The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics Part 136 pdf

See Neural Theory of Language Nominal classification, 676–96.. See also Behaviorism; Cognitive psychology; specific individuals Cognitive Science and, 1266–94 conceptual foundations in, 12

Network(s) (continued)

as notation, 511–12

openness and, 514

as theory, 512–15

for X WITH Y construction, 522f

Neural sets, computational, 194

Neural Theory of Language (NLT), 39, 194, 1255

computational models and, 202, 214, 227–28,

326

website, 574

Neurocognitive linguistics, 574–75, 601

Neurocomputational models, 30–31, 39

Neurological modeling, 16

Neurology, embodiment and iconicity, in literary

form and affect, 1187–89

Neurophysiology, 30, 37, 39

Neuroscience, 26, 36–39, 206, 209n18, 325–26

Newman, John, 140

Newmeyer, Frederick, 579

Newport, Elisa L., 1115, 1119, 1210

Niemeier, Susanne, 243

Nietzsche, Friedrich, 599

Nikiforidou, Kiki, 155, 253–54

Ning Yu, 8

NLT See Neural Theory of Language

Nominal classification, 676–96 See also

Classifier(s)

categorization, CL and, 690–92

central problems of, 686–90

systems of, 678–86

systems of, from world to nouns and, 677–78

Nominal semantics, 893–97

Nominalizations, 253–54

Nondiscreteness, 150, 151t, 990

Nonequality, 150, 151t, 990

Noun(s)

class systems, gender and, 679–80, 692n2

in construal, 54, 55f–56f

relational, 727

schematicity and, 91, 92f, 112n12

verbs and, 439–40, 452n29, 453n30

Noun-noun compounding, 666, 667f, 668, 672n8

attribute-listing and matching approach to,

668, 669f

multilevel templates and bottom-up approach

to, 666, 667f, 668

Noun-verb conversion, event schemas and, 664,

665f, 666t

Number, cardinal and grammatical, 1032–33

Nunberg, Geoffrey, 251, 468–70, 582

Oakley, Todd, 85, 109, 199, 1186

Object See also Indirect objects; Subject, object

and

Object maps, 1053, 1056–57, 1059–60

Objective situation, 426 Objectivist Semantics, 25–27, 29 Objectivity See also Subjectivity/objectivity subjectivity v., 414n9

universalism, relativism and, 43–44 Obviation, 792–93

Occhi, Debra, 1063–64 Occurrent reference, alternatives v., 287–88 O’Connor, Mary Kay, 466–68, 715–16 Ogawa, Roy H., 1063–64

O’Grady, William, 708 Okamoto, Yukari, 1032 Oliveira, Marco Antonio de, 952 Olivier, Donald C., 1030 Olson, David R., 1015

‘‘One meaning, one form,’’ 399, 641, 997 Ong, Walter J., 1015

Onomasiological profiles, 1003f, 1004 Onomasiology

case studies of variations in conceptual and formal, 1000, 1001f–1005f, 1006

CL contribution to, 997–98, 999f, 1000 semasiology and, 989, 993–96 structural and pragmatic, 993 usage-based, 999f, 1000 Onomatopoeia, iconicity and, 394–95, 397–98, 402 Opacity, referential, mental spaces and, 358–63 Openness, networks and, 514

Optimality Theory (OT), 444, 581–82, 614, 628n2 Optimization, 356

Organon Model, 600–601, 1280–83, 1282f, 1289n13 Orientation

cultural models of space and theory of, 1059–61 deictic, 1053–54

spatial, 1052–54, 1055f, 1056–58 spatiocultural, 1052–65

OT See Optimality Theory Overlapping sets model, 154, 155f, 157f Overt linguistic signals, 919

Pagliuca, William, 740, 870, 876, 946–49, 951–52, 982n3

Paine, Thomas, 1184 Palmer, Gary, 624, 1046, 1048, 1052, 1063–64, 1066n3, 1190

Pancake, Ann S., 1229 Paˆnini, 322

Panther, Klaus-Uwe, 244, 247, 661–62, 664 Papafragou, Anna, 249, 250

Paradigms, 172, 595, 639, 643–46 See also Word-Paradigm model

‘‘Parietal Hypothesis,’’ 326 Particles, 411, 415n18 Passives, 14, 777n5, 777n7 See also Voice Pastiosity, 1187

Path, 330–32, 333

Patient See Actor-Patient; Agent-Patient; Voice

Patient subjects, 176

Pattern Completion Principle, 382

Paul, Hermann, 237, 997

Pauwels, Paul, 220

Payne, Thomas, 852

PDP (Parallel Distributed Processing), 1270–72,

1276, 1288n6

Pederson, Eric, 1015, 1017, 1019, 1020, 1023, 1027,

1033–34

Pederson, Mary A., 52, 324

Peeters, Bert, 601–2

Peirce, Charles Sanders, 394–95, 397–98, 1188, 1257,

1283

Pelyva´s, Pe´ter, 306–8, 314n11, 876, 884n16

Penfield, Wilder, 37

Perception

language and, 334

neuroscience, brain and, 26, 36–39

subjectification and, 26–27, 930

verbs of, 406

Pe´rez Herna´ndez, Lorena, 247, 249, 252

Perkins, Revere D., 870, 876, 982n3

Perspective(s)

construal and, 29, 53–54, 56, 58, 66–73, 68f, 77,

77n1, 1181–82

coordination of, 66–73, 68f

embodiment and, 29

explicit multiple, 70, 71f, 72–73

implicit multiple, 66–70, 68f–69f

system, 328

-taking, social cognition, culture and, 1096–98

Perspectivization, 9

construal and, 48–81

general grounding and, 63–65

specific grounding and, 65–66

Philippine languages, 852–53, 864

Phillips, Betty S., 952, 955–57

Philosophical Perspectives on Metaphor

(Johnson, M.), 596

Philosophy, 10, 29, 1241–65

CL challenge to, 1253–54

metaphors and, 207

of mind, conceptual structures and, 1249–52

of science and linguistics, in twentieth century,

1243–47

Philosophy in the Flesh (Lakoff/Johnson, M.),

1254

Phonemes, 113n14, 612–16, 628n1, 1280

Phonetics, 10

Phonic level, iconicity on, 402–3

Phonological alternations, life cycle of, 957

Phonology, 611–31 See also specific individuals

basic principles of, 611–22

cognitive, 611, 614, 618, 620, 628n2, 1193

Cognitive Grammar and, 443–47, 453nn39–40, 454nn41–44, 612, 615, 617–18, 623, 627–28 flap and stops in, 616–17, 619–20, 621, 623, 625, 628n4

Generative, 623

as human action, 626–28 inventories, prototypes and, 622–23 Natural, 590, 613–14, 618, 623, 625 neutralization and overlap with, 621–22 profiling and, 445, 454n41

radial sets and processes and, 615–20, 621f, 628nn4–8

sign languages and, 1114–15 usage-based models and, 624–26 Phrasal verbs, 1153, 1154f–1155f Phrase Structure Grammar, 575 Physical size, in cognitive science theoretical framework, 40, 41t–42t

Piaget, Jean, 125, 1095, 1267, 1276–77, 1289n9 PIBU See Primary information-bearing unit Pied-piping, 529

Pietrandrea, Paola, 1121 Pike, Kenneth L., 171, 613 Pine, Julian M., 502, 1101, 1102 Pinker, Steven, 112n12 Pires de Oliveira, Roberta, 1224 Pitch maps, 37

Pizzuto, Elena, 1101, 1115 Plank, Frans, 1233 Plato, 25, 1243, 1259 Cratylus, 395, 1289n13 Plato’s Problem (Laurence/Margolis), 143 Plungian, Vladimir, 638, 639, 869 Poetics, 214, 223–24, 1175–1202 Point of view, 48, 57, 58, 64–65, 68, 911–14 See also Location of perspective point; Viewpoint Poles

of human behavior, 601 phonological, 338, 426–27, 444, 446, 451n7, 490,

497, 638, 1119 semantic, 338, 426–27, 444, 451n7, 490, 497, 638 Politeness and political correctness, 415n15 Polysemy, 34, 82 See also specific individuals ambiguity, 142–43, 159

brain and, 158 classical, 140, 160n2 complementary, 160n2 Construction Grammar and, 162n14 domains and, 160n2

homonymy and, 139, 141–42, 144, 152–54, 159n1, 162n15, 342

image schemas and, 219–22

of individual words or constructions, 219–21 intra v intercategorial, 147

intractability of, 1161, 1165–66 link, 487–88

Polysemy (continued)

metaphor and, 592–97, 740

metonymy and, 592–97

monosemy and, 152–54, 161n8, 161n10, 161n12,

432, 871, 872f, 873

morphemes and, 273–74

prototypes and, 26, 90, 139–69, 160n5, 641, 733,

736

radial categories and, 26, 90, 139–69, 641

radial sets and, as extended version of

prototype theory, 147–49

of related words or constructions, 221–22

schematicity and, 82, 85, 90, 99

spatial, 326, 340–42

structured nature of, 1161, 1166–68, 1169f

systematic, 4, 154, 160n2

tests, 141–44, 154

vagueness and, 144, 154, 158, 160n2, 160n6

Polzenhagen, Frank, 1214, 1225

Pope, Alexander, 1193

Popova, Yanna, 1183

Popper, Karl, 322

Posner, Michael, 40

Postal, Paul M., 177, 399

Post-Whorfian relativity, fictive spaces, ground

and, 1061–62

Poulin, Christine, 363–64

Pourcel, Stephanie S., 325

Pragmatic(s), 13, 590

inferencing, metonymy, discourse functions

and, 248–51

model, of processing, 197

semantics v., 339, 431–32

Prague Linguistic Circle, 1280

Prague school, 590, 1267

Prefixation, 658, 659t, 660f

Prepositions, 128–30, 320, 733–38

Primary information-bearing unit (PIBU), 731

Prince, Ellen F., 467

Prismatic model, 244, 671n3

Processes

achievements and, 815

and change, acoustic-perceptual aspects of

phonological, 951

nature of online, in usage-based models,

625–26

radial sets and, phonology and, 615–20, 621f,

628nn4–8

reductive, 950

Processing

Best Fit Principle and, 517–18, 535

Natural Language, 570

pragmatic model of, 197

Word Grammar and, 517–18, 535

Profile(s), 434

composite, 904f

determinance, complement-modifier distinction and, 106f, 107, 115nn31–32, 442,

903, 904f determinant, 441–42 onomasiological, 1003f, 1004 Profile, base and, 182–83, 435 See also specific individuals

metonomy and, 452n26 prominence and, 901, 902f–904f, 905–6 Profiling, 272, 434–37, 436f, 452n24 constructional, 776

phonology and, 445, 454n41 subject and object, 442, 453n37 Prominence, 435–36, 445 See also Profiling; Trajector/landmark alignment construal and, 53, 54, 56, 77n1

as factor in reference point selection, 898 Figure/Ground and, 899f, 900–901 pronominal anaphora and, 898, 899–907 voice and, 829, 831, 832, 864

Pronominal anaphora, 890–915 Pronouns, with construal, 51, 66, 72, 77n9 Protagoras, 677

Protoscene, 153, 161n10 Prototype(s), 434 categorization and, 26, 34, 88, 89f–90f, 91, 92f, 112nn10–12, 139–69, 145–46, 641, 989–90 effects, 145–46, 150, 151t

frames and, 173 Gestalt, Figure/Ground and, 1278–80

‘‘isa,’’ default inheritance and, 515–16 phonology, inventories and, 622–23 polysemy and, 26, 90, 139–69, 160n5, 641, 733, 736

radial categories and, 26, 90, 139–69, 641, 1149

in schematic network, 90f schematicity and, in learning, 1148–51 Prototype theory, 144–51, 158, 590 See also Fuzzy logic

prototype effects and, 145–46 radial sets and polysemy as extended version of, 147–49

standard version of, 147 Prototypical speaker, 400–401, 408, 413, 414n9 Prototypicality, 4, 9 See also specific individuals additional features of, 149–51

isomorphism, polysemy and, 399

in lexical structure, 1161, 1162–65 literature and, 1177–79

Proverbs, 697, 698, 703–4, 717, 720 Proximate, distal v., 65

Psycholinguistics, 214, 224–25, 268, 324–25 Psychology, 10, 15 See also Behaviorism; Cognitive psychology; specific individuals Cognitive Science and, 1266–94

conceptual foundations in, 1270–83

experimental, 17

of higher mental processes, 1268–69

Psychomechanics, 598

Pustejovsky, James, 252

Putnam, Hilary, 1164, 1260, 1261

Pu¨tz, Martin, 16

Quadri, Bruno, 997

Quantifiers, classifiers v., 681–82

Quantitative studies, 127

Queller, Kurt, 1144

Quine, Willard Van Orman, 141, 146, 358

Quinn, Naomi, 1204–7, 1217

Radden, Gu¨nter, 7, 238, 239–41, 245, 1145

Radial categories

can as, 872f

of constructions, 149, 773

-er suffixation and, 661–62

prototypes, polysemy and, 26, 90, 139–69,

641, 1149

Radial sets, 148, 154–55, 156f–157f, 452n16 See also

specific individuals

abstract representation of, 156f

development of, 990–91

polysemy and, as extended version of prototype

theory, 147–49

processes and, phonology and, 615–20, 621f,

628nn4–8

schematic network combining overlapping sets

model and, 157f

Raichle, Marcus, 40

Raising, 528f, 578

Cognitive Grammar and, 796–98, 799nn10–11

complements and, 795–97

description of, 795

Rakova, Marina, 161n12, 1254

Ramey, Martin, 1190

Rappaport, Hovav, 662

Rationalist and Romantic Models, 1235

Raven, Peter H., 150, 1016

Ravid, Dorit, 1178–79

Read, Charles, 1015

Reality

basic, known and immediate, 878

cognitive, of conceptual metaphors,

195–98

projected and potential, 309–11, 310f

return to, 1285

Reasoning

abductive, 646

argumentation theory and, 259n4

conditional, 1031–32, 1037n7

as journey through space, 314n11

with metonymic links, 248 within pretence cocoon, 203 Reciprocals, 856, 864n3 Reconstitution, process of, 286 Reddy, Michael J., 174, 189 Reductionism, 481, 496, 1250 Reductions, 947–48 Reference frames, 1033–34 See also Frame of reference

Reference points See also Point of view; Vantage point

cognitive, 145 conceptual, 897–906 dominions and, 182, 897–98, 907, 911 factors determining selection of, 898–99 with Figure/Ground, 129, 135n4, 900 salience and, 133–34

transitivity and, 765–66 Referent, 327

Referential opacity, mental spaces and, 358–63 Referential triangle (me-you-it/speaker-listener-topic), 1092

Reflexives, middle voice and, 859–62, 863f, 864n5 Regier, Terry, 228–29, 326, 338, 1031

Region, 330, 331–32 grams, 743 Japanese locative nouns for, 331f onstage, 425, 437

in spatial semantics, 330–32 Reh, Mechthild, 739

Reichenbach, Hans, 804–8, 811, 819, 822n4 Reinhart, Tanya, 818, 907

Reisig, 594 Relata, 410–11 Relational constructions, 726–52 head of, 730–31, 738, 745n1 syntactic relation of governance among elements of, 730–33

themes for next decade regarding, 744–45 variation of, 729–33

Relational grams boundedness of, 730, 745n1 grammaticalization of, 738–44 host of, 730

internal structure of, 730 order of landmark and, 729–30

in relational construction, 728–37 Relational nouns, 727

Relational trajector, 131, 327 Relationships, 440–41, 453nn32–33 atemporal, 440, 453n33 classification of, 518, 519f, 927–29 component-composite, schemas and, 107, 108f,

109, 115nn33–34 distinguishing, with and without labels, 520f, 521

Relationships (continued)

form-meaning, inflectional morphemes and,

638–42

of schematicity, 83–84, 87, 89–91, 111n3,

112nn5–6

Relativism, 4, 43–44

Relativity principle, 598–99

Relator constructions, 411–13, 415nn17–20

Relator in the middle (RIM), 410–13

Relators

coordinate, 411

nonpredicative, 411–12

predicative, 411–12, 415n19

subordinative, 411–12

Relevance Principle, 382

Religious texts, 1190

Repeat identification, 905–6

Representation See also specific types

abstract, 286–87

availability of, 288

degree of deviation from intended v actual,

285–86

developing, situated, embodied mind and,

1284–87

diagrammatic, 576

factors involving occurrence of, 286–88

factors involving relation between reference

and its, 284–86

inclusion of, 286–88

intended v actual reference and, 284–85

presence v absence of explicit, 286–87

recency of, 288–89

reference v., 284

symbolization and, 1280–83, 1282f

Representational redescription, 1273

Research, 3–4, 9, 1087n6 See also Tasks;

Variable(s); specific subjects

empirical, 16–18, 159, 1187

Retiming changes, 949–50

Rey-Debove, Josette, 1161

Rhee, Seongha, 222

Rhetorica ad Herennium, 237, 258n1

Rhetorical Structure Theory, 547, 552

Rice, Sally, 7

empirical methods and, 17

on intuition, 1249

on polysemy, 159, 341

on spatial semantics, 322, 734, 736

on transitivity, 764

Rich, Adrienne, 1185

Richards, Jack C., 1141

Richardson, Alan, 1188

Ricoeur, Paul, 596

Riemer, Nick, 245, 258

Rijkhoff, Jan, 415n16

RIM See Relator in the middle

Roberts, John M., 1030 Robotics

cognitive, 31 epigenetic, 343 Rockridge Institute, 175 Rodgers, Theodore S., 1141 Rohrer, Tim, 343n1, 1190, 1229 Role and Reference Grammar, 547, 549, 551, 552,

554, 556, 730 Romaine, Suzanne, 224 Romeo and Juliet, 355, 356f Rong Chen, 8

Rorty, Richard, 1260 Rosch, Eleanor

on categories, 146, 595, 691

on colors, 145, 1030

on entrenchment, 122, 123, 125

on word-formation, 668 Rostand, Edmond, 1186 Rowland, Caroline, 1102 Royen, Gerlach, 678, 690, 692n2 Rubba, Johanna, 444

Rubin, Edgar, 1279, 1289n10 Rubino, Rejane B., 1101 Rudzka-Ostyn, Brygida, 7, 17, 156, 1144, 1153–55, 1172

Ruhl, Charles, 152 Ruiz de Mendoza, Iba´n˜ez, 239, 243, 247, 249, 251,

252, 660 Rule(s) constraints and, 581–82 loss/ordering, 959 schema v., 1270–72 syntax and, 12–13, 82 Rule/list fallacy, 568, 575, 584n1, 946 Rumelhart, David, 111n2, 1270–72 Russell, 358

Russo, Tommaso, 1121–22 Rutherford, William, 1145 Ruwet, Nicolas, 248, 249, 414n11, 792 Ryder, Mary Ellen, 662–64, 666–68

Sadock, Jerrold, 142, 526 Sag, Ivan, 468–70, 582 Salience, 119–20 attention and, 264–65 cognitive, 119–20 construal and, 56–57, 934 definiteness and, 133 Giora on, 159, 162n16 onomasiological, 125 ontological, 119–20, 132 reference points and, 133–34 semantic roles, clauses and, 131–33 spreading activation and, 119, 122, 135n6

Salience and entrenchment, 87–90

attention with, 117, 127–28, 135n6

basic levels and, 117–38, 998

effects in syntax, 127–34

Saliency

clause structure and, 775–76

hierarchy, 132–33, 135n5

topicality and, 135n5

Samuel, A G., 617

Sanction(s)

by components, 107, 108f

entrenchment and, 121, 134n1

of established and novel structures, 100, 101f

as mechanism of generativity with schemas,

99–100, 101f, 114n23

Sanders, Ted, 550, 926, 930

Sandikcioglu, Esra, 16, 1229

Sandra, Dominiek

empirical methods and, 17

on intuition, 1249

on polysemy, 153, 159, 341

on spatial semantics, 322, 324, 734

Sanford, Anthony J., 735, 922

Santa Ana, Otto, 1228

Santibanez-Saenz, Francisco, 660

Sapir, Edward, 1013, 1066

on phonology, 613, 618

on sign language, 1113

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, 598, 1012

Sapper system, 203

Saussure, Ferdinand de

on autonomy, 579

Humboldt v., 1203–4, 1205f

on iconicity, 394, 395, 397, 1117

influence of, 597–98, 600–602

on language/linguistics, 11–12, 1233, 1245,

1257

on langue and parole, 21, 324, 598, 602, 1233,

1280

on metaphors, 594

on oppositions and categories, 112n13

on phonemes, 612–13

structuralism and, 597–98

Saxton, Matthew, 1020, 1032

Sayings, 698

Scanning, summary v sequential, 230

Scenarios, in anthropological linguistics, 1046,

1066n2

Scenes

in anthropological linguistics, 1046, 1050

commercial, 272–73

constructs and, 173

primary, 208n7

Schachter, Paul, 852

Schane, Sanford, 613

Schank, Roger C., 178

Schema(s) See also event schemas; Image schemas; X-schemas

analogy and, 82, 100–101, 102f, 114nn24–26 blends and, 87, 109, 110f, 115n35

categorization with, 88, 89f–90f, 91, 92f, 112nn10–12, 214

classical and prototype-based categories with,

88, 89f–90f, 91, 92f, 112nn10–12 classification, coherence and gradation between one and two with, 97, 98f–99f component-composite relationship and, 107, 108f, 109, 115nn33–34

COMPULSION, 306f computational, 111n2 Construction Grammar and, 97 constructional, 754–55, 757–60, 777n1, 1100–1103, 1105f

core, 335 domains and, 103–5, 114nn27–29 elaboration sites, syntactic coherence and, 105, 106f, 114n30

elaborations of, 83–84, 87, 96–97, 114n22 figurative language and, 82, 102, 103f functions, in Cognitive Grammar, 88–110 generalizations, rules, patterns and constructions with, 94–97, 113nn19–20, 114n21

headship and, 82, 106, 109, 115n32 idiom, 712–16

inference, 248–49 linguistic, metaphor and, 1277–78 metaphors, metonymy and, 102, 103f metonymy and, 102, 103f, 104–5 nouns, verbs and, 93, 113n17 REMOVAL OF RESTRAINT, 307f rhetorical, 216

rule v., 1270–72 sanction as mechanism of generativity with, 99–100, 101f, 114n23

self, autobiographic memory and, 1274–75 source-oriented and product-oriented, 499–501 spatial grams and, 734–36

superordinate concepts and substantive nature

of, 91–94, 112n13 syntactic rules as, 95–97, 96f

as term, 83, 111n2, 1046–47 Schemata, 111n1, 216, 1277 Schematic networks, 152–57 blends in, 109

combining overlapping sets model and radial sets, 157f

comparing representational formats with, 154–57

cross-cutting classificatory schemas in, 97 granularity of definition with, 152, 154, 157 models, 153–54, 155f–157f, 161n13

Schematic networks (continued)

parsimony or polysemy with, 152–54

polysemy and, 87

prototype in, 90f

Schematic systems, 267–68 See also specific

systems

Schematicity, 82–116

comparison and, 86–87, 89, 112n7, 112n9

construal and, 51, 53, 54–56, 77n3, 113n17

extension facilitating, 86–87, 112nn7–9

full and partial, 86–87, 89

hierarchies of, 84, 92–93, 94f, 113nn14–15

isomorphism and, 400, 414n4

nature of, 83–85

polysemy and, 82, 85, 90, 99

prototypes and, in learning, 1148–51

relationships of, 83–84, 87, 89–91, 111n3,

112nn5–6

similarity and, 86–87

ubiquity of, 85

valence and, 82, 106

word-formation and, 654–55, 656f, 666, 667f

Schematization, levels of, 230–31

Schieffelin, Edward L., 1063

Schiffrin, Deborah, 917

Schmid, Hans-Jo¨rg, 8

on basic levels, 95

on contrast, 658–59, 672n5

on entrenchment and salience, 87, 89

on iconicity, 1145

on overlapping sets model, 155

Scho¨n, Donald A., 174

Schuchardt, Hugo, 952

Schulze, Rainer, 17, 736, 1172

Schulze, Wolfgang, 830

Schwenter, Scott A., 742

Science See also Cognitive Science

ideology and, 1232–33, 1234f, 1235

metaphors and, 1232–35

Scinto, Leonard F M., 1015

Scope, 437

construal and, 56, 77n1

double-, blends, 378, 391–92

immediate, 437, 452n25

maximal, 437

of spatial semantics, 320–21

Scribner, Sylvia, 1015

Scripts

in anthropological linguistics, 1046, 1066n2

restaurant, 178

Searle, John, 192, 1255, 1260

Secondary figure, 131

Sectors, 425–26

Segments, 445, 454n42

Seiler, Hansjakob, 683, 685

Selective projection, 378, 380

Self autobiographic memory, schema and, 1274–75 socially situating, 1286–87

Semantic(s) See also Compositional semantics; Generative Semantics; Lexical semantics; Spatial semantics; T-semantics; U-semantics

of adpositions, 726–28, 733–38 attenuation, 743

Cognitive, 294, 336, 553, 998–99, 1144, 1162, 1180, 1249

Cognitive Grammar and, 431–38 coherence, 757–58

conceptualization and, 431–38, 451n13, 452n24, 491

Continental Structural, 988 domains, 681, 687–88, 691–92, 693n9 extension, 652

general orientation, 1064–65 meaning and, 12–15, 25–27 neglect of, in Generative Linguistics, 573 nominal, 893–97

pragmatics v., 339, 431–32 prestructuralist, 593–94, 997, 1161–62 Truth-conditional, 29, 1248 word order in, 437–38 Semantic categories

as conceptual universals, 336–37

as emergent from interaction of motivation and convention, 338

as usage-based, 337–38 Semantic change causes/motivating factors of, 27, 160n4, 946 diachronic, larynx evolution and, 43 directionality of, 34

expressivity and efficiency as causes of, 160n4 frame-to-focus variation and, 222

generalization and, 222, 975

in grammaticalization, 975–79 image schemas and, 222–23 image schemas, grammaticalization and, 222–23 metaphors and, 222–23

metonymy and, 236–37, 255 subjectification and, 74–76, 222 from subsets, 991–92

Semantic field, 1183 Semantic interpretation, 468–70 Semantic maps

semantic similarity and, 501 typology and, 1083–86, 1087nn8–10 Semantic polygenesis, 991

Semantic roles event types and, 760–63, 777n3 salience, clauses and, 131–33 Semantic similarity

closeness and, 500 semantic map model and, 501

Semantic Structures (Jackendoff), 305

Semantic tagging, 159

Semasiological change, 74

Semasiology

diachronic, 989–92

onomasiology and, 989, 993–96

Semiotic Grammar, 504

Senft, Gunter, 1065

Senses, of expressions, 432–33, 451n16

Sequential markers, 917–18

Serra-Borneto, Carlo, 221–22

Set theory, fuzzy, 145

Sethuraman, Nitya, 1104

Seto, Ken-ichi, 258n1

Shaffer, Barbara, 1129

Shakespeare, William, 1183–85

Shape classification, 1031

Sharifian, Farzad, 1147

Sharwood Smith, Michael, 1145

Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 1183, 1188

Shen, Yeshavahu, 1187

Shepard, Roger, 36–37, 1272

Shibatani, Masayoshi, 835–39, 852

Shore, Bradd, 204–5, 1063

Shwedder, Richard A., 1026

Sign languages, 10, 1113–36 See also Fingerspelling;

specific types

attention and, 265

CL and, 1117–25

classifiers in, 680

gestures and, 453n40, 1125–27, 1128f–1131f

iconicity and, 1117–22, 1188

linguistic research on, 1114–16

mental spaces, blends and, 1125

mental spaces, modality and, 354, 363–65

metaphor and, 1122–23

metonymy and, 1124

morphology of, 1115–16

phonology and, 1114–15

spatial semantics and, 335

spoken and, 1035–36, 1114, 1128

syntax and, 1116

Sign theories, 479, 1283

Signals, symbols v., 1281, 1282f, 1283, 1289nn15–17

Siironoinen, Mari, 1052

Silverstein, Michael, 132, 1013

Similarity

as ground, 191

metaphors and, 191–92

schematicity and, 86–87

Similes, 699–700

Simo Bobda, Augustin, 1214

Simons, Wim, 923

Simple clause patterns, Figure/Ground in, 131–33

Simpson, Paul, 1189

Sinha, Chris, 7

on experientialist nature of CL, 1007

on language acquisition, 30, 31, 226–27, 1060–61, 1098

philosophy and, 1251, 1253–54

on spatial semantics, 338–39, 737 Situation(s)

aspect, 816 speech and evaluative, 803, 822nn1–2 tense and, 803, 811, 822nn1–2 Skinner, B F., 12, 1245 Skinner, Debra, 1207 Slang, 702

Slobin, Dan I

on inflectional morphemes, 639–40

on language acquisition, 1098–99

on languages, 692

on linguistic relativity, 1025, 1029, 1034

on literary translation, 1192

on spatial semantics, 324

on ‘‘thinking for speaking,’’ 52, 547 Sloman, Steven A., 1034

SME (Structure Mapping Engine), 203 Smieja, Birgit, 8

Smith, Marion, 1013 Smith, Michael B

on complements, 787

on datives, 774

on image schemas, 221, 222–23

on metaphors, 595 Smith, Neilson, 619 Social cognition, culture, perspective-taking and, 1096–98

Society, meaning, embodiment and, 1275–76 Sociohistorical linguistics, 13

Sociolexicology, 995–96, 1000 beyond, 1006–7

Sociolinguistics, 10, 13 constraints on speaker of COOKIE and ME, 534f, 535

variation and, 10, 15–16, 1173 Word Grammar and, 534f, 535 Sociosemantic theory, 1164 Sociovariational analysis, 15–16 Soffritti, Marcello, 1151 Solomon, Karen Olseth, 1279 Solska, Agnieszka, 1144, 1146, 1152 Song, Nam Sun, 249, 250 Sound changes, 945–46 conclusions about, 957 gestures and nature of, 947–48 lexical diffusion of, 952, 953t, 954 perceptually motivated, 955–56 specifying class of, 946–47 theoretical consequences of lexically and phonetically gradual, 954–55

usage-based approach to, 946–57

Sound symbolism

iconicity and, 394

metaphors and, 207

Source and target domains

exact nature of, of metaphorical transfer,

307–8

with metaphors, 181, 190–91, 199, 202–3, 596,

642–43, 718–19

with metonymy, 239, 240–42, 243, 251

Source domains, 181, 190–91, 199, 202–3

backgrounding, 242

Space(s) See also Mental spaces; Spatial semantics

blended, 378

conceptual, 320, 501, 1085

construal and, 54, 77n3

cultural models of, orientation theory and,

1059–61

grounded, 364

input, blend and generic, 199

linguistic relativity and, 1033–34

viewpoint, 806–7

Space builders, 371, 925

Space Grammar, 320, 354, 591

Spaces, Worlds, and Grammar (Fauconnier/

Sweetser), 354

Spatial conceptualization, 231

Spatial grams

meaning components as uses of, 732–33

relational constructions and, 734, 741–42

schemas and, 734–36

spatial semantics and, 320, 734

Spatial language

conceptual metaphors and, 30–31, 39

spatial semantics and, 320

Spatial representations (SR), 337

Spatial semantics, 318–50 See also Landmark;

Motion; Path; Region; Trajector; Viewpoint;

specific individuals

basic concepts of, 326–34

computational models and, 228–29, 326

direction in, 332–33

image schemas and, 326, 330, 336

linguistic description, cross-linguistic

generalizations and, 334–36

methodologies for investigating, 322–26

scope of, 320–21

summary and guidelines for future research in,

342–43

theoretical issues and controversies with,

336–42

Spatiocultural orientation, 1052–65

Speaker

constraints on, of COOKIE and ME, 534f,

535

iconicity and closeness to, 408–9

prototypical, 400–401, 408, 413, 414n9

S(peaker) and H(earer), in Cognitive Grammar, 77n6

Speech act functions, metonymy and, 246–47 modality, 314n9, 872

relations, 927–29 Speech event, 803 Speech, parts of, 439 Speelman, Dirk, 17, 1003–6 Spha¨renmischung (missing of spheres), 600, 1277

Spivey, Michael J., 17 Spooren, Wilbert, 550, 926, 930 Sprachpsychologie (psychology of language), 1267

SR See Spatial representations Stage model, 311–12, 753–54, 761 nominal semantics and, 893, 894f, 895, 896f Sta´hlin, Gustav, 596, 599

Stalking with stories, 1063 Stampe, David, 617–18, 623, 628n6, 947 Stanulewicz, Danuta, 599

Starting point, voice and, 831–32 Stassen, Leon, 1086

State(s) actions and, 815–16 change-of-,subject, middle voice and, 853–59 cognitive, 267, 295

point, 816 Statistical methodology, 159 Steen, Francis, 1186 Steen, Gerard J

on literature, 1177–78, 1180, 1185

on metaphors, 206, 1185 Stefanowitsch, Anatol, 17, 1173 Stereotypes

extensional concepts v., 1164–65 social, 180

tautologies and, 256 Stern, Daniel, 35–36 Stern, Gustaf, 997 Sternberg, Meir, 1180 Stimulus-response theory, 12 Stock, Penelope F., 1166 Stokoe, William C., 1114–15, 1118, 1126 Stops, flap and, 616–17, 619–20, 621, 623, 625, 628n4

‘‘Story of Over’’ (Brugman), 323, 1249 Stratificational Grammar, 512 Stratificational Linguistics, 601 Strengthening(s), 951–52 pragmatic, inference or, 976–77 Structural priming, 513

Structuralism, 597–98 Studdert-Kennedy, Michael, 1126 Sturtevant, Edgar H., 958

clause construction and, 755–56, 770, 771f

middle voice, change-of-state and, 853–59

topic v., 135n6

Subject, object and, 6

causal chains, verbal profile and, 763–64

of likes, 521f

perception, in subjectification, 26–27

profiling, 442, 453n37

voice and, 829, 831, 864n1

Subjectification, 73–76 See also specific

individuals

Functional Linguistics and, 551, 559n15

modality and, 870, 874–80, 876–80, 882–83,

884n19

perception and, 26–27, 930

research on, 547, 558n10

semantic change and, 74–76, 222

subjectivity v., 74

Subjectivity

of idealism, 322

subjectification v., 74

Subjectivity/objectivity, 53, 70, 76, 78n18, 436–37,

743–44, 877

Substitution theory, of metonymy, 237–38

Subvocalization, 1020–21

Suffixation, -er, 660–61, 662f, 663t, 671, 672n7

Supalla, Ted, 1115

Suppletion, 639, 647

Suprasegmental changes, 956–57

Surface structure (S-structure), 464

Suzuki, Satoko, 789–90

Svorou, Soteria

on grammaticalization, 741–42

on spatial semantics, 320, 338

Swanepoel, Piet, 1169

Sweetser, Eve, 7, 567, 1207

on blends, 110, 1186

on metaphors, 33–34, 245, 354, 872, 1185

on modals, 300, 305–6, 309–10, 314nn9–10,

872, 874–75, 883n5, 884n12, 884nn8–9,

885n23

on relations, 927–30

on tense, 370

Symbol(s)

icon, index and, 397

signals v., 1281, 1282f, 1283, 1289nn15–17

Symbolic, iconicity and, 397, 414n5

Symbolic structures

assemblies of, 438–43

of constructions, 472f, 480–81

content requirement of, in Cognitive

Grammar, 218–19

Symbolism, sound, 207, 394

Symbolization, representation and, 1280–83,

1282f

Synaesthesia, 225–26, 1187 Syncresis, 639

Synecdoche, metonymy and, 238, 248, 258n1 Synesthesia, metaphors and, 207

Syntactic and semantic structure, anatomy of construction and, 472–76

Syntactic change diachronic linguistics and, 946 paths of, 502

Syntactic figure, 131 Syntactic ground, 131 Syntactic level, diagrammatic iconicity on, 405–13

Syntactic roles, clause constructions and, 754–56

Syntactic Structures (Chomsky), 569–70 Syntax See also specific individuals acquisition of, inductive model of, 501 centrality of, in Generative Linguistics, 572 factors involving morphology and, 10, 274–76, 470–71

force dynamics in, 311–13 lexicon and, 14–15, 471f, 1281 logical, 1245

morphology and, 10, 274–76, 470–71 rules and, 12–13, 82

salience and entrenchment effects in, 127–34 semantics and, of A, SMALL, CAT, MEOW, 531f, 532

semantics and, of A small cat miaowed, 532f semantics, conceptual interface between, 4 sign languages and, 1116

usage-based, 1103–4, 1105f, 1106–7 Word Grammar and, 527–29 Systemic Linguistics, 546, 551, 552, 558n9 Systemic-Functional Grammar, 14, 546, 552, 554, 560n22, 590, 1223

Szabo´, Pe´ter, 1144

Tabakowska, Elzbieta, 1191 Tagmemic formulas, 171 Takahashi, Kiyoko, 333 Takano, Yohtaro, 1032 Takubo, Yuki, 371 Talmy, Leonard, 7, 567

on construal, 49, 50, 52, 54–56, 77nn2–3

on event frames, 761

on Figure/Ground, 128, 130t, 354, 644, 729, 818, 1099

on force dynamics, 35, 77n2, 294–308, 313, 873, 883n7, 884n8, 884n10, 1049, 1096

Gestalt and, 591

on image schemas, 214, 1094

on inflectional morphology, 639, 647

on languages, 3, 678