint) 197
mirror 910–11 optical 197 plate 197–8, 910
stained 22, 196 window 22, 196 see also
ferro-vitreous construction
glass fibre 198–9
glass-fibre-reinforced plastics 947
glassblowing 16, 196
glasshouses 895
glassmaking furnaces 171, 196, 198
glazes 191, 194
Glenfinnan Viaduct 891
gliders 39, 619, 621–2, 645, 646
Gliwice Canal 505
Gloire (ship) 533
glues 220
goffering iron 933
gold leaf electroscope 373
gold mining 79
Golden Gate Bridge 465
Gossamer Albatross (man-powered aircraft) 647
gossan 55
Göta Canal 502
Gothic architecture 874, 876–9 governor centrifugal 31 cut-off control by 283 inertia 284 for waterwheel 242
Graf Spee (ship) 324
Gramme ring 360 gramophone 720–24 long-playing record 723–4 Grand Canal (Dublin-Shannon) 481
Grand Canal (Tianjin-Hangzhov) 475 Grand Junction Canal 479
Grand Union Canal 479 granite (building stone) 860 grapeshot 982
graphophone 721
Great Britain (ship) 401, 528 Great Eastern (ship) 403, 528, 715, 965
Great Exhibition (1851) 258, 470, 569, 679,
735, 782, 958 see also Crystal Palace
Great Glen (Caledonian) Canal 480–81
Great Western (ship) 35, 527
Great Western Railway 565, 567–8, 572, 590,
592, 965 Greek fire 971 Greek mill (Norse mill) 19, 229–30, 269 Greeks, Ancient 18 alphabet 667 brass artefacts 73–4, 79 bronze artefacts 61, 62–3, 65–6 building and architecture 858, 862–4, 872,
884, 887 cleansing agents 203
‘mathematical gearing’ 17 measuring instruments 391 music 686, 717 Norse mill
19, 229–30, 269 philosophers 187, 212 pottery 191 silver mines 69, 70–71 tin artefact 60 warfare 970 zinc artefacts 75 green manuring 774
grenade launcher 980 grenades 980, 991 anti-tank 994, 1004 grinding 10, 407
grinding machines 407–408, 413, 414, 415 grindstone crank 25
groin vault 875
Groot Algemeen Moolen-Boek (van Zyl) 251 Groot Volkomen Moolenboek (Natrus and Polly)
251, 255 Grove cell 353 guided missiles 1008 gun carriage 977–8 gun-cotton 223 gun turret 533, 534, 988
Trang 4gunner’s calipers 25
gunpowder (‘black powder’) 19, 648, 975
charcoal for 206 grinding machine for 266
saltpetre for 221
guns anti-tank 994, 1004 breech-loading
984, 987 early 975 hand976–7, 985
machine 985–6, 992; aircraft-mounted
995 naval 532, 533, 536 rifles 403, 405,
983–4; anti-tank 994 tank 1003, 1009 see
also artillery
gutta percha 217
gypsum 885, 904
gyroscopes in bombsights 1000 for torpedo
control 997
gyroscopic compass 545
hackling (flax) 806, 840
haematite 52
halberd 976, 979
half-timbered buildings 862
half-tone process 679
halogen lamps 386–7
hammer, power 152, 166, 232, 401
hammer ponds 232
hammerbeam roofs 866
Haneken Canal 496
hang-gliders 621–2, 646
harbours see ports and harbours
harrow 21
harvesting 779–87
hastener (roasting aid) 940
hats 807
Havel-Oder Canal 497
heat engines 272, 342–3
heating 385–6, 915–17
heddle-frame weaving 810–11
helical gears 17
helicopters 536–7, 640–44
heliography 732
helium balloons 613
helmets 968–9, 973, 991
helve 166
herbicides, selective 778
Hiawatha trains 597
hieratic script 667
hieroglyphics 15, 666–7
‘hipping’ (hot isostatic pressing) 140–1
Historia Naturalis (Natural History) (Pliny) 75, 187,
672 horse armour 974 horse collar 20, 787 horse shoe 20 horse trams 583 horse wheels 261, 264–5, 788, 794 horses 13–14, 20–21, 260, 264, 265–9, 787–8
horses—cont heavy 974 of San Marco 67–8 see also cavalry
hot-air balloons 609–10, 611, 612, 613–14
hot air engine see external combustion engine
hot bulb engine 310–11 hourglass 23
hourglass mill 230
Housatonic (ship) 537
hovercraft 538 howitzer 980–81
‘Huff Duff (detection device) 1001 hulks 520
Huns 971 hunter gatherer societies 762–3, 766–7 hydraulic cement 888–9
hydraulic power 961 boat lifts 482, 493, 508 earthmoving machinery 472 mains systems 40–41 motor car suspension 452 tractor implement carrying facility 790 hydrochloric acid, 221, 222 hydro-electric machine 351 hydro-electric power 109, 112–13, 118, 244–5 hydrofoils 538–9
hydrogen balloons 610–11, 612 hydrogen bomb 1006–1007 hydrogen peroxide, bleaching agent 205 hydrophones 718
hypocaust 917 IBM PCs 707, 710 ice boxes 937 ice houses 797 ice-making machines 797 iconoscope 745 ignition (fire) 7–9, 911–12 ilmenite 143
Imperial Canal (Spain) 505 impulse turbine 290, 294
Inchmona (ship) 286
Trang 5inclined planes 479, 480, 488, 493, 503–504,
506, 509, 512, 517, 557–8
indigo 199, 200
indigotin 200, 202
induction furnance 162
induction motors 383–4
infantry Byzantine 971 mediaeval 976 modern
weapons 1009–1010 phalanx formation 970
testudo formation 970
information technology 686–94, 748–53
information theory 703, 749–50
ink 668, 669 printer’s 670
inlaid furniture 908
insecticides 776–7
‘instantaneous’ lights 912
instrument making 24, 393–4
insulators, electrical 194
intaglio process 674
intarsio (furniture) 908
integrated circuit (IC) 42, 705
integrated ironworks 158, 160
Intelsat satellites 657
inter-continental ballistic missile (ICBM) 1007
internal combusition engines 37–9, 272, 303–
29, 454, 615 see also compression ignition
engines: gas engines; hot bulb engine;
spark ignition engines; Wankel engine
International Ultraviolet Explorer satellite 658
inventors 2, 690
Iran bronze artefacts 59 copper artefacts 48, 50,
57 irrigation tunnels 467–8, 768 lead
artefacts 69 pottery 16 windmills 245 zinc
refining 77–8
Iraq dairy farming 791 lead artefacts 69 plough
769
IRAS satellite 658
iridium 131
iron 12, 14, 18, 146–7 building material 893–6
by-product of copper refining 54 case
hardening 159 charcoal for smelting 206
‘malleable’ 168, 560, 563 meteoritic 147 pig
151 production: electrification 381; gas
engines for 314; use of coal in 207, of coke
in 207, of water power in 232 see also cast
iron; corrugated iron; ferrovitreous
construction; galvanizing; wrought iron
iron, smoothing 932–4
Iron Age 6, 54, 388–9 industrial 160–67 iron alloys high-temperature 124 magnetic 137
see also steel
iron bridges 156, 463, 465, 893, 895 iron ships 21, 525, 528, 533 Ironbridge 156
irrigation 767–8 see also water-raising devices
irrigation tunnels 467–8, 768 ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) 750
isostatic pressing 139–41 isotope abundance analysis 69–70 isotopes 213–14
Jablochkoff candles 363 Jacquard punched-card control systems 400–
401, 699, 700, 701, 821, 823, 844, 848, 905 James River and Kanawha Canal 510 James River Navigation 510 japanned furniture 909
Jazz Singer, The (motion picture) 723
Jericho 12, 431
jet engine see gas turbines
jettied buildings 864 jewellery anodized titanium 144 brass 76, 80,
87 copper 48, 61 glazed beads 16 iron rings
54 tin bracelet 60 jig borer 415 jig grinder 415
John Bull (locomotive) 573
Joule cycle 329 Juliana Canal 494 Juno rockets 661 Jupiter probes 660 Jupiter rockets 661
Kaiser Wilhelm II (ship) 287
kaolin 193 Kaplan turbine 244–5 Karls Grav (canal) 501 Kennet and Avon Canal 480
kerosene see paraffin oil
Keulse Vaart 491 Kiel Canal 496 kilns brickmaking 870 cement 889 pottery 15–
16, 191, 195 temperature measurement in 194
Trang 6kinetoscope 741–2
kitchen 934–6
kitchen equipment 936–7
kitchen ranges 940–42
knapping (flints) 857
knife-cleaners 923–4
knitting 818–20
knitting machines 846–7
knock (detonation) 306, 316–18, 335
kollergang (oil mill) 253, 255
Küsten Canal 497
lace-making machines 848
Lachine Canal 506–507
lacquered furniture 908–909
laminated wood furniture 910
lampshades 368–9
Lancaster bomber 632
lance 972, 988
landing ships 550
Landsat satellites 658
language 665–6
lanthorn and trundle gear 17, 19
Laser-Card system 755
lasers 419–20, 426, 752, 737–8
lathes automatic 410, 415 centre 415–17
clockmaker’s 392 controls for 424
early 9, 66, 389–90 industrial 394–5,
399, 400 instrument maker’s 394
ornamental 393 pole 26, 390 screw
cutting 393–4, 395 turret 410, 414,
415–17
latitude measurement 544
‘laughing gas’ 352
laundering 928–3 4
laundry, horse-driven 266
Lea river, canalization 476, 477, 482
lead 68–72 in Roman plumbing 20, 66, 72
lead-acid battery 353–4
lead tetraethyl 317
lean burn engines 455
leather 803
Leclanché cell 353
Leeds and Liverpool Canal 478–9
leguminous crops 779
Lehigh Canal 512
Lend Lease Act (1941) (US) 421
length measurement standards 18, 391, 697 vernier scale 25
Lenoir cycle 329 Lenoir engine 305 lenses 197, 730 level, electronic 423 lewis 19
Lewis gun 992 Leyden jar 351 Liberty ship 531 lierne vault 876 lifebelt 540 lifeboat 539, 540 lifejacket 540 liferaft 540 lifts boat 480, 482, 486, 493, 496, 497, 498, 508–509, 517 passenger 897
lighting candles 912–13 electric 41, 358, 360,
369, 386–7, 914–15, 959, 961; see also arc
lamps; filament lamps gas 208–209, 914, 958; mantle 123, 209, 914, 958 oil 211, 913–14 rushlights 912
lighthouse 358, 542, 889 lightning conductor 350 lights, navigational 543 lightship 542
linear motors 384–5 linen 804, 806 liner 37, 530, 532 Ling Chu (Magic Canal) 475 linoleum 905
Linotype machine 680 linseed 806
linstock ignition (artillery) 981 lithography 678 offset 678–9, 684
Liverpool (Bury locomotive) 564 Liverpool (Crampton locomotive) 569
Liverpool: Royal Liver Building 891 Liverpool & Manchester Railway 561–2, 563 locks (canal) 517–18 ‘bear trap’ 512 flash 476,
494, 517 pound 475, 476, 517 shaft 496–7, 518 locks (security) 29 mass-produced 404 locomotives diesel 591, 595, 598, 600 diesel-electric 591, 594–6, 600 gas turbine powered 334, 340–41 petrol-electric 591,
593, 594 steam 35, 558–62, 564, 568–70,
575, 579–83, 589–90, 596–8, 599, 605–606;
Trang 7American 573; European 575; oil-fired 589;
preservation 606–607 streamlining 596–7
superheating 590–91 Whyte notation to
describe 564
Locomotion (locomotive) 560
locust, biological control 777
lodestone 21, 350
log construction 856, 865
logarithms 698
logs (ships’ speed recorders) 545
London Docklands Light Railway 603 drains
and sewers 956–7 electric lighting 363,
364–5, 368, 370 hydraulic mains system 41
Kew Gardens (Palm House) 895 London
Bridge waterworks 234, 235 St Paul’s
Cathedral 860, 881–2 underground railway
382, 468, 583, 584, 592 water supply 951
Westminster Abbey 879 Westminster
Cathedral 891 Westminster Hall 866
London & Birmingham Railway 566
London Gazettee 672
longbow 973
longitude measurement 544, 696
looms automatic 844–5 carpet 812, 845–6,
905–906 Dutch 820 early 22 flying shuttle
821–2 horizontal 812, 815–16 powered
834, 843–5 shuttle-less 845 vertical 811–12,
815
Lord Chancellor (micrometer) 398–9
‘lost wax’ casting process 62, 68
lubricating oil 212
lubrication, forced 284
Lumitype machine 681
Luna moon probes 658–9
lustre ware 192
macadam road surface 436
Mach number 635–6
machine guns 985–6, 992 aircraft-mounted
995
machine tools 29, 392–404 controls for 422–4
for mass production 404–417
mackintosh fabric 216, 849
madder 199, 200, 202
magazines 673, 678, 680
magic lantern 738–9
magnesite 121, 194–5
magnesium 113–21 as scavenger 99 production: electrochemical 114–19; by sodium reduction 113, 114;
thermochemical 119–21 magnesium alloys 115, 116, 123 magnetic alloys 137
magnetism 41, 350, 355–6 magneto 357–9
mail coach 438
mail services see postal services
maize 764 majolica 192 malachite 52
Mallard (locomotive) 596, 598
malleable iron 168, 560, 563 man-made fibres 218, 219–20, 849–50, 948 dyes for 203
Manchester Ship Canal 481–2 manganese, as scavenger 99 manganese steel 174 mangle 932 Manhattan engines 285 Manhattan Project 214, 1005 manuring 774
maps road 461 see also cartography
marble (building stone) 860 margarine 190, 799 marine engines compression ignition 323–5,
531, 532 gas turbines 340, 537 steam 286–
7, 398, 403 steam turbines 530–31, 535 marine railways 509
Mariner Spacecraft 659, 660 Marne-Rhine Canal 487–8 marquetry 908
Mars probes 660 Martesana Canal 500 masers 737
masonry construction 859–61 mass number 213
mass production 404–412 bricks 870 building units 900 clothing 850–51 firearms 30, 405–407, 983 photographic printing 733 matches 912
matchlock gun 976–7
Mathematical Analysis of Logic, The (Boole) 701
‘mathematical gearing’ 17
Mauretania (ship) 37
Trang 8mauve (dye) 190, 201–202
Mayas, use of rubber 216
measurement 391–2 electrical 373–7
measuring machines 401 automatic 427
optically controlled 422
mechanical digger 470–71
Mechanick Exercises on the Whole Art of Printing
(Moxon) 673
mechanization agriculture: dairy farming 792;
ploughing 771; reaping and binding 781–3,
786–7; threshing 784–5 boot-making 854
brick-making 870 canal barge haulage 515
corn mills 238 furniture-making 909–10
glass-making 198 iron and steel industry see
steam engines, applications in iron-making
paper-making 673, 674 railway construction
470 textile industry: carding 830–31;
cleaning and opening 835–6; combing 839–
40; drawing 831–2; fulling 817; knitting
819–20; lace-making 848; shearing 818;
silk throwing 805–806; sizing 842–3;
spinning 823–30, 832–3, 837–8, 840–42;
weaving 820–23, 843–6 typesetting 680
wallpaper printing 903
Megadoc system 755
megaphone 687, 718
Megiddo (fortified city) 969
Meissen porcelain 193
Memex system 751
mercenary soldiers 970, 976
mercerized cotton 849
merchant iron 166
merchant ships 520, 523, 525–32
Merwede Canal 491
Mesolithic Age 10
Mesopotamia building and architecture 462,
856, 872–3 chariot 969 fuels 206 petroleum
210–11 pottery 16 silver artefacts 69
metallurgy, textbook see De Re Metallica
Metamorphosis of Ajax (Harington) 921
meteorological satellites 657
meters, electricity supply 376
metrology see measurement
Metropolis Water Act (1852) (UK) 951, 953
mezzotint 678
microcomputers see computers, micro
microfiche systems 751
microfilms 733, 751
Micrographia (Hooke) 25
micrographics 733 micrometers 398, 417 electronic 423 microphotography 733–5
microrecording 733 microscopes 24, 196, 255, 730–31 microwave ovens 946–7 microwave radiation 725, 726, 729 military aircraft 628, 630, 632–3, 634, 990,
995, 998 gliders 645 milk, pasteurization 793–4 milking machines 792–3
Mill at wijk bij Durstede (van Ruisdael) 248
milling machines 408–409, 817 controls for
422, 424 turret 415 minehunters 537 minelaying machines 1009 mines anti-tank 1004, 1009 land 1009 sea 535, 536,537, 996, 1001–1002 trench weapon 991
minesweepers 535, 537 Mini (motor car) 452 Minicard system 751 mini-mill (steelworks) 184 mining animal-powered machines in 260–61, 264–5, 266–7, 269 coal 207–208, 555, 559,
560 copper 51, 67, 79–80, 82 electrification 381–2 gold 79 lead 71 silver 67, 69–71, 79–
80 textbook see De Re Metallica
minting 27–8 mirror 910–11
Misanthrope, The (Brueghel) 248
Mississippi river, improved navigability 513
mitrailleuse (machine gun) 985 Mittelalterliche Hausbuch 391, 392
Mittelland Canal 497 modem 709–710 modular design 900 mole plough 772 molybdenum 133 monastic orders 232 Monel metal 101–102 monorail 586 Monotype machine 680 Mons-Condé Canal 493
Monte Penedo (ship) 324
Trang 9Montech water slope 485
moon, flight to 654, 658–9
mooring 541
moped 449
mordant dyes 199
mordants 199–200
Morris Canal 512
Morse code 715, 965
mortar (weapon) 980, 991
mortise and tenon joint 14
mortise gears 17
mosaic 905
Moscow: GUM department store 896
Moselle river, canalization 489
Moskva river, canalization 503
Mosquito bomber 632–3
Moteurs Hydrauliques (Armengaud) 242
motion pictures 738–42 colour 735, 742 film
739 sound 722–3
motor cars 37–9, 212, 449–56 brakes 45 2
engines see internal combustion engines gas
turbine powered 341, 455 ignition systems
133 mass production 412–14, 417 radios
728 tyres 217
motor cycles 447–9
motorways 436–7
mould forming (pottery) 194
moulin pendant 236, 270
music 686, 717
muskets 29–30, 405, 979, 983
mustard gas 993
Mycenae bronze artefacts 62, 66 corbelled
domes 883 masonry 859–60
nails 14
nap raising (blankets) 818
Napalm 121
Napoleonic wars 559, 648
Narrative of the Eddystone Lighthouse (Smeaton)
888
Narrow Boat (Rolt) 516
natron 203, 204
natural gas 210, 959 in gas engines 314–15
Natural History (Historia naturalis) (Pliny the
Elder) 75, 187, 672
Nautical Almanac 544
Nautilus (submarine, 1802) 537
Nautilus (submarine, 1952) 538
naval warfare 996–8, 1000–1002
see also warships navigation 21, 543–6, 696, 698 see also radar
Naviglio Grande (Milan) 500 needle gun 984
needles 851 negative feedback 31 Neolithic Age metallurgy 47 weapons 967 nerve gas 998
Neuffossée Canal 486 neutron, discovery 213 neutron bomb 1008 Neva river, canalization 503 Neva-Volga Canal 503
New Horse-Hoeing Husbandry, The (Tull) 774
Newry Canal 477 newspapers 672, 675–6 nichrome 386, 917 nickel 73, 96–102 nickel alloys 124 high-temparature 125, 126–7
magnetic 137 see also cupro-nickel alloys;
Monel metal; nichrome; nickel silver; paktong
nickel silver 97–8 nicotine (insecticide) 776 niello (inlay) 62 Nimonic alloys 126 niobium 144–5 Nipkow disc 744, 745 nitric acid 220, 221 manufacture 224 nitrogen fertilizers 224, 775 nitrogen fixation artificial: ammonia manufacture 5, 223–4; via titanium nitrides
141 natural see leguminous crops
nitroglycerine 223, 988 nitrous oxide 352 Nivernais Canal 487, 517 noisemakers 686 Noordhollandsche Canal 491 norag (threshing sledge) 784 Nord-Ostsee Canal 496
Norman architechture see Romanesque
architecture Norman warfare 972–3 Norse Mill (Greek Mill) 19, 229–30, 270 North Sea Canal 491
Trang 10Novo Teatro di Machine el Edifici (Zonca) 265
nuclear energy 212–16
nuclear fusion 1006–1007
nuclear weapons 214, 1005–1008
numerical control 422–3
nylon 218, 850
oared ships 519–20
obelisks (Egyptian) 13
obsidian 195
obturation 984, 987
octane number 317
octant 544
Oder-Spree Canal 495
odometer 461
off-peak electricity 372–3, 917
offset lithography 678–9, 684
Ohio river, canalization 513
oil (mineral) see petroleum
oil lamps 211, 913–14
oil mills animal-powered 266 wind-powered
253–5
oil stove 916
oil tanker 531, 532
oilskin 853
olive crushing mill 263
Oman, copper workings 55, 57
omnibus, horse-drawn 458
On Marvellous Things Heard 74
onager 12, 787
operational analysis 1001
optical character recognition (OCR) 684
optical glass 197
orders, architectural 858
Ordnance Survey maps 461
ore-carriers 177
organic chemistry, birth of 201
Orient Express 579
Orlon 850
oscillograph, mechanical 377
oscilloscope, cathode ray 377
osmium 131, 132
osmium filament lamps 386
Ottawa waterways complex 507
Otto cycle 306
Otto engine 307
Oude Gracht (Old Canal), Utrecht 490
ovens brick 940 camp 939 microwave 946–7
see also electric cookers; gas cookers
oxen 787–8 oxy-acetylene welding 272 paddle engine 262, 268 paddle steamers 527, 529, 532–3 Page’s effect 718
paintings, cave 11, 686 paktong 96–7 Palaeolithic Age 10 paleophone 720 palladium 131, 132 paltrok (windmill) 251–2 Panama Canal 514 panel-and-frame construction 902–3, 907
Panoplia (Amman) 390
pantelegraph 744 pantiles 885 paper 18–19, 22, 667–8, 670 carbon 683 production: hand 673; mechanized 673, 674
see also papier mâché
paper mills, wind-powered 252–3 papier mâché 909
paraffin 211, 212 paraffin lamps 211, 913–14 paraffin stoves 916
Paraguay (ship) 797
paravane charge 997 pargeting 864 Paris electric lighting 363 Pont Neuf waterworks 234, 235
parish system, road maintenance 432–3 parking meters 461
Parsons turbine 290–91 particle board 906 Pascal computer language 706 passenger liners 37, 530, 532 pasteurization (milk) 793–4
Patentee (locomotive) 564
pedestrian crossings 460–61 peg knitting 819
Pelton wheel 244 pencil 669 pendentive construction 880–81 pendulum 23–4, 695–6 penny-farthing bicycle 446