The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics Part 134 ppt

integrity, 415n16of investigation, 745 of language covered by Functional v.. See also specific individuals/types covert ideology of alienation and sexism in, 1229–32 decontextualization a

Cognition, 549

culture, perspective-taking and social, 1096–98

embodiment of, 31, 601–2

imagery role in comprehension and, 1272, 1273f

independent evidence for language and,

1019–20

narrative and, conceptual structure in, 1179–82

Cognitive abilities, basic, 433–34, 440, 452n19

Cognitive development, language acquisition

and, 214, 225–27

Cognitive differences, between humans and other

primates, 59–60

Cognitive Grammar, 421–62 See also Figure/

Ground; Profile, base and; Prominence;

Space Grammar; specific individuals

architecture of, 422, 424–30

background for, 421–24

Construction Grammar and, 4, 9, 354, 421–22,

451n9, 489–95, 550, 556, 1082

content requirement of symbolic structure in,

218–19

coverage of, 447–49

directions of, 449–50, 454nn47–50

grammar and, 438–43

motion diagrams in, 231–32

phonology and, 443–47, 453nn39–40,

454nn41–44, 612, 615, 617–18, 623, 627–28

principles of, 423

raising and, 796–98, 799nn10–11

S(peaker) and H(earer) in, 77n6

schema functions in, 88–110

semantics and, 431–38

voice in, 829–68

word-formation in, 652–55

Cognitive iconicity, 1119–22

Cognitive Linguistics, 8, 204, 318, 567, 592, 1249,

1253–54

Cognitive Linguistics (CL) See also specific

individuals

appeal of, 10–15

characteristics of, 5–6

cognitive linguistics (uncapitalized) v., 4

delimiting Functional and, 544–47

different approaches within, 9

at discourse level, 931–32

European branch of, 546, 558n4, 560n23

future of, 15–18

methodological consequences and, 576–78

past, present and future of, 602–3

polemic aspects of, 567–69

practical aspects of, 7–8

principles of, 914

reaction, 574–79

Research series, 8

short history of, 590–92

theoretical position of, 4–7

Cognitive Linguistics Bibliography, 8 Cognitive Linguistics in Practice series, 8 Cognitive, meaning of, 4–5

Cognitive models, 4 See also Idealized Cognitive Models

Cognitive psychology, 5 cognitive unconscious and, 29, 30 experimental, 27

frames and, 173

on linguistic relativity, 1013–14 Cognitive revolutions, first and second, 7, 1245, 1266–67, 1269

Cognitive Science, 17 Classical, 1266–68, 1270, 1272, 1288nn2–3 embodiment and, 26, 27, 36–44, 41t–42t Generative Linguistics and, 1266–68, 1280–81, 1287

psychology and, 1266–94 Cognitive Semantics, 294, 336, 553, 998–99, 1144,

1162, 1180, 1249 Cognitive state, 267, 295 Cognitive unconscious cognitive psychology and, 29, 30 content of understanding v., 1255–58 Cognitive-code learning theory, 1142, 1156n1 Cognitive/pragmatic constraints, on -er suffixation, 662, 663t, 664 Coherence

classification, and gradation between one and two with schemas, 97, 98f–99f

referential, 920–24, 933 relation, 917–19 relational, 924–31, 933 semantic, 757–58 syntactic, schemas, elaboration sites and, 105, 106f, 114n30

Cole, Michael, 1015 Collin, Finn, 1259 Color(s), 182 See also specific individuals basic, 122–23, 145

focal, 122–23, 145, 1030 kinship and, 182, 1047, 1066n3 linguistic relativity and, 1029–31 space, 434, 452n20

Colston, Herbert L., 214, 225–26 Columbia School, 450n1, 590 Competence, 118

communicative, 1141 isosynchronic, 594 usage, genetics, performance, social code and, 11–13

Complements, 782–802 See also specific individuals

chain, 907, 912

in English, 786–89

in French, 791–93

in Japanese, 789–91

-modifier distinction, profile determinance

and, 106f, 107, 115nn31–32, 442, 903, 904f

strong connectivity, process-internal modifiers

and, 906–8

Complex category, 430

Component-composite relationship, schemas

and, 107, 108f, 109, 115nn33–34

Componential model, 463–67

linking rules in, 465f, 472

Componential syntactic theory, form and

function relation in, 472, 473f

Composite structures, word-formation,

accommodation and, 653–54, 655f, 671n3

Composition, 82

components v., 276

elaboration, conceptual integration,

completion and, 379–80, 656

phonological, 446

Compositional meaning, idiomatic v., 276

Compositional semantics, 531f–533f

semantic structure for John kissed a girl, 532, 533f

syntax and semantics of A, SMALL, CAT,

MEOW, 531f, 532

syntax and semantics of A small cat miaowed,

532f

Compositionality

analyzability and, 654

of conceptualization, 49

partial, 438

word-formation and, 654

Compounds

bahuvrihi, 650, 672n8

noun-noun, 666, 667f, 668, 669f, 672n8

phrasal, 699

word-formation and, 653–54, 657f, 666, 667f,

668, 671n3, 672n8

Compression hierarchies

for Analogy/Disanalogy, 383f

for Cause-Effect, 384f

Compression Principle, 382

Computational models See also

Neurocomputational models

image schemas and, 214, 227–29

of metaphors, 194, 202–3

Neural Theory of Language and, 202, 214,

227–28, 326

Concepts, 431, 451n12, 452n18

Classical Theory of, 143–46, 158

Conceptual alternativity, 287

Conceptual Atomism, 158

Conceptual constituents, 302

Conceptual distance, 512–13, 845, 895–96

Conceptual integration (blending), 377–93

See also specific individuals

basic diagram of, 379f

composition, completion, elaboration and, 379–80, 656

mental spaces and, 377–82, 384 metaphors and, 198–201 principles of, 381–82 Vital Relations and, 381–82, 390–91 word-formation and, 655–56, 657f, 672n4 Conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) basics of, 190–92

blends v., 198–201, 208n13 capitalization with, 208n3 experiential motivation with, 192 mapping with, 190–91, 208n4 neural, primary metaphors and, 192–94, 208nn4–7

Conceptual metaphors cognitive reality of, 195–98 embodiment, experientialism and, 26, 28, 30–33, 36, 38, 43–44

ICMs and, 179, 181, 184 spatial language and, 30–31, 39 Conceptual metonymies, 240–42, 247, 251 Conceptual reference points, 897–906 Conceptual representations (CR), 337 Conceptual spaces, 320, 501, 1085 Conceptual structure(s)

in cognition and narrative, 1179–82 philosophy of mind and, 1249–52 Conceptual subordination, 783–86, 797–98 general issues for, 783–85

semantic basis of, 785–86 Conceptual substrate, 426 Conceptual universals, 4, 336–37 Conceptualization

categorization and, 26–27, 38–39, 1012–13 compositionality of, 49

construal and, 48–49, 51, 53–54, 58–77, 77n4, 78n15

meaning and, 14, 1028–29, 1093–98, 1095f, 1097f semantics and, 431–38, 451n13, 452n24, 491 spatial, 231

subject and object of, 48, 58–77, 60f–62f, 64f–66f, 68f–69f, 71f, 77n4, 78n15 usage event and, 425–26

Conditionals, 78n16 Conferences, 7–8, 10, 127, 591–92, 1190, 1194 Configurational structure, 267, 294, 301–5 Conformation, 330, 331

Conjunctions, 414n10 Conklin, Nancy F., 688 Connectivity

conceptual, linear order and, 906–11

as factor in reference point selection, 898–99 hypothesis, 1085

strong, 906–8 weaker, 908–10

Conrad, Joseph, 1184

Consciousness, affect, metacognition and, 1272–73

Consonants, voiceless, 622, 628n9

Constituency, 442, 453n36

Construal See also specific individuals

abstraction and, 53, 56

aspects of, 436–38

attention and, 54, 56–57

background and, 77n1

categorization and, 56

classifications of, 49, 53–58, 76

complement constructions and, 70–73

conceptualization and, 48–49, 51, 53–54, 58–77,

77n4, 78n15

Constitution/Gestalt and, 56–57

deixis, 51, 53, 64, 65f–66f, 67

differences in syntactic, between dialects, 16,

1006

domain and, 54, 77n3

dynamicity and, 53–54, 56, 437–38

epistemic, 69f, 70

of events, 51–52, 765, 773–76

with first person as object of conceptualization,

71f, 72

force dynamics and, 54, 77n2

general framework for characterizing, 58,

59f–62f

linguistic choices and, 1147–48

nouns in, 54, 55f–56f

in objective expressions, 60, 61f

perspective and, 29, 53–54, 56, 58, 66–73, 68f, 77,

77n1, 1181–82

perspectivization and, 48–81

prominence and, 53, 54, 56, 77n1

pronouns with, 51, 66, 72, 77n9

salience and, 56–57, 934

schematicity and, 51, 53, 54–56, 77n3, 113n17

scope and, 56, 77n1

space and, 54, 77n3

subjectivity/objectivity and, 53, 70, 76, 78n18,

436–37, 743–44, 877

time and, 50, 53–54

types/diversity of, 49–53, 57

verbs in, 50–52, 54, 55f–56f, 69, 72

viewing arrangement of, 59f

viewpoint, 53

Construction(s), 441–43, 442f, 453nn35–38 See

also Clause constructions; Relational

constructions; Relator constructions;

Transitivity; specific individuals

anatomy of, syntactic and semantic structure

and, 472–76

argument structure, 485–86

categories in, 481, 486, 491–92, 495–96, 505n4

clause, 754–60

Comparative Conditional, 466

complement, 70–73 development of new, 970 ditransitive, 252, 478, 487, 758f–760f, 773 elements, components and units of, 474–75, 476f

Extraction, 501 lexical diffusion of, 970–71, 980 lexicon, grammar and, 521–22 locative, 737–38

meaning of, 758–60, 777nn2–3 Means and Manner, 503 methodological consequences and, 576–77

‘‘online’’ meaning, 158 relations between, 483, 486–88, 494, 497–98 Resultative, 468

revival of, 463–64 Subject-Auxiliary Inversion, 484 symbolic structure of, 472f, 480–81 taxonomy, information storage in, 483–85, 488–89, 494–95, 498

There-, 485–89, 577 Verb Phrase (VP), 479–80 way, 502–3

Construction Grammar, 463–508 See also specific individuals

atomic units in, 481, 496, 505n4 within CL, 544–45, 550 Cognitive Grammar and, 4, 9, 354, 421–22, 451n9, 489–95, 550, 556, 1082

construction grammar (lower case) v., 463, 479 construction organization in, 476–78

current theories of, 479–98 Embodied, 505n3 form and function relation in, 472–73, 474f frames and, 174, 184

HPSG and, 479, 490, 504n1, 504n2, 545 idioms and, 715–16

lexicon and syntax in, 14–15 links in, 465f, 472–76, 486–88, 498 meronomic relations in, 473, 475, 480, 483 polysemy and, 162n14

prospects for future of, 503–4 Radical, 495–98, 755, 1083 [role], [val], and [rel] in, 482f, 483 schemas and, 97

Simplified Generative Grammar and, 473–76, 475f

syntactic element categories in, 481, 486, 491–92, 495–96

syntactic relations in, 474–76, 481–83, 486, 492–94, 497

unification in, 484–85, 504 usage-based models and, 489, 499–503 valence in, 483, 492

Constructional schemas, 754–55, 757–60, 777n1, 1100–1103, 1105f

Content of understanding, cognitive unconscious

v., 1255–58

Content Requirement, 891

Context

attention and, 279–82

conceptual reference point and, 897

and usage-based learning, 1146–47

Contiguity, metonymy and, 183, 237, 240–41

Contingency, metonymy and, 240–42

Contrast(s)

between Japanese, French and English, 786–95,

798, 798nn2–6, 799nn7–8

prefixation, diminutives and, 658, 659t, 660f

profiling, 658

Schmid on, 658–59, 672n5

Contrastive Analysis, 1151

Contrastivity, as complex category, 659

Conventionality, 425

Conversation Analysis, 547, 551

Conversion

Figure/Ground and, 664

noun-verb, event schemas and, 664, 665f, 666t

word-formation and, 650, 655, 658, 664–66

Cook, Kenneth, 849–50

Cooreman, Ann, 830, 832, 847, 863

Copestake, Ann, 252–53

Copula, 371, 372

Corazza, Serena, 1115

Corbett, Greville, 680–82, 1033

Core

cases, modulations of, 990

modals, honorary and, 300, 314n5

periphery and, 573, 583

Coreference, anaphoric, metonymy and, 251

Cornell, Alan, 1144

Cornell University’s Passive Dynamic Walker, 31

Coulson, Seana, 109, 199–201, 206, 208n12, 1186

Coulthard, Malcolm, 1222

Coventry, Kenny R., 735

Co-verbs, 727, 739

Cowie, Anthony P., 162n15

Cozijn, Reinier, 925

CR See Conceptual representations

Craig, Colette, 687

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), 16, 1222–40

Croft, William (Bill), 7

on aspect, 815–17, 821

on categories, 647

on clause structure and transitivity, 756, 763,

768–70

on construal, 55–57, 77n3

on constructions, 577

on domains, 182–83

on Functional and Cognitive Linguistics, 553

on inflectional morphology, 637

on intuition, 1249

on language change, 14–15, 980

on metaphor and metonymy, 238–39 philosophy and, 1252

on polysemy, 153

on typology, 1083, 1085 Cruse, D Alan, 55–57, 77n3, 142–43, 500

CS (application of force function), 303 Csa´bi, Szilvia, 1184

Culicover, Peter, 583 Cultural artifacts, 29, 44 Cultural models, 1046, 1204–8 different, in one language, 1213–16

of marriage, Americans’, 1205–7 mental locus of, 1204–5

of space, orientation theory and, 1059–61 universal and culture-specific aspects in, 1208–

11, 1217 Cultural Models in Language and Thought (Holland/Quinn), 1204–5

Cultural -spatial models, 1062–64 Cultural studies, 1203–21 Cultural variation, 1213–16 Culture

change across time and, 43–44 ICMs and, 180–81

language and, 148–49, 1007 language, thought and, 1203–4 metaphors and, 16, 203–5, 209n15 nature v., 33

social cognition, perspective-taking and, 1096–98

Cureton, Richard D., 1192–93 Current discourse space, 426 Cutrer, L Michelle, 354, 365, 367, 369, 806–7, 819 Cuyckens, Hubert, 155, 322, 341, 736

da Vinci’s, Leonardo, Mona Lisa, 199–201 Dabrowska, Eva, 1102

Damasio, Antonio, 206, 620, 1274–75 Danaher, David S., 1188

Dancygier, Barbara, 736, 930 D’Andrade, Roy G., 1031, 1207 Danziger, Eve, 1015

Darwinism, 1233 Dasher, Richard B., 977 Datives, ditransitive clauses, indirect objects and, 772–74, 778nn12–13

Davidson, Donald, 196, 1225, 1259 Davies, Ian R L., 1030

Davis, Barbara, 622

De Geest, Dirk, 1177–78

de Leo´n, Lourdes, 1098

de Villiers, Jill and Peter, 1035 Deafness, as cultural identity, 1113 Deane, Paul D., 132, 134, 304, 326

Decategorialization, 971–72

Deconflation, 194

Deep structure (D-structure), 464

Default inheritance, 515–18, 516f

Defeasibility, metonymy and, 240–42, 248–49

Definiteness

with iconicity, 403–4

salience and, 133

Definitional test, of polysemy, 143–44, 154

Degand, Liesbeth, 926

Degrammaticalization, 744

Deictic origo, 1212

Deignan, Alice, 1144, 1146, 1152

Deixis

construal, 51, 53, 64, 65f–66f, 67

corporeal and environmental, 1212–13, 1217–18

ideological, 1226–27, 1230

mental spaces and, 1182

Delbecque, Nicole, 221, 736

DeMatteo, Asa, 1117

Demecheleer, Murielle, 224, 1151–52

Denial of expectation, 917

Deontic interpretation, 69, 78n11

Dependence

autonomy v., 445

e-sites and, 106, 114n30

Derrida, Jacques, 1260–61

Descartes, 28–29, 1176, 1251

Developmental studies, language acquisition and,

324, 1034–35, 1285–86

Dewell, Robert B., 231–32, 323, 331, 736

Dewey, John, 43

Diachronic change, 10

Diachronic convergence, 1005

Diachronic linguistics, 945–87

Diachronic semasiology, 989–92

Diachrony, 159, 550

inflectional morphology in, 645–47

Diagram, imagic icons, metaphor and, 397–98

Diathesis, 829

Dickey, Stephen M., 817, 820

Dickinson, Emily, 223–24

Dictionaries, 1160–68, 1172

Diessel, Holger, 72, 1103, 1107

Dı´ez Velasco, Olga Isabel, 243, 251

Dik, Simon C., 412, 549, 552, 590

Dilthey, 1256–57

Diminutives

prefixation, contrast and, 658, 659t, 660f

prefixation, ICMs and, 659–60

Dingwall, Robert, 1234

Dinsmore, John, 354, 365, 369

Diphthongs, 951

Dirven, Rene´, 7, 8

applied linguistics and, 1143–44, 1149, 1151, 1155

on complements, 787

conferences and, 591–92

on conversion, 664–66

on culture, 16 empirical methods and, 17 lexicography and, 1172 Discourse, 13

discontinuity and, 911 force dynamics in, 301 functions, metonymy, pragmatic inferencing and, 248–51

future and integration of different approaches

to, 932–35 level, CL at, 931–32 mental spaces and, 355–58, 365–71, 366f–368f,

930, 931f -pragmatic functions, of metonymy, 250 relations, aspect and, 818–20

social interaction and, 450 structures relevant to, 425, 426f, 427, 451n5 text structure and, 916–41

Discourse Analysis, 547, 551, 552 Discourse and Narrative Research Group, 1182 Discourse expectation, 301

Discourse markers, 917 Discourse Representation Theory, 819 Distal, proximate v., 65

Distance conceptual, 512–13, 845, 895–96 iconicity of, in syntactic patterns, 405–7 referential, within referential accessibility, 289 synchronic, 1005

Distinguishability hypothesis, 859, 860f Diver, William, 590

Division of linguistic labor, 1164 Dixon, Robert M., 1076 DNI (definite null instantiation), 1171

‘‘The Dogs’’ (Lentz), 1123 Doiz-Bienzobas, Aintzane, 371 Domain(s), 181–83 See also Source and target domains; specific domains/individuals ability, 308, 314n12

abstract, 182–83, 328, 438, 452n21

of analogical leveling, 960–62 articulatory, 444–45 availability principle, 251 basic, 182–83, 434, 452n20 configurational, 182 construal and, 54, 77n3 content, 1183

dominion, reference point and, 182 donor and recipient, 596

force dynamics in psychological, 299 force dynamics in psychophysical and interpersonal, 300

force dynamics in social, 299–300 frames, ICMs and, 170–87

integrity, 415n16

of investigation, 745

of language covered by Functional v Cognitive

Linguistics, 549–52, 559nn13–19

locational, 182

of matrix, 434, 444

nonbasic, 434

polysemy and, 160n2

schemas and, 103–5, 114nn27–29

selecting, 1018

semantic, 681, 687–88, 691–92, 693n9

strata, parameters and, 1180

Domhoff, G William, 1191

Dominions, reference points and, 182, 897–98,

907, 911

Dornseiff, Franz, 596–97, 997

Double-bee construction, 576

Downing, Pamela, 125, 668

Dreams, 1191

Dryer, Matthew, 755

Du Bois, John, 771, 921

Ducrot, Oswald, 924–25

Duffley, Patrick, 787

Dunbar, George, 160n2, 160n6

Duncan, Susan D., 1125

Duranti, Alessandro, 1013, 1049, 1052

Dynamic evolutionary model, 309–11, 310f, 878,

880f

Dynamicity, 450

construal and, 53–54, 56, 437–38

Ebbinghaus, Friedrich, 589

Ebbinghaus, Hermann, 1278

Economics, ideology, metaphor and, 1224–26

Economy, iconicity and, 401–2, 405

Edelman, Gerald, 206

Ehrenfels, Christian von, 597

Ekberg, Lena, 220

Ekman, Paul, 43

Elaboration

categorizing relationship as, 429–30

conceptual integration, composition,

completion and, 379–80, 656

Elaboration sites (e-sites), 441–42

dependence and, 106, 114n30

syntactic coherence, schemas and, 105, 106f,

114n30

Elman, Jeffrey L., 963–64

Emanatian, Michele, 179, 204

Emblem, 1126

Embodiment, 9, 15, 414n8 See also specific

individuals

of cognition, 31, 601–2

Cognitive Science and, 26, 27, 36–44, 41t–42t

contemporary formulations of, 37–39

elaborations and extensions of, 33–37

as experiential and bodily substrate, 31, 33, 37–39

experientialism and, 25–47 iconicity and neurology, in literary form and affect, 1187–89

image schemas and, 26, 35–36 meaning, society and, 1275–76 metaphors and, 28, 30–36, 38–44 organism changes as, 29–30 origins of, 32–33

senses of, 27–31, 39 sensory modalities of, 1187 social and cultural contexts for, 29, 31 Emmeche, Claus, 1233–34

Emmorey, Karen, 1036 Emotional Resonance Model, 1189 Emotions See also Ifaluk emotion theory agency and, 1047–52

metaphors for, 191–93, 205, 243 Empathy, 132

Empathy hierarchy, 414n9 Encyclopedias, 1161, 1163–64 Energy transfer, 295 Enfield, Nick J., 1028 English, Japanese, French and, 786–95, 798, 798nn2–6, 799nn7–8

English Polarity Question and Declarative Negative, 500

EngstrØm, Anders, 1259 Entailment, hyponymy and, 241 Entity, 440, 453n31, 1094 Entrenchment, 118–19, 425 See also Salience and entrenchment

activation and, 122, 125 clothing and, 125–27 frequency, usage and, 14–15, 125–26, 1099 generative, 135n2

hierarchies, 132 networks and, 513–14 role of, in emergence, sanctioning, and blocking, 121, 134n1

usage-based models and, 624 Word Grammar and, 513–14, 536 Epigenesis, 1277

Equilibration, 1276 Equip-NP deletion, 414n11 -er suffixation, 660–61, 662f, 663t, 671, 672n7 Ergative and accusative languages, 830, 831t, 832, 844–45, 863–64

Ergative and accusative systems, 768–72, 778nn9–11

Ergativity case markers and, 132, 768–69 syntactic v morphological, 778n10 ERP See Event-related brain potential

Ervin-Tripp, Susan, 928

Escobedo, Joyce, 787

E-sites See Elaboration sites

Ethnography of speaking, 13

Eubanks, Philip, 1225

Evans, Vyvyan, 153, 159, 161n10, 323, 341, 736,

1150–51

Event(s) See also Usage events; Voice

clause structure and conceptualization of

actions and, 753–54

construal of, 51–52, 765, 773–76

co-temporality of, 75

frames, 761

Indexing Model, 928

motion, 1034, 1081, 1087n4

space, 806–7

speech, 803

types, semantic roles and, 760–63, 777n3

EVENT schemas

Heine on, 1083

noun-verb, conversion and, 664, 665f,

666t

word-formation and, 651, 655, 661, 663–66

Event-related brain potential (ERP), 158

Evidentiality, 870–71, 883n2

Execution schema See X-schemas

Exetests, 1154

Experiential Gestalts, 33, 35, 173

Experiential realism, 34

Experientialism, 5, 7, 15, 25–47

Experimentation, 16

Explanation

directionality of, 28

typology and, 1075, 1077–78

Explicature, metonymy and, 249

Expressions

channels of, 426–30, 427f, 451n4, 451n6,

451nn8–9

fixed, 427, 438–39, 452n27, 704–5, 713

formulaic, 699

in grammatical relations, 275

idiomatically combining, 468–70

in one or another lexical category, 268–69

senses of, 432–33, 451n16

spatial, 320–21

specificity and symbolic complexity of, 427–28,

451n8

well-formedness or conventionality of, 430

Extension

analogical, 962–64

categorizing relationship as, 429, 430f

metaphorical, 298–301, 487–88, 1150

semantic, 652

Extensional concepts, stereotypes v., 1164–65

Extraction, 528f

Extraposition, 528f

Factors Aa1, 268–69 Aa2, 269, 276 Ab1, 269 Ab2, 269–70 Ab3, 270–71, 274 Ac1, 271–73 Ac2, 273, 274 Ad1, 273 Ad2, 273–74 attention effects from combining, 289–91 Ba1, 274–75

Ba2, 275 Bb1, 276 Bb2, 276 Ca1, 265, 277, 278 Ca2, 277–78 Ca3, 278–79 Cb1, 279–80 Cb2, 280–82 conflict, attentional resultants of, 290–91 convergence, reinforcement of attention pattern through, 290

Da2, 282 E1, 283 E2, 283 F1, 284 F2, 284–85 F3, 285–86 Ga1, 286–87 Ga2, 287–88 Gb1, 288 gradation in strength through combining, 289–90

Ha1, 288–89 Ha2, 289 involving forms that set attention outside themselves (C), 277–82

involving morphology and syntax (B), 274–76

involving occurrence of representation (G), 286–88

involving properties of morphemes (A), 268–74

involving properties of referent (E), 282–83 involving properties of temporal progression (H), 288–89

involving relation between reference and its representation (F), 284–86

phonological (D), 282 for recency of last reference or occurrence, 289

for referential divergence from norms, 283 strength of attention and, 268–90 Fairclough, Norman, 1223

Family resemblance, 4, 146, 574

Farrell, Patrick, 443–44

Fauconnier, Gilles, 7, 373

blends/conceptual integration and, 109–10,

198–200, 377, 383, 656, 670, 777n1, 1183, 1186

iconicity and, 656

Mental Spaces, 354, 925, 930

Feature bundle, 178

Fedden, Sebastian, 685

Feldman, Jerome, 227

Fernandes, Martine M., 1183

Ferrier, Gillian, 735

Feyaerts, Kurt, 243, 1190, 1191

Fictive motion, 267, 744

Fictive spaces, ground, post-Whorfian relativity

and, 1061–62

Fictivity, 450

Fidelholtz, James, 953

Figurative language, 82, 102, 103f, 131–33

Figure/Ground See also specific individuals

attention and, 266–67, 275

conversion and, 664

Gestalt and, 128, 597, 599, 622, 1278–80

primary figure with, 131

prominence and, 899f, 900–901

reference points with, 129, 135n4, 900

salience, entrenchment and, 127–28

in simple clause patterns, 131–33

topicality with, 131–32

trajector/landmark with, 128, 652, 654f, 899–900

typical characteristics of, 130t

unmarked coding with, 130–31

word-formation and, 652–53, 654f

Fillmore, Charles, 8

Case Grammar and, 131–32, 664

on case hierarchy, 131–32

on commercial scene, 272–73

on constructions, 479–85, 505n2, 545, 1099

on domains, 104

on events, 172

on frames, 171–74, 178, 180, 272, 280, 591,

760–62, 998, 1099, 1170, 1271

on highlighting, 272

on ICMs, 150, 177, 178, 180

on idioms, 466–68, 715–16

on macro-maps, 1057–58

on saliency hierarchy, 132, 135n5

on scenes and constructs, 173

Fingerspelling, 1116, 1124

Flap, stops and, 616–17, 619–20, 621, 623, 625,

628n4

Focal participants, 131, 436

Focus chain, 1055

Focus space, 806–7

Fodor, Jerry A., 150, 414n12

Foley, William A., 1013, 1065

FoR See Frame of reference

Force dynamics, 294–317 See also specific individuals

agency and, 298 Agonist and Antagonist in, 267, 295–98, 873, 884n8

alternatives of foregrounding with, 298 analyses of modals, 305–11

attention and, 267 basic nature of, 307 basic steady-state patterns for, 296f, 298 causal chains and, 762–63

causative, causation and, 295, 297, 313, 313n2, 314n16, 314nn3–4

as cognitive system, 301–5 complex patterns for, 297–98 construal and, 54, 77n2

in discourse, 301 fundamental patterns for, 295–97 grammatical conception of, modals and, 309–11

image schemas and, 306, 308 metaphorical transfer and, 295, 298, 307–8 modals and, 300, 305–11, 873–75, 878–79, 883n7, 884nn8–15

in psychological domain, 299

in psychophysical and interpersonal domains, 300

in social domain, 299–300

in syntax, 311–13 theme and, 302–3, 314n6 transitivity and, 312–13, 764 Forceville, Charles, 1189 Foregrounding alternatives of, with force dynamics, 298 backgrounding and, with attention, 266–67 highlighting or, target domains and, 242 Form(s)

basic and derived, 959–60 class, 320

closed-class, 320 current v prior, 288–89 word, 524–25

Formalism, 479, 572, 1268 Form-meaning

adpositions and, 727 clause structure, transitivity and, 753–54 Iconicity of, 1187–88

iconicity, word-formation and, 656–58 inflectional morphemes and, 638–42 linguistic typology and, 1074 mapping, within Holistic Spatial Semantics,

339, 340f Foundations of Cognitive Grammar (Langacker), 569

Fox, Barbara, 911 Frajzyngier, Zygmunt, 790

Frame(s), 170–75, 280, 591 See also specific

individuals

Construction Grammar and, 174, 184

ICMs, domains and, 170–87

of knowledge, 49, 529

mental spaces and, 352

templates and, 174

Frame blending, 762

Frame of reference (FoR) See also Reference

frames; Viewpoint

allocentric, 329

deictic, 328, 329

experiments and, 1037n3

geocentric, 329–30, 332

iconographic, 1226–27, 1228f, 1229

intrinsic, relative and absolute, 328, 1052–53,

1067n13

language levels and, 324, 325, 343n1

metaphors and, 343n1

Object-centered, 325, 329, 330, 332

viewpoint and, 325, 328–30, 332

FrameNet, 762, 1160, 1170–72

FrameWorks Institute, 174

Francis, W Nelson, 953

Frank, Roslyn, 16

Frawley, William, 1163

Freeman, Donald, 206, 223–24, 1183–84

Frege, 25, 353, 358, 1259

French

Japanese, English and, 786–95, 798, 798nn2–6,

799nn7–8

Sign Language, 1114, 1129f–1130f

Frequency

entrenchment, usage and, 14–15, 125–26, 1099

token, 499–500, 1099

type, 499, 1099, 1103–4

Freud, Sigmund, 1274

Freudenthal, David, 922

Fridman-Mintz, Boris, 364

Friedrich, Paul, 733, 739

Fries, Charles C., 171

Frishberg, Nancy, 1118

Frog Story Corpus, 324

Frost, Robert, 188–89, 223–24

F-struct (feature structure), of x-schemas, 227

Fuchs, Catherine, 1179

Full-entry model, 489

Functional equivalence, 1021

Functional Grammar, 546–47, 549, 551, 552, 554,

556, 590, 730

Functional Linguistics, 9, 543–59 See also specific

individuals

delimiting Cognitive and, 544–47

domains of language covered by, 549–52,

559nn13–19

functionalism, cognition and, 548–49, 559n12

HPSG and, 558n2 methods of, 552–53, 559n20 metonymy, metaphors and, 556, 560nn23–24 subjectification and, 551, 559n15

theoretical conceptions of language and grammar with, 554–57, 559nn21–24 Functional-cognitive linguistics, 546, 547, 550, 1093 Functionalism, 548–49, 559n12 See also Prague school

typology and, 1077, 1082, 1086n1 Fuzzy logic, 590

Fuzzy set theory, 145

Gabrys´, Danuta, 1144, 1146, 1152 Gadamer, Hans-Georg, 1257 Gang/gang effect, 963 Gardener, Howard, 589 Garey, Howard B., 814 Garrod, Simon C., 735, 922 Gaskins, Suzanne, 1031, 1035, 1036 Geeraerts, Dirk

on CL, 691–92, 1172, 1256 Cognitive Linguistics and, 8, 592 empirical methods and, 16, 17

on entrenchment, 119, 125–27

on idioms, 707

on indirect object, 773–74

on Ko¨vecses and anger metaphor, 43

on lexicography, 1168

on metonymy, 237, 244, 259n2

on onomasiology, 1001–6

on overlapping sets model, 155 philosophy and, 1250–51, 1256

on polysemy, 141–43, 147

on prototypicality, 149–50, 160n4, 399, 989, 992

on Rationalist and Romantic Models, 1235 referential analysis and, 159

on religious texts, 1190

on salience, 934

on semantic change, 160n4 semantic polygenesis, 991

on spatial semantics, 322, 736

on subjectivity of idealism, 322 Gender

with iconicity, 404 noun class systems and, 679–80, 692n2 Generalization(s), 126, 743

cross-linguistic, spatial semantics, linguistic description and, 334–36

metonymy, specialization and, 241 rules, patterns and constructions with schemas, 94–97, 113nn19–20, 114n21

semantic change and, 222, 975 Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar, 504n1,

570, 574

Generative Grammar, 253

Chomsky and, 464, 554, 572, 584n9, 1141,

1245–47

CL v., 4–7, 545, 559n20, 568, 584n2, 1248, 1256

Generative Semantics v., 571–72, 584n6

language change in, 979–80

meaning in, 12–14

Simplified, 473–76, 475f

Transformational, 139, 159n1, 171, 175–76, 591

Generative Linguistics See also specific

individuals

characteristics of mainstream, 572–74

Cognitive Science and, 1266–68, 1280–81,

1287

impacts of, 1266–68

mental spaces and, 353, 354

Universal Grammar and, 573–74, 576

Generative Semantics, 12, 421, 545

Generative Grammar v., 571–72, 584n6

history of, 569, 571, 591

Genetic epistemology, 1267, 1289n9

Genetics, 6, 11–14, 30

Genette, Ge´rard, 407

Gennari, Silvia P., 1034

Gentner, Dedre, 195–96, 203, 207, 208n6, 1035,

1094–95, 1098

Gerber, Gustav, 599

Gernsbacher, Morton Ann, 923–24

Gestalt(s)

conceptions of language, 597–601

construal, Constitution and, 56–57

Experiential, 33, 35, 173

Figure/Ground and, 128, 597, 599, 622,

1278–80

ICMs and, 175–76

Ko¨hler and, 1278–80, 1289n11

properties of, 175

prototypes, Figure/Ground and, 1278–80

Talmy and, 591

Wertheimer and, 597, 1278, 1289n11

Gesture(s), 195, 426

nature of sound changes and, 947–48

sign languages and, 453n40, 1125–27,

1128f–1131f

types of, 1126–28

Getz, Isaac, 1189

Gibbs, Raymond, 7

cognitive psychology and, 30

empirical methods and, 16, 17

on image schemas, 214, 224–26

on literature, 1179, 1181–82, 1187

on metaphors, 196

on metonymy, 247, 256

Gibson, James, 1274, 1278, 1289n12

Gide’s, Andre´, L’immoraliste, 254

Gilbert, John H., 956

Gillie´ron, Jules, 997 Giora, Rachel, 159, 162n16 Givenness, 134, 810 Givo´n, Talmy, 14

on Accessibility Theory, 921

on clause structure and transitivity, 755, 765, 770

on complements, 784–86, 794

on Figure/Ground, 131

on modality, 870

on relational constructions, 727, 739

on topicality, 135n5

on voice, 849, 852 Glaz, Adam, 1179 Gleitman, Lila, 1028, 1033–34, 1037n5 Goffman, Erving, 173, 692

Goldberg, Adele, 77

on clause structure and transitivity, 757–59, 773,

776, 777n1

on constructions, 467, 484, 485–89, 1099, 1100, 1104

on metonymy, 252 radial sets and, 155 Goldin-Meadow, Susan, 1035 Goldstein, Louis M., 947–48 Gonzalez-Marquez, Monica, 16 Goody, Jack, 1015

Goossens, Louis empirical methods and, 17

on metonymy, 243, 245, 259n3, 876

on modality, 876, 880, 885n26

on polysemy, 399 Gopnik, Alison, 1035 Government and Binding theory, 799n9, 921 Gradience, 149–50

Grady, Joseph, 199, 244–45 Graesser, Arthur C., 916 Graff, Harvey J., 1015 Grammar See also specific individuals/types covert ideology of alienation and sexism in, 1229–32

decontextualization and recontexualization of, 10–11, 13, 15

metonymy and, 251–54 models of, 9

performance and, 14–15 reintroduction of lexicon into, 13–14 subdomains of, 10

theoretical conceptions of language and, with Functional Linguistics, 554–57, 559nn21–24 Grammatical relations

expressions in, 275 iconicity in, 407 properties of, according to universality and functional transparency, 770t

Grammaticality, in Generative Linguistics, 572