- 1 xw- - êà- vehr 9- 1- 0-ence ol atrenc.e ofvoicehut alsohy the degree ojbreath and mttsculaz effox involved.. 'Ihose Enghsh corlsonants which are usuzly voiced tend to be ' alticulate
Trang 5Y . F ' ' ' w ' e W '
M - ATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET trevie t* 2*5) V
A voicejesAoiced pak such as EngNsh /s,z/ are distinguished not only by the mes.
. s- x - 1 xw- - êà- vehr 9- 1- 0-ence ol atrenc.e ofvoicehut alsohy the degree ojbreath and mttsculaz effox involved
j wxv e b t d t 4 c k q G ?
soj
in their alticulation 'Ihose Enghsh corlsonants which are usuzly voiced tend to be '
alticulated with relatively weA energy,whereas those which are always voiesse . .
rehtlvely strong Ideed,we 51121 stt that in ce!tam situ-ations,the SO-O'IH voked '
tonMmants mayhm verykttle voldng.A thatthe energy of Miation becomesa
x a w o x r m œ o i 5W1 '1 Cantlactor iridistinguishithe voked and voiess ser. . F
-.7- - f'a * V L' -u S = .t- l?- e-mt -Y e- X-Y V -V b V h l i
4.7 Classification of Consonants
< s
ba- zl*o *e-*+<d#l> *8**d- '**Ked** **k*** * ;W%****' 'rhe chart of tlze InternationalPhonetic Alphabef (IPA) fsee Table 1) showsman- W*' T' SY' '
DW Of artiolatifm fm the vertkal axis; place of artkulation on the lmrizontal CONONMWStNON' PUL MONW) OWB LY
axts; and a pairkng wkthîn each box thus createfl shows voîess consonants on oic v xrplxiv 'e v.< $* G' ** *W* 1 the left and voi ced consonants on the ri ght
o w u s, a.as.l ' o.,.k, C'*' i y ' - i 11 - R' t! I
4.3.8 Inge- lve Putmowic consonant's ! e-'- J ' 'œ* - *' * *'
# p pwe av / v - k' v- @ '
Co ns onz nt s of s ypma de we a hmg n s omet i me s cc n l an - I A h -u t - X u v - 9 mœr n
j guages as varlant's of their egressive pulmontc equivalents We may ur.e sucb ' - œ C
Kunds when we açe out of txtath thl.: have not got time to pause ejtberbecaur e WZG WOOL9
the need foT communicatjon is presslng or because we do
not wi sh someone else M V**eV' ef r ** b - V % M ' ' ' -' ' **' rr F' . > A* K' - *C 'I ' * KO '
to have a chance to speak The usof such an inresstve pulmonk ajrstream js, W v- wivmvsmxi- 1 v-
v
- *ts.hr howwer,variable lxtween languages, and is not especially common in Engush
q v-x- l - j S- J - X st l Mb ulvr Abs
l ndi vi dual r mmds made on an i ngressi ve pulmoni c aintream may occur as 11 v
s> h dee 3 some sounds may also occur extralinpzisticaiy so in Enghsb g , ç vo -g xus w maA- H*** 'xs xty o Cj x l 'wê.*'f m uj- x
coir mmon wa y ofed b bilxp r esabisg al Or s urIabtp e odento paialn frii vol ve s he ner ge t k i nsron of p r<>- - '
a accompani y
.
- e$ ' MF - 6
GA CrS e# * ** mM* * Hb * 'Ex- ë
v- w- - k 4 ; > - a Mzxtsyyyj
4.3.* Eg- sige Glote ic consonants
tj
vo.a cx.krv : s, t
ln tlte ptcducttortBfthese sounçl,known aszpcrjvEs, the glottis is closed,so mat ***$ t t1- w V *** ' - l ttw (l 1 'jw - 6 'S'i bk ' B X'evt '
lung alr i5 contained beneath it.A closure or nmowing is made at some pojnt M*qM- L*'*ie Ye
L> (- X:e l
1 d1 B xh- dD W above the glottls tthe soft palate being raised) and the air between thjs point and z b- ' ' ? 2 x'-L' t
-the glottis ompressed by a generalmuscular constrictiof the chamber and
* Y v - tY ( I Y j - z v- d k %* 8* **' N% *
a ïwts ing of the l arynx.' nms, a bj ïabk al ejecti ve plosi ve sound 1 pl may be made . , : r .- t 1 .0 ( 1 W 3 X Eo . 3 Kb *
by compressi ng the ai r in thi s way behind t he lîps. However, it is not only plo. -* ë
- v a- d p wm u.I 6 3 Ri * 3 F**
Sives whtch may be ejecti
ve; affr lcates and Mcat ives c r ( y nmonl y have thi s tme of C' ' 'W' W E - 1 M' d é ' 1 X
, r ( j s.o v .j ; : z j m compr esr ion i n a number of l anguages, e g.ts' , tl ' ,s x , et c l.lf the glottjs is
ti
ghtl y doyd, i folk ows t hat this t ype of arqculatj on can appl y only t o voi celess ** K R Y t - v W' b **o ' ê: 2 X' 2 3 W
St mnds ( P t ' kl occur somet jmes i n f mal pos itt ons i n some dj aleds of Engl ish - N*''- ç **'**1:'* * 1 ''*'- '' * ''
' >' av M-=T- R- X UF* Y QIMM (e.g.n xmth-east Lancashire) These are not to be confused with the more com- R
>-m on
varianB offinalptpklwhich are frequently (e in popular London speech)
xxue I pj: jptemooepo; ghoxtx Ajp/jesextmxaed to 2(x)5)
2luckworth etvz