Encyclopedia of World CulturesVolume I - NORTH AMERICA - Overview ppt

David Levinson Editor in ChiefNorth America Oceania South Asia Europe and the Middle East East and Southeast Asia Soviet Union and China South America Middle America and the Caribbean Af

Volume I

David Levinson Editor in Chief

North America Oceania

South Asia Europe and the Middle East East and Southeast Asia Soviet Union and China South America

Middle America and the Caribbean

Africa Bibliography

TheEncyclopedia of World Cultures was prepared under the auspices and with the support of theHumanRelationsArea FilesatYaleUniversity.HRAF,the foremost international researchor-ganizationinthefield ofculturalanthropology,is anot-for-profitconsortiumoftwenty-two spon-soringmembers and300 participatingmemberinstitutions intwenty-fivecountries.TheHRAF

archive, establishedin1949,containsnearlyonemillion pages of information onthe cultures ofthe world

Volume I NORTH AMERICA

When You Know Multiply By To Find

LENGTH inches 2.54 centimeters feet 30 centimeters

yards 0.9 meters

miles 1.6 kilometers millimeters 0.04 inches centimeters 0.4 inches

meters 3.3 feet meters 1.1 yards kilometers 0.6 miles AREA

square feet 0.09 square meters

square yards 0.8 square meters square miles 2.6 square kilometers acres 0.4 hectares

hectares 2.5 acres square meters 1.2 square yards

square kilometers 0.4 square miles TEMPERATURE

All rights reserved

No part of thisbook may be reproduced in anyform orby any means, electronic or

mechanical, including photocopying, recording, orby anyinformation storage or

retrievalsystem without permission in writing from the publisher.

20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13

Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-PublicaftonData

Encyclopedia ofworld cultures / David Levinson, editor in chief

P cm.

Includesbibliographical references and index

Filmography: p.

Contents: v 1. North America / Timothy J. O'Leary

David Levinson, volume editors

1.Native American Regions (circa 1600) xxxiii

2 Native American Cultures (circa 1600) xxxiv

3 Native AmericanCulturesintheContiguous U.S.States (circa 1990) xxxvii

4 Native AmericanCulturesinAlaska, Canada,and

Greenland (circa 1990) xxxix

5.NorthAmerican Folk Cultures

(circa 1990) xl

Appendix: Extinct Native American Cultures 401

Glossary 403

Filmography 407

Ethnonym Index 417

Fernando Cimara Barbachano

MiddleAmerica and the Caribbean

Editorial and Production

South and Southeast Asia

Robert V Kemper

Southern Methodist University

Middle America and the Caribbean Kazuko Matsuzawa

National Museum of Ethnology, Osaka

East Asia

John H Middleton Yale University

Africa Timothy J O'Leary

North America

Department of African-American Studies

MarshallJ Becker

Department of Anthropology

WestChesterUniversity

WestChester, Pennsylvania

State Universityof New York College, Brockport

Brockport, New York

South andSoutheast Asians of Canada

North Alaskan Eskimos

Lowie MuseumofAnthropology

Universityof California, Berkeley

Universityof New Brunswick

Fredericton, NewBrunswick

LipanApache; Mescalero Apache

Central Yup'ik Eskimos; Eskimo

Wiyot

San Diego StateUniversity

San Diego,California

United States

Jeffery R Hanson

Department ofSociology, Anthropology, and SocialWork

Universityof Texas atArlington

State Universityof New York College, Potsdam

Potsdam, New York

Museum ofPeoples and Cultures

Brigham Young University

Human RelationsArea Files

New Haven, Connecticut

United States

Jeffrey Longhofer

Departmentof Sociology

University of Missouri-Kansas City

Kansas City, Missouri

Milwaukee Public Museum

Milwaukee, Wisconsin

United States

M Marlene Martin

Human Relations Area Files

New Haven, Connecticut

Mississippi State University

Mississippi State, Mississippi

Department of Sociology and Anthropology

New Mexico State University

Las Cruces, New Mexico

United States

Matt T Salo

Center for Survey Methods Research

Bureau of the Census

Washington, District of Columbia

Mary Jane Schneider

Department of Indian Studies

University of North Dakota

Grand Forks, North Dakota

State UniversityofNewYork atAlbany

School of Social and Behavioral Sciences

Seattle Pacific University

Social Sciences Division

University ofAlaska, Anchorage

United States

DiegoVigil

Department ofAnthropology

University of Southern California

Los Angeles, California

United States

EastAsians ofCanada

Akrut

Latinos

This project began in 1987 with the goal ofassembling a basic

reference sourcethatprovidesaccurate,clear,and concise

de-scriptions of the cultures of the world We wanted to be as

comprehensiveand authoritative aspossible:comprehensive,

byproviding descriptionsof all the cultures of each region of

the world or bydescribingarepresentativesample of cultures

for regions where full coverage is impossible, and

authori-tativeby providingaccurate descriptions of the cultures for

boththe past and the present

The publication of the Encyclopedia of World Cultures in

the lastdecade of thetwentiethcenturyisespecially timely.

Thepolitical,economic, and socialchangesof the pastfifty

years haveproducedaworld morecomplexand fluid than at

any time in humanhistory.Threesweeping transformations

of theworldwide culturallandscapeareespeciallysignificant

First iswhat somesocialscientists are calling the "New

Diaspora"-thedispersal of culturalgroups to new locations

acrosstheworld This dispersal affects all nations and takes a

wide variety of forms: in East Africannations, the formation

of new towns inhabitedbypeople from dozens of different

ethnic groups; in Micronesia and Polynesia, the movement of

islanders to cities in NewZealandand the United States; in

North America, thereplacement by Asians and Latin

Ameri-cansof Europeans as the most numerous immigrants; in

Eu-rope,the increased reliance on workers from the Middle East

and NorthAfrica; and so on

Second, and related tothisdispersal, is the internal

divi-sion of what were once single, unifiedcultural groups into two

ormore relatively distinct groups This pattern of internal

di-visionis mostdramatic amongindigenousorthird or fourth

world cultures whose traditional ways of life have been altered

by contact with the outside world Underlying this division

areboth thepopulationdispersion mentioned above and

sus-tained contact with the economically developed world The

result is thatgroups who at one time saw themselves and were

seen by others as single cultural groups have been

trans-formed into two or more distinctgroups Thus, in many

cul-tural groups,wefinddeepandprobably permanent divisions

between those who live in thecountry and those who live in

cities,those who follow the traditionalreligion and those who

have converted to Christianity, those who live inland and

those who live on the seacoast, and those who live by means

of a subsistenceeconomy and those now enmeshed in a cash

economy

The third important transformation of the worldwide

territorial integrity on the basis of ethnic solidarity and

ethnic-basedclaims to their traditional homeland.Although

most attention hasfocused recentlyonethnic nationalism inEasternEurope andtheSovietUnion,thetrend isnonethe-

less aworldwidephenomenon involving, for example, can Indian cultures in North and South America, theBasques in Spain and France, the Tamil and Sinhalese in SriLanka, and the Tutsi and Hutu in Burundi, among others

Ameri-To be informedcitizens of ourrapidlychanging turalworld we must understand the ways of life of peoplefrom cultures different from our own."We"is used here in thebroadest sense, to include not just scholars who study the cul-turesof the world andbusinesspeople and government offcials who work in the worldcommunity but also the averagecitizen who reads or hearsabout multicultural events in thenewsevery day andyoung people who are growing up inthis

multicul-complex cultural world For all of these people-which

meansall ofus-thereis a pressingneedforinformationonthe cultures of theworld This encyclopedia provides this in-formation in two ways First, itsdescriptions ofthe traditionalways of life of the world's cultures can serve as a baselineagainst whichcultural change can be measured and under-stood.Second, itacquaintsthe reader with thecontemporary

ways of life throughout the world

We are able to provide this information largely throughtheefforts of the volume editors and the nearly one thousandcontributors who wrote the culturalsummaries that are theheart of the book The contributors are social scientists (an-

thropologists, sociologists, historians, and geographers) aswellas educators, government officials, and missionaries whousually have firsthand research-based knowledge of the cul-turesthey writeabout In many cases they are the major ex-pert or one of theleading experts on the culture, and some arethemselves members of the cultures.As experts, they are able

to provide accurate, up-to-date information This is crucialformany parts of the world where indigenous cultures may beoverlooked by official information seekers such as govern-ment censustakers.These experts have often lived among thepeople they writeabout, conductingparticipant-observations

with them andspeaking their language Thus they are able toprovide integrated, holistic descriptions of the cultures, notjust a list of facts Their portraits ofthecultures leave thereader with a real sense of what it means to be a"Taos" or a

"Rom" or a"Sicilian."

Those summariesnotwrittenby an expert on the culturehave usually been written by aresearcher at the Human Rela-tions Area Files, Inc., working from primary source materials

The Human Relations Area Files, an international

educa-tional and research institute,isrecognized by professionalsin

the social and behavioral sciences, humanities, and medical

sciences as amajor source ofinformationonthe cultures of

the world

Uses of the Encyclopedia

Thisencyclopediais meant tobe usedbyavariety ofpeople

foravariety ofpurposes.Itcanbeused bothtogainageneral

understandingofaculture andto findaspecificpieceof

in-formationby lookingit upunderthe relevantsubheadingin a

summary. It can also be used to learn aboutaparticular

re-gionorsubregionof theworld and thesocial,economic, and

politicalforces that have shapedthe culturesin thatregion

The encyclopedia is also a resource guidethat leads readers

whowant adeeper understandingofparticularculturesto

ad-ditionalsourcesof information Resourceguidesinthe

ency-clopedia include ethnonyms listed in each summary, which

canbe usedas entrypointsintothe socialscienceliterature

where the culturemay sometimesbe identifiedbyadifferent

name; abibliographyatthe end ofeachsummary,which lists

books and articles about theculture;andafilmographyatthe

end ofeachvolume,which lists films and videoson manyof

the cultures

Beyond being abasic referenceresource,the

encyclope-dia alsoservesreaders withmorefocused needs.For

research-ersinterestedincomparingcultures,theencyclopediaserves

whichtoselect cultures for furtherstudy.Forthose interested

in internationalstudies, the encyclopedia leads onequickly

into the relevant socialscienceliteratureaswellasproviding

astate-of-the-artassessmentofourknowledgeof the cultures

ofaparticularregion.Forcurriculumdevelopersand teachers

seekingtointernationalize theircurriculum,theencyclopedia

isitselfabasic reference and educationalresource asweilas a

directoryto other materials For government officials, it is a

repository of information not likely to be available in any

othersingle publicationor,insome cases, notavailableatall

For students, from high school through graduate school, it

provides backgroundandbibliographicinformation forterm

papersand classprojects.And fortravelers,itprovidesan

in-troductionintothewaysof life of theindigenous peoplesin

the area ofthe worldthey will bevisiting

Format of the Encyclopedia

geo-graphicalregionsof the world.The order ofpublicationis not

meant torepresentany sortofpriority.Volumes 1 through9

contain a total of about fifteen hundred summaries along

withmaps,glossaries, and indexes of alternatenamesfor the

culturalgroups.Thetenthand final volumecontains

cumula-tive lists of the cultures ofthe world, their alternate names,

and a bibliography of selected publications pertaining to

those groups

North Americacoversthe cultures ofCanada,Greenland,and

the United StatesofAmerica

Oceaniacoversthe cultures ofAustralia,NewZealand,

Mela-nesia, Micronesia, andPolynesia.

South Asia covers the cultures ofAfghanistan, Bangladesh,

Burma,India,Pakistan,SriLanka,and theHimalayanstates.

Europe and the Middle East covers the cultures ofEurope,

NorthAfrica, the Middle East, and the Near East

East and SoutheastAsia coversthe cultures ofJapan, Korea,

mainland and insularSoutheastAsia, andTaiwan

Soviet Unionand Chinacoversthe cultures ofMongolia,the

People's RepublicofChina,and theUnionofSoviet

Social-ist Republics.

SouthAmerica covers the cultures of SouthAmerica

MiddleAmericaand theCaribbeancoversthe cultures of

Cen-tralAmerica, Mexico, and the Caribbean islands

Africa covers the cultures of Madagascar and sub-SaharanAfrica

Each volume containsthispreface,anintroductoryessayby

the volumeeditor,the culturalsummariesrangingfromafewlinestoseveralpageseach, mapspinpointingthelocation ofthe cultures, afilmography,anethnonymindex of alternate

namesfor thecultures,andaglossaryofscientific andcalterms. Allentriesarelisted inalphabetical order andare

techni-extensively cross-referenced

Acentral issue inselectingcultures forcoverage inthe

ency-clopediahas been howtodefinewhatwe meanbyacultural

group The questionsof what a culture is and what criteria

canbeusedtoclassifyaparticularsocialgroup (suchas a

reli-giousgroup,ethnicgroup,nationality,orterritorialgroup) as

a cultural group have long perplexed social scientists andhaveyettobe answeredtoeveryone'ssatisfaction.Tworeali-

ties accountforwhythequestionscannotbe answered

defini-tively. First, awidevariety of differenttypesof culturesexist

around the world Among common typesare national

cul-tures, regional cultures, ethnic groups, indigenous societies,

religious groups, and unassimilated immigrant groups No

singlecriterionor marker ofculturaluniqueness can

consis-tently distinguish among the hundreds of cultures that fit

intothese generaltypes.Second, asnotedabove, single

cul-tures orwhatwere at one timeidentifiedassingleculturescan

and do vary internally over time and place. Thus a markerthatmayidentifyaspecificgroupas aculturein onelocation

or at onetimemay notwork for that cultureinanotherplace

or atanothertime.Forexample,useof the Yiddishlanguage

wouldhave beenamarker ofJewishculturalidentityinernEurope inthe nineteenthcentury, butitwouldnot serve

East-as a marker forJewsinthetwentieth-centuryUnited States,

wheremostspeak English Similarly,residenceon oneof theCook IslandsinPolynesiawould have beenamarker of CookIslander identity in the eighteenth century, but not in thetwentiethcenturywhen two-thirds of Cook Islanders liveinNew Zealand and elsewhere

Giventhese considerations, no attempthasbeen made

todevelop anduse asingledefinition ofaculturalunit or to

developanduse afixedlist ofcriteriaforidentifyingcultural

units. Instead, the task ofselecting cultureswas left to thevolumeeditors,and thecriteriaandprocedures theyusedare

discussedintheirintroductoryessays.Ingeneral, however,six criteria wereused,sometimesaloneandsometimes incombi-

nation to classify social groupsas cultural groups: (1)

geo-graphical localization, (2) identificationinthe socialscience

literature as a distinct group, (3) distinct language, (4)

shared traditions, religion, folklore, or values, (5)

mainte-nanceofgroupidentityinthefaceof strongassimilative

pres-sures, and (6) previouslistinginaninventoryof the world's

cultures such asEthnographicAtlas (Murdock 1967) orthe

Outline ofWorld Cultures (Murdock 1983).

In general, we have been bumperss" rather than

'split-ters" inwritingthesummaries.That is, ifthereissome

ques-tion aboutwhetheraparticulargroup isreallyonecultureor

tworelatedcultures,wehavemoreoftenthannottreateditas

a single culture,with internal differences notedinthe

sum-mary Similarly, we have sometimes chosen to describe a

number ofverysimilar cultures in a single summary rather

than in a seriesof summaries that would be mostly

redun-dant There is, however, somevariation from one regionto

anotherinthisapproach,and the rationale for eachregionis

discussed in the volumeeditor's essay

Twocategoriesofculturesare usuallynotcoveredinthe

encyclopedia. First, extinct cultures, especially those that

havenotexistedasdistinctculturalunits forsametime, are

usually not described Cultural extinction is often, though

certainly not always, indicated by the disappearance of the

culture's language So, for example, the Aztec are not

cov-ered, although livingdescendants of theAztec, the

Nahuat-speakers of central Mexico, are described

Second, thewaysoflife ofimmigrantgroupsareusually

notdescribedinmuchdetail,unlessthereisalong historyof

resistance to assimilation and thegroup has maintained its

distinctidentity,ashave the AmishinNorth America.These

cultures are, however, described in the location where they

traditionallylivedand,for themostpart,continuetolive,and

migration patterns are noted For example, the Hmong in

Laosaredescribedinthe Southeast Asiavolume,but the

ref-ugee communities inthe United States andCanadaare

cov-ered onlyin the general summaries on SoutheastAsians in

thosetwocountriesinthe North America volume.Although

itwould be idealtoprovide descriptionsof all theimmigrant

culturesorcommunities of theworld, thatisanundertaking

wellbeyondthescopeofthisencyclopedia,for thereare

prob-ablymorethan five thousand suchcommunities inthe world

Finally, it shouldbe noted thatnotall nationalitiesare

covered, onlythose that are also distinct cultures aswell as

politicalentities Forexample,the Vietnameseand Burmese

are included but Indians (citizens ofthe RepublicofIndia)

are not, because the latteris apoliticalentity made upofa

great mix ofcultural groups In the case ofnations whose

populationsincludeanumber ofdifferent, relatively

unassim-ilated groups or cultural regions, each of the groups is

de-scribedseparately. Forexample,thereisnosummaryfor

Ital-ians assuchintheEurope volume,buttherearesummaries

for the regionalcultures ofItaly, suchas theTuscans,

Sicil-ians,andTyrolians,and other culturessuchastheSinti

Pied-montese.

Cultural Summaries

The heart of thisencyclopediaisthedescriptivesummariesof

thecultures,whichrangefromafewlines,tofiveorsixpages

inlength They provide amixofdemographic, historical,

so-cial, economic, political, and religious information on the

cultures Their emphasis or flavor is cultural; that is, they

focus on the ways of life of the people-both past and

present-and the factors that have caused the culture to

change over time and place.

A key issue has been how to decide which culturesshould be described by longer summaries and which by

shorterones.Thisdecisionwas madebythe volumeeditors,

who had to balance a number ofintellectual and practical

considerations.Again,therationaleforthese decisionsiscussed intheiressays Butamong the factorsthatwerecon-sideredbyalltheeditorswerethetotal numberofculturesin

dis-theirregion, theavailabilityof expertstowritesummaries,the

availabilityof informationonthecultures,thedegreeof

simi-laritybetweencultures,and theimportanceofacultureina

scientific orpolitical sense.

Thesummaryauthorsfollowedastandardized outlineso

that eachsummaryprovidesinformationon a corelist of

top-ics Theauthors, however, hadsomeleewayindecidinghow

muchattentionwas tobegiven eachtopicand whethertional information should be included Summaries usually provide information on the following topics:

addi-CULTURE NAME:Thenameusedmostofteninthe social

scienceliteraturetorefertothe cultureorthenamethegroup

uses for itself

names used by outsiders, theself-name, and alternate

spell-ings, within reasonable limits

OREENTATIONIdentification Locationofthe culture and the derivation of

Location.Where the culture is located anda descriptionofthe physicalenvironment

Demography Population history and themost recent able population figures orestimates

and/orwritten by the culture, its place in an international

languageclassificationsystem, andinternalvariation in

lan-guage use.

HISTRY ANDCULTURAL RELATIONS: A tracing

of theoriginsandhistoryof theculture and thepastand

cur-rent nature ofrelationshipswith othergroups

SETTLEMENTS: The location ofsettlements,typesof

set-tlements, typesofstructures, housing designand materials.ECONOMY

Subsistence and CommercialActivities.Theprimaryods ofobtaining, consuming, anddistributing money, food,

meth-and othernecessities

Industrial Arts Implements and objects produced by theculture either forits own use orfor sale ortrade

Trade Products traded and patterns of trade with other

groups

Divisionof Labor.Howbasiceconomictasksareassigned by

age, sex, ability, occupational specialization, or status.

LandTenure.Rules andpractices concerningthe allocation

of landand land-userightstomembers of the culture andto

outsiders

KINSHIP

kin-based features of socialorganizationsuchaslineagesandclans and alliances between thesegroups

Kinship Terminology. Classificationof the kinship

termi-nologicalsystemonthe basis of eithercousin terms or

genera-tion, and information about any unique aspects ofkinship

terminology

Marriage Rules and practices concerning reasons for

mar-riage, types of marriage, economic aspects of marriage,

postmarital residence, divorce, and remarriage

Domestic Unit Description of the basic householdunit

in-cludingtype, size, and composition

Inheritance Rules and practices concerning the inheritance

of property

Socialization Rules and practices concerning child rearing

including caretakers, values inculcated, child-rearing

meth-ods, initiation rites, and education

SOCIOPOLITICAL ORGANIZATION

Social Organization Rules and practices concerning the

in-temal organization of theculture,including social status,

pri-maryandsecondary groups, and social stratification

Political Organization.Rules and practices concerning

lead-ership, politics, governmental organizations, and decision

making

Social Control The sources ofconflict within the culture

and informal and formal social control mechanisms

Conflict.Thesourcesof conflict with other groups and

infor-mal and forinfor-mal means ofresolving conflicts

RELIGION AND EXPRESSIVE CULTURE

Religious Beliefs The nature ofreligious beliefs including

beliefs in supernatural entities, traditional beliefs, and the

ef-fects of majorreligions

Religious Practitioners.The types, sources of power, and

ac-tivities ofreligious specialists such asshamans and priests

Ceremonies The nature, type, and frequency ofreligious

and otherceremoniesandrites.

Arts.The nature, types, and characteristics ofartistic

activi-tiesincluding literature, music, dance, carving, and so on

Medicine.The nature of traditional medical beliefs and

prac-tices and the influence of scientific medicine

Death and Afterlife The nature of beliefs and practices

con-cerningdeath, the deceased, funerals, and the afterlife

BIBLIOGRAPHY: A selected list of publications about the

culture The listusually includes publications that describe

boththe traditional and the contemporary culture

AUTHOR'S NAME: The name of the summary author

Maps

Each regional volumecontains maps pinpointingthecurrent

location of the cultures described inthat volume The first

map ineach volumeisusuallyan overview,showingthe

coun-tries in thatregion. The othermapsprovide moredetailby

marking the locations of the cultures in four or five

sub-regions.

Filmography

Each volumecontains alist of films and videos about cultures

coveredinthat volume This listisprovidedas a serviceand

in no wayindicatesanendorsement by the editor, volume

ed-itor, orthe summary authors Addresses of distributors are

providedsothatinformation aboutavailabilityandprices can

be readilyobtained

Ethnonym Index

Each volume contains anethnonym index for the culturescoveredinthatvolume.Asmentioned above, ethnonyms arealternative names for the culture-that is, names differentfrom those used here as the summary headings Ethnonymsmay be alternativespellings of the culture name, a totally dif-ferentnameusedby outsiders,a nameusedinthe past butno

longer used, or the name in another language It is not usual thatsomeethnonymsareconsidered degrading andin-

un-sulting bythepeopletowhomthey refer Thesenames maynevertheless be included here because they do identify thegroupand mayhelpsome userslocate the summaryoraddi-tional information on the culture in other sources Eth-nonymsarecross-referencedtothe culturename inthe index

Glossary

Each volumecontains aglossaryof technical and scientific

terms found inthe summaries Bothgeneral socialsciencetermsandregion-specific terms areincluded

Special Considerations

In a project ofthis magnitude, decisions had to be madeabout thehandling ofsomeinformationthat cannot easily bestandardized for allareasof the world Thetwomosttrouble-

some matters concerned population figures and units of

measure

Population Figures

Wehave tried to be as up-to-date and as accurate as possible

in reportingpopulation figures This is no easy task, as somegroups are notcountedinofficial government censuses, somegroups are very likely undercounted, and in some cases thedefinition ofacultural group usedby thecensustakers differsfrom thedefinition we have used In general, we have relied

on population figures supplied by the summary authors.When otherpopulation data sources have been used in a vol-ume,they are so noted by the volume editor If the reportedfigure is from an earlier date-say, the 1970s-it is usuallybecause it isthe most accurate figure that could be found

In aninternationalencyclopedia, editors encounter the lem of how to reportdistances, units of space, and tempera-ture Inmuch oftheworld, the metric system is used, but sci-entists prefer the International System of Units (similar tothe metricsystem), and in Great Britain and North AmericatheEnglish system is usually used We decided to use Englishmeasures inthe North America volume and metric measures

prob-in the other volumes Each volume contains a conversiontable

Acknowledgments

In aproject of this size, there are manypeople to acknowledgeand thank for their contributions In its planning stages,members of the research staff of the Human Relations AreaFilesprovided many useful ideas These included TimothyJ

O'Leary, Marlene Martin,JohnBeierle, Gerald Reid, DeloresWalters, Richard Wagner, and Christopher Latham The ad-visory editors, of course, also played a major role in planning

the project, and not justfor their own volumes but also for

the project asawhole.Timothy O'Leary,TerenceHays,and

PaulHockings deserve special thanks for their comments on

this preface and the glossary, as does Melvin Ember,

presi-dent of the Human Relations Area Files Members of the

of-fice and technical staff also must be thanked for so quickly

andcarefully attendingtothe many tasksaproject of this size

inevitably generates They are Erlinda Maramba, Abraham

Maramba, Victoria Crocco, Nancy Gratton, and Douglas

Black At G K.Hall, the encyclopedia has benefited from the

wise and careful editorial management of Elizabeth Kubik

and Elizabeth Holthaus, the editorial and production

man-agement ofMichael Sims and AraSalibian, and the

market-ingskills of Linda May and Lisa Pemstein Finally, I would

like to thank Melvin Ember and the board of directors of the

HumanRelationsAreaFilesfortheiradministrative and

in-tellectualsupport for this project

DAVID LEVINSONReferences

Murdock, George Peter (1967) Ethnographic Atlas

Pitts-burgh, Penn., University of Pittsburgh Press

Murdock, George Peter (1983) Outline of World Cultures

6th rev ed New Haven, Conn Human Relations Area Files