The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 106 ppt

history of; metaphysics, problems of; Molyneux problem; monadology; parallelism; persecution of philosophers; pessimism and optimism; philosophy; parallelism; possible worlds; psychophys

history of; metaphysics, problems of; Molyneux

problem; monadology; parallelism; persecution of

philosophers; pessimism and optimism; philosophy;

parallelism; possible worlds; psychophysical; space;

suffi-cient reason, principle of; salva veritate; Wolff

leibniz’s law see identity of indiscernibles

lemma

lenin communism; Marx; Marxist philosophy; Plekhanov

lesbian feminism feminism; homosexuality; masculism;

sexual morality

les´niewski ontology; Polish philosophy

lessing Enlightenment; Jacobi

leucippus atomism, physical

leviathan Hobbes; nasty, brutish, and short

levinas French philosophy; French philosophy today;

Jewish philosophy; Other

lévi-strauss structuralism

lévy-brühl

lewis, clarence irving modal logic; phenomenalism;

relevance logic

lewis, david mereology; modal realism; possible worlds;

science, problems of the philosophy of

lexicon, the philosophical Dennett

LEX TALIONIS capital punishment; punishment; revenge

li see confucianism

liar paradox dialetheism; logically perfect language;

para-consistent logic; paradoxes; redundancy theory of truth

liberalism anti-communism; autonomy; Berlin; Bobbio;

civil society; civil liberties; communitarianism;

Con-stant; constitutionalism; democracy and capitalism;

Dworkin; education, problems of the philosophy of;

equality; Feinberg; freedom; Green; Hegel; Hobhouse;

Humboldt; individualism; Kant; Left, the;

libertarian-ism, political; liberty; liberty and equality; Locke; Mill,

John Stuart; paternalism; philosophy, influence of;

pluralism; political philosophy, history of; political

phil-osophy, problems of; public–private distinction; Rawls;

rights; social engineering; unlikely philosophical

propositions

libertarianism freedom and determinism; origination

libertarianism,

left-libertarianism, political liberalism; markets; Nozick;

Right, the political new; Social Darwinism

libertinism Campanella; deism

liberty Berlin;civilliberties;Constant; democracy;

enforce-ment of morals; freedom and liberty; freedom of

good-ness and reason; freedom, political; Herzen; human

rights; liberty and equality; Marsilius; Mill, John Stuart;

Nozick; political philosophy, history of; political

phil-osophy, problems of; Rawls

liberty and equality equality; inequality; liberalism;

lib-erty; political freedom; political philosophy, history of;

political philosophy, problems of; well-being; Wilt

Chamberlain argument

lichtenberg Enlightenment

lie, noble see noble lie

lieh tzu

life evolution; form of life; life, meaning of; life,

philoso-phy of; psyche; quality of life; vitalism

life, form of see form of life

life, meaning of Chinese philosophy; existentialism; Hep-burn; Hindu philosophy; Indian philosophy; Japanese philosophy; Marcel; Moore; optimism and pessimism; religion, history of philosophy of; Sidgwick

life, philosophy of see abandonment; absurd; arendt;

aristippus; buddhist philosophy; chinese philosophy; existentialism; freedom and determinism; hindu philosophy; indian philosophy; kierkegaard; life, meaning of; marcel; marxist philosophy; moral phil-osophy, history of; moral philphil-osophy, problems of; nirvana; pessimism and optimism; plato; religion, his-tory of philosophy of; religion, problems of philoso-phy of; schopenhauer; spinoza

life, quality of see quality of life

life, the good life and death life and death death; deaths of philosophers; life, the good life and science science, problems of the philosophy of; scientism

life-world background; Frankfurt School; Husserl; interpretation

light of nature linguistic acts affirmative and negative propositions; Austin, J L.; constatives; Habermas; linguistic philosophy; pragmatics; referring; Searle; statements and sentences

linguistic philosophy analytic philosophy; Austin, J L.; English philosophy; metaphysics, problems of; Moore; ordinary language and philosophy; paradigm case argu-ment; philosophy; Ryle; Wittgenstein

linguistics, formal linguistics, philosophical relevance of Chomsky; gram-mar; language, history of the philosophy of; language, problems of the philosophy of; linguistics, formal; structure, deep and surface; universal grammar linguistic turn Wittgenstein

literature and philosophy aestheticism; art criticism; bladders of philosophy; clip an angel’s wings; comedy; death-of-the-author thesis; divine philosophy; fiction; fictional names; film, philosophy of; fingering slave; imagination, aesthetic; lumber of the schools; more things in heaven and earth; new philosophy calls all in doubt; nothing so absurd; nothing so extravagant and irrational; novel, the philosophical; Nussbaum; philosopher may preach; plagiarism; poetry; political philosophy, history of; sensibility; structuralism; taste locke associationism; clocks; contract; corpuscularian-ism; definition; English philosophy; epistemology, his-tory of; epistemology, problems of; freedom, political; human rights; ideas; innate ideas; inner sense; Irish phil-osophy; language, history of the philosophy of; latitu-dinarianism; Leibniz; liberalism; libertarianism, political; Maine de Biran; metaphysics, history of; metaphysics, problems of; mixture of labour; Molyneux problem; Oxford philosophy; personal identity; persons; philo-sophical inquiry; philosophy, influence of; political philosophy, history of; politics and the philosophers;

1030 Index and List of Entries

primary and secondary qualities; property; qualities;

scepticism, history of; state of nature; substance; tabula

rasa; trust

locutions see linguistic acts

logic, deontic see deontic logic

LOGIC, FORMAL algorithm; ancestral relation;

Ander-son and Belnap; antilogism; argument; Aristotle;

axiom; axiomatic method; Barbara, Celarent; Barcan

formula; biconditional; Boole; calculus; choice, axiom

of; Church; Church’s thesis; completeness; conjunction

and disjunction; connective; consilience; consistency

proofs; constant; contradiction; contraposition;

con-traries; converse; conversion; corollary; Craig’s

the-orem; dialetheism; decidability; decision procedure;

demonstration; De Morgan’s laws; denial of the

antecedent; deontic logic; distribution of terms;

domain; equipollence; equivalence; excluded middle,

law of; exportation; form, logical; formal language;

for-malization; formula; free logics; function; fuzzy logic;

generalization, rule of; Frege; Gentzen; Gödel;

harmony, logical; higher-order logic; horseshoe;

impli-cation, material; impredicative definition;

incomplete-ness; independence, logical; inference, immediate;

intuitionist logic; Jeffrey; Jevons; Kripke; lemma;

Les´niewski; logical constant; logical theory; logic,

his-tory of; logic, informal; logic, modern; logic,

second-order; logic, traditional; logical laws; logistic method;

·ukasiewicz; Marcus; many-valued logic; metalogic;

modal logic; natural deduction; normalization;

nota-tions, logical; obligationes; operation; paraconsistent

logic; Polish notation; Port-Royalists; predicate

calcu-lus; proof theory; propositional calcucalcu-lus; propositional

function; qualification; quantifier; quantity and quality;

quantum logic; reducibility, axiom of; relevance logic;

Russell; satisfaction; scope; sentential calculus;

senten-tial function; square of opposition; subalterns;

subcon-traries; supposition theory; syllogism; symmetric

relation; Tarski; tautology; term; theorem;

transpos-ition; truth-function; truth-table; unlikely philosophical

propositions; validity; variable; Wang; well-formed

for-mula; Appendix: Logical Symbols; Appendix: Maps of

Philosophy

logic, higher-order see higher-order logic

logic, history of LOGIC, FORMAL

logic, informal arguments, types of; reasoning

logic, intuitionist see intuitionist logic

logic, many-valued see many-valued logic

logic, modal see modal logic

logic, modern LOGIC, FORMAL

logic, philosophical see philosophical logic

logic, relevance see relevance logic

logic, second-order categoricity higher-order logic,

in-completeness

logic, traditional LOGIC, FORMAL

logic of discovery

logical atomism see atomism, logical

logical constants logic modern

logical determinism see determinism, logical

logical empiricism see empiricism, logical logical form see form, logical

logical laws logically perfect language Frege; language; Logical Positivism

logically proper names descriptions, theory of; index-icals; Russell

logical notations see notations, logical

logical positivism Ayer; Bayesian confirmation theory; boo-hoorah theory; Carnap; ‘continental’ and ‘analytic’ emotive theory of ethics; emotive and descriptive meaning; empiricism; God and the philosophers; Hume’s fork; journals of philosophy; language, history of the philosophy of; language, problems of the philosophy of; logical empiricism; logically perfect language; logical theory; meaning; moral philosophy, history of; moral philosophy, problems of; Nagel, E.; natural theology; Neurath; Popper; positivism; protocol sentences; Putnam; Quine; Reichenbach; religion, history of the philosophy of; scepticism; Schlick; scientism; synthetic a priori judge-ments; verification principle; verificationism; Vienna Circle

logical symbols, see Appendix; notations, logical; Polish

notation logical theory argument; logical truth; logic, modern; logic, traditional; logically proper name; metalogic; necessity, logical; philosophical logic; validity logical truth conceivability; logical theory; necessity, logical; philosophical logic

logically proper name Russell logicism arithmetic, foundations of; Frege; logic, history of; mathematics, history of the philosophy of; math-ematics, knowledge of; mathmath-ematics, problems of the philosophy of

logistic method logic, modern; natural deduction

logocentrism deconstruction; Derrida; différance

logos principle; reason london philosophy Ayer; Bentham; Butler, S.; Clifford;

De Morgan; Hampshire; Hobhouse; Lakatos; Mill, James; Mill, John Stuart; Oakeshott; Popper

lore, social see social science, philosophy of

lottery paradox paradoxes lotze

love agape¯; feminist philosophy; friendship; sex; sexual

morality; wisdom

love-feast see agape¯

lovejoy Critical Realism loyalty friendship; patriotism; trust; virtue lucretius Epicureanism; Roman philosophy lukács continental philosophy; Hungarian philosophy; Kierkegaard; Mannheim; Marx; Marxist philosophy; politics and the philosophers

łukasiewicz logic, history of; many-valued logic; Polish notation; Polish philosophy

lumber of the schools philosophy luther religion, history of the philosophy of lycan explanationism; functionalism

Index and List of Entries 1031

lying absolutism, moral; noble lie; self-deception; sincerity

lyotard post-modernism

mach empirio-criticism; evolutionary epistemology;

sci-ence, history of the philosophy of

machiavelli dirty hands; ends and means; politics and

the philosophers; Renaissance philosophy

macintyre histories of moral philosophy; narrative; virtue

mackie Australian philosophy; causality; cement of the

universe; conditionals; error theory of value; God,

arguments against the existence of; laws, natural or

sci-entific; moral philosophy, history of; moral scepticism;

religion, history of the philosophy of

macmurray

macrocosm and microcosm

madhva Indian philosophy; Veda¯nta

magnitude measurement; number

maimonides Crescas; Giles of Rome; Jewish philosophy;

religion, history of the philosophy of

maine de biran empiricism; French philosophy

mair Scottish philosophy; Thomism

maistre see de maistre

malcolm mind, history of the philosophy of;

Wittgen-steinians

malebranche Cartesianism; French philosophy; Leibniz;

occasionalism; representative theory of perception

MALIN GÉNIE brain in a vat; Descartes; metaphysics,

prob-lems of; scepticism, history of

mandeville

manichaeism religion, history of the philosophy of

manifold of sense awareness, sense; Kant; Kantianism;

perception; sensation

mannheim Hungarian philosophy

mantra Indian philosophy; Veda¯nta

many questions fallacy fallacies

many-valued logic ·ukasiewicz

MAPS OF PHILOSOPHY see Appendix

marcel existentialism

marcus Barcan formula; contradiction; deduction; modal

logic; propositional calculus

marcuse Frankfurt School; Marxist philosophy; utopianism

maritain neo-Thomism

markets capitalism; communism; conservatism;

Con-stant; invisible hand; international relations,

philoso-phy of; justice; Left, the political new; liberalism;

libertarianism; Marxist philosophy; political

philoso-phy, history of; socialism

markets and the public good

marriage love; sex; sexual morality

marsilius Italian philosophy

martin Australian philosophy

martineau virtue

marx Marxism after communism; Marxist philosophy

marxism after communism Marx, Marxism

marxist philosophy alienation; Althusser; anti-communism;

base and superstructure; bourgeoisie and proletariat;

capitalism; class struggle; Cohen, G A.; communism;

dialectical materialism; Elster; Engels; false

conscious-ness; Frankfurt School; French philosophy; German philosophy; Gramsci; historical materialism; histories

of moral philosophy; history, history of the philosophy of; history, problems of the philosophy of; ideology; Kautsky´; Kropotkin; law, scepticism about; Lenin; Lukács; Marcuse; Marx; Marxist philosophy; material contradiction; Neurath; Plekhanov; political philoso-phy, history of; political philosophiloso-phy, problems of; power; pragmatism; praxis; radical philosophy; Sartre; Serbian philosophy; socialism; Soviet philosophy; Trot-sky; utopianism

mary, black and white Jackson masaryk Czech Philosophy masculism epistemology, feminist; ethics, feminist; femi-nism; feminist philosophy; law, feminist philosophy of masked man fallacy fallacies; referential opacity master and slave Hegel; Nietzsche; slave morality master argument Philo the dialectician

master of those who know see aristotelianism

material constitution material contradictions dialectical materialism; Hegel; historical materialism; Marx; Marxist philosophy material implication conditionals; horseshoe; implica-tion; logic, modern; Philo the dialectician; relevance logic; unlikely philosophical propositions

materialism atomism; behaviourism; central state mater-ialism; dialectical matermater-ialism; Dühring; elimin-ativism; Hellenistic philosophy; historical materialism; Hobbes; Holbach; identity theory; La Mettrie; Martin; Marx; matter; metaphysics, history of; metaphysics, problems of; mind, history of the philosophy of; mind–body problem; monism, neutral; naturalism; physicalism; prime matter; Quinton; Santayana; Sellars,

R W.; Smart; Theophrastus; Weltanschauung materialism, central-state see central-state

material-ism

materialism, dialectical see dialectical materialism materialism, eliminative see eliminativism

materialism, historical see historical materialism material mode see formal and material modes mathematical intuitionism see intuitionism,

mathemat-ical

mathematical logic see formal logic

MATHEMATICS arithmetic, foundations of; Babbage– Chambers paradox; Black; Boole; Boolean algebra; Bolzano; Brouwer; calculus; Cantor; constructivism; continuum problem; counting; Dedekind; De Morgan; formalism; foundationalism in mathematics; Gödel; Gödel’s theorem; Goldbach’s conjecture; Hilbert; infini-tesimals; infinity; infinity, axiom of; intuitionism, mathe-matical; Kreisel; logicism; mathematics, history of the philosophy of; mathematics, knowledge of; mathemat-ics, problems of the philosophy of; Mill, John Stuart; Neumann; non-Euclidean geometry; number; Peano; predicative theories; science, history of the philosophy of; set theory; theorem; vicious-circle principle mathematics, history of the philosophy of MATH-EMATICS

1032 Index and List of Entries

mathematics, knowledge of

mathematics, problems of the philosophy of

MATH-EMATICS

matter atomism; Berkeley; dialectical materialism;

mater-ialism; metaphysics, history of; physicalism; prime

matter; nothingness; Santayana; substance

matter, prime see prime matter

maximin and minimax decision theory; game theory

maxwell’s demon energy; time

mcdowell heredity and environment

mcginn

mctaggart A-series and B-series; Hegelianism; Mellor;

metaphysics, history of; persecution of philosophers;

process philosophy; time

mead pragmatism

mean, doctrine of the Aristotle; character; moral

phil-osophy, history of; virtue

meaning background; cognitive meaning;

communica-tion; concept; definitions, explicit and implicit;

denota-tion and connotadenota-tion; emotive and descriptive

meaning; epistemology, problems of; focal meaning;

formal semantics, philosophical relevance of; Frege;

Grice; implicature; incomplete symbol; indexicals;

intensionality; language; language, history of the

phil-osophy of; language, problems of the philphil-osophy of;

language of thought; linguistic acts; linguistics, formal;

linguistics, philosophical relevance of; logical

posi-tivism; Meinong; metaethics; Millikan; mind, syntax,

and semantics; neustic and phrastic; Peirce; picture

the-ory of meaning; representation; rules; Russell;

seman-tics; sense and reference; sign and symbol; synonymy;

translation, indeterminacy of; use and meaning; use

and mention; Wittgenstein

meaning, cognitive see cognitive meaning

meaning,emotive and descriptive seeemotive and

descript-ive meaning

meaning, focal see focal meaning

meaning, picture theory of see picture theory of

mean-ing

meaning of life see life, meaning of

means see ends and means; instrumental value

measurement magnitude; number; quantum

mechan-ics, philosophical problems of; science, problems of the

philosophy of

mechanism determinism; freedom and determinism;

mind, history of the philosophy of; mind, problems of

the philosophy of; Theophrastus

medical ethics abortion; acts and omissions; applied ethics;

autonomy in applied ethics; bioethics; casuistry;

euthanasia; fertilization in vitro; Glover; slippery slope

medicine, philosophy of

medieval philosophy Abelard; Albert the Great;

analyt-ical Thomism; Anselm; Aquinas; Aristotelianism; ass,

Buridan’s; Augustine; Bacon, R.; Boethius;

Bonaven-tura; Buridan; casuistry; characteristica universalis; credo

quia absurdum est; credo ut intelligam; Duns Scotus;

Eng-lish philosophy; Enlightenment; epistemology, history

of; Giles of Rome; Gregory of Rimini; Grosseteste;

Henry of Ghent; hylomorphism; Kenny; Mair; malin génie; metaphysics, history of; Neoplatonism; Nicholas

of Autrecourt; Nicholas of Cusa; obligationes; Ockham;

Ockham’s razor; Pelagius; Peter of Spain; philosophy; philosophy, history of departments and centres of; Pla-tonism; principle of plenitude; Plotinus; political

phil-osophy, history of; pons asinorum; Porphyry; realism

and anti-realism; religion, history of the philosophy of; scholasticism; supposition theory; Thomism; Vitoria; Wyclif

megarics ancient philosophy meinong Brentano; German philosophy; metaphysics, history of; relations, nature of

melissus Eleatics; Pre-Socratic philosophy mellor probabilistic causality; time memory mnemic causation; quasi-memory mencius

mendelssohn Enlightenment; Jacobi; Jewish philosophy

meno’s puzzle see learning paradox men’s rights see masculism

mental acts see acts, mental

mental causation acts, mental; agent; belief; choosing and deciding; Davidson; epiphenomenalism; Hobbes; identity theory; intention; mental efficacy; mind, prob-lems of the philosophy of; motives and motivation; rea-sons and causes; thinking causes; volition; will mental events Brentano; dualism; emotion and feeling; functionalism; identity theory; intention; intentional-ity; mental acts; mentalintentional-ity; mental states; mind, history

of the philosophy of; mind, problems of the philosophy of; propositional attitudes

mental indispensability epiphenomenalism; mental cau-sation

mentality Brentano; ghost in the machine; inner sense; introspection; mind; mind, history of the philosophy of; mind, problems of the philosophy of; mind–body prob-lem; mind, syntax, and semantics

mental reductionism dualism; eliminativism; mind, his-tory of the philosophy of; mind, problems of the philosophy of; mind–body problem; physicalism; psy-chophysical laws; reductionism

mental states Brentano; dualism; emotion and feeling; functionalism; identity theory; intention; intentional-ity; mental acts; mental events; mind, history of the philosophy of; mind, problems of the philosophy of; physicalism; propositional attitudes

mereology Les´niewski; ontology; thing meritocracy aristocracy, natural; conservatism; élites; élitism

merleau-ponty Existentialism; French philosophy; phe-nomenology

meta-ethics emotivism; Hare; moral judgement; moral philosophy, history of; moral philosophy, problems of; moral realism; neustic and phrastic; objectivism and subjectivism; prescriptivism; right action; Stevenson metalanguage language; object language; semantic ascent; semantic theory of truth

metalogic logical theory

Index and List of Entries 1033

metaphilosophy philosophy

metaphor meaning

METAPHYSICS Absolute; A-series and B-series;

appear-ance and reality; Aristotle; Aristotelianism; backwards

causation; being; Berkeley; body; Cambridge change;

capacity; categories; causal asymmetry; causality;

chance; change; chaos; concrete universal; constant

conjunction; cosmogony; cosmology; creation;

descrip-tive metaphysics; determinables and determinates;

dis-position; esse est percipi; essence; essentialism; event;

existence; existential proposition; external world; fact;

final causes; genus and species; good, the form of;

haecceity; Hegel; Heidegger; Hume; idealism, British;

idealism, German; idealism, philosophical; Indian

philosophy; internal and external relations; Kant; kind,

natural; Leibniz; Logical Positivism; Marx; material

constitution; materialism; matter; mereology;

physics, history of; metaphysics, opposition to;

meta-physics, problems of; metameta-physics, revisionary; Mill,

John Stuart; mnemic causation; modal realism;

modal-ity and metaphysics; monism and pluralism; necessary

and contingent existence; necessity, metaphysical;

nom-inalism; non-being; nothingness; ontology;

panpsy-chism; particulars and non-particulars; persistence

through time; personalism; phenomena and noumena;

phenomenalism; philosophy; Plato; Platonism;

Ploti-nus; plurality of causes; posit; post hoc ergo propter hoc;

potentiality; Pre-Socratics; primary and secondary

qual-ities; prime matter; probabilistic causality; process;

propensity; properties; properties, individual; qualities;

real; realism and anti-realism; realism in metaphysics;

reality, levels of; relations; relations, internal and

exter-nal; revisionary metaphysics; rigid designator; space;

Schelling; Spinoza; substance and attribute; substratum;

teleological explanation; thing-in-itself; things; time;

time’s arrow; time-travel; transcendence;

transcenden-tal deduction; transcendentranscenden-tal idealism; transcendentranscenden-tal-

transcendental-ism; tropes; universals; vague objects; Whitehead;

Appendix: Maps of Philosophy

metaphysics, history of METAPHYSICS

metaphysics, opposition to analytic philosophy;

empiri-cism; Hume; linguistic philosophy; Logical Positivism;

metaphysics, history of; naturalism; philosophy;

verifi-cation principle; Vienna Circle; Wittgenstein

metaphysics, problems of METAPHYSICS

metaphysics, revisionary see revisionary metaphysics

metempsychosis see reincarnation

method, joint Mill; experiment; methodology; scientific

method

method, scientific see scientific method

method in philosophy see philosophical inquiry: first

premisses and principles

method of agreement experiment; methodology; Mill;

scientific method

method of concomitant variations experiment;

method-ology; Mill; scientific method

method of difference experiment; methodology; Mill;

scientific method

method of residues experiment; methodology; Mill; sci-entific method

methodic doubt see doubt

methodological holism and individualism economics, philosophy of; holism; social philosophy; social science, philosophy of

methodology methods; Mill’s; Poincaré; science, history

of the philosophy of; science, problems of the philoso-phy of; reductionism; scientific method

meyerson

microcosm see macrocosm and microcosm

mill, james associationism; Bentham; London philoso-phy; Mill, John Stuart

mill, john stuart axiological ethics; English philosophy; feminism; freedom and determinism; freedom, political; happiness; liberalism; liberty; London philosophy; lying; mathematics, history of philosophy of; method, joint; Mill, James; method of agreement; method of concomi-tant variation; method of difference; method of residue; names; Other; philosophical inquiry; philosophy; polit-ical philosophy, history of; politics and the philosophers; scientific method; self-regarding and other-regarding actions; uniformity of nature; utilitarianism

millikan mimesis fiction; literature and philosophy; Plato mill’s methods method of agreement; method of differ-ence; method, joint; method of residues; method of concomitant variations

mind action; acts, mental; agent; animal soul; anomalous monism; apperception; arthritis in the thigh; association-ism; atomism, psychological; attitude; awareness, sense; behaviourism; belief; biological naturalism; black box; blindsight; brain in a vat; Brentano; bundle theory

of the self; central-state materialism; Chinese room; choosing and deciding; cognition; cognitive science; computers; concept; conceptual scheme; connectionism; consciousness; consciousness, its irreducibility; content

of consciousness; cybernetics; deviance, causal; double aspect theory; dreams; dualism; ego; egoism, psy-chological; eidetic imagery; eliminativism; emergent properties, emotion and feeling; epiphenomenalism; epis-temology, problems of; experience; ESP phenomena, philosophical implications of; externalism; folk psych-ology; functionalism; Gestalt theory; ghost in the machine; Hartley; holism; homunculus; ideas; identity theory of mind; imagination; individualism and anti-individualism; innate ideas; inner sense; intelligence; intention; inten-tionality; interactionism; introspection; James–Lange theory; judgement; language of thought hypothesis; materialism; mechanism; memory; mental causation; mental efficacy; mental events; mentality; mental states; metaphysics, problems of; Mill, John Stuart; mind; mind, history of the philosophy of; mind, problems of the phil-osophy of; mind, syntax, and semantics; mind–body prob-lem; monism, neutral; mood; motives and motivation; neuroscience, philosophical relevance of; no-ownership theory; occasionalism; other-minds problem; pain; parallelism, psychophysical; personal identity; persons;

1034 Index and List of Entries

philosophy; physicalism; pleasure; privileged access;

propositional attitudes; psychology and philosophy;

psy-chology, philosophical relevance of; qualia; psychoneural

intimacy; psychophysical laws; quasi-memory;

ratiocina-tion; realizaratiocina-tion; reasons and causes; reductionism,

mental; representation; res cogitans; Ryle; self;

self-consciousness; self-deception; sensation; sentiments;

solipsism; spirit; stream of consciousness; subjectivity;

supervenience; tabula rasa; thinking; thinking causes;

topic-neutral; trying; Turing machine; unconscious and

subconscious mind; understanding; union theory;

unlikely philosophical propositions; variable realization;

volition; will; Wittgenstein; Appendix: Maps of Philosophy

mind, computational theories of artificial intelligence;

cognitive science; connectionism; parallel distributed

processing

mind, history of the philosophy of attention; belief and

desire; conciousness, neural correlates of; content,

non-conceptual; eliminativism; emergence; inverted

spec-trum; Mary, black and white; mind; passion and

emotion; privacy; reductionism, psychological, in

per-sonal identity

mind, problems of the philosophy of animal

concious-ness; attention; belief and desire; cognitive

architec-ture; conciousness, neural correlates of; content,

non-conceptual; eliminativism; emergence;

explana-tory gap; inverted spectrum; Mary, black and white;

mind; passion and emotion; privacy; reductionism,

psy-chological, in personal identity; simulation; theory

the-ory of mind; zombies

mind, syntax, and semantics Chinese room argument;

functionalism; Searle

mind–body problem anomalous monism; biological

nat-uralism; central-state materialism; consciousness, its

irreducibility; consciousness, neural correlates of;

double aspect theory; dualism; eliminativism;

emer-gence; epiphenomenalism; explanatory gap;

function-alism; ghost in the machine; identity theory;

interactionism; materialism; mind, history of the

phi-losophy of; mind, problems of the phiphi-losophy of;

neu-roscience, philosophical relevance of; occasionalism;

parallelism, psychophysical; physicalism; physicalism

in the philosophy of mind; psychoneural intimacy;

psy-chophysical laws; realization; reductionism, mental;

topic-neutral; union theory; variable realization;

Appendix: Maps of Philosophy

minimalism art, contemporary; deflationary theories of

truth; disquotation; redundancy theory of truth

minimax see maximin and minimax

miracles Hume; religion, history of the philosophy of;

religion, problems of the philosophy of

mixture of labour Locke; property

mnemic causation causality; memory

mo tzu

mochus

modal logic Barcan formula; Fine; free logics; logic,

modern; modality and metaphysics; possibility;

pos-sible worlds

modal realism Lewis, D

modality modal logic; necessity, epistemic; necessity, logical; modality and metaphysics; necessity, nomic; philosophical logic; possibility; possible worlds modality and metaphysics modality; modal logic mode properties, individual; properties; qualities; Spin-oza; substance and attribute

model theory models science, history of the philosophy of; science, problems of the philosophy of; theory

modern philosophy modernism Habermas; post-modernism

MODUS PONENS affirming the antecedent; logic, modern; propositional calculus; traditional logic

MODUS TOLLENS denying the antecedent; logic, modern; propositional calculus; traditional logic

molina Spanish philosophy molla¯ s˙adra¯ Islamic philosophy molyneux problem Irish philosophy monadology Leibniz; metaphysics, history of; relations, nature of

monism, anomalous see anomalous monism monism, neutral see neutral monism

monism and pluralism absolute; Bruno; idealism, philo-sophical; metaphysics, history of; neutral monism; reductionism; relations, nature of; Spinoza; substance and attribute

montague montaigne French philosophy; libertinism; scepticism, history of

monte carlo fallacy see gambler’s fallacy

montesquieu monty hall problem probability mood emotion and feeling

moods of the syllogism see syllogism

moore analytic philosophy; Cambridge philosophy; English philosophy; freedom and determinism; good; journals

of philosophy; life, meaning of; linguistic philosophy; moral philosophy, problems of; naturalism; Moore’s paradox; naturalistic fallacy; open question argument; scepticism; scepticism, history of

moore’s paradox

moral ideals see ideals, moral moralities, agent-relative see agent-relative moralities morality, public see enforcement of morality; public

morality; public–private distinction

morality, sexual see sexual morality morality, slave see slave morality morality and art see art and morality morality and religion see religion and morality

morality in political philosophy moral judgement boo-hoorah theory; categorical imper-ative; emotive and descriptive meaning; emotive the-ory of ethics; good; ‘is’ and ‘ought’; meta-ethics; moral philosophy, history of; moral philosophy, problems of; moral realism; moral sentiments; neustic and phrastic; objectivism and subjectivism; ought; prescriptivism; right; right action; universalizability

Index and List of Entries 1035

moral knowledge moral realism

moral law categorical imperative; Kant; right action

moral luck

moral motivation moral psychology

moral particularism

MORAL PHILOSOPHY absolutism, moral; acts and

omissions; akrasia; amorality; applied ethics;

asceti-cism; autonomy and heteronomy; axiological ethics;

belief, ethics of; bioethics; boo-hoorah theory; capital

punishment; categorical imperative; character;

cheat-ing; compatibilism and incompatibilism;

concupis-cence; conscience; consequentialism; constructivism in

ethics; consumerist ethics; courage; demandingness of

morals; deontic logic; deontological ethics; desert; dirty

hands; disability and morality; divine command ethics;

double effect; doxastic virtues; duty; economics and

morality; egoism and altruism; emotive and descriptive

meaning; emotive theory of ethics; ends and means;

environmental ethics; ethical formalism; ethical

natur-alism; ethical objectivism; ethical relativism; ethical

subjectivism; ethics, applied; ethics and aesthetics;

ethics and morality; ethics in Islamic philosophy;

evolu-tion and ethics; evoluevolu-tionary ethics; expressivism in

ethics; fact–value distinction; family, ethics and the;

felicific calculus; Foot; forgiveness; freedom and

deter-minism; genetics and morality; globalization, morality

and politics; Glover; golden mean; golden rule; good,

greatest; good-in-itself; good; good will; greatest

happi-ness principle; guilt; happihappi-ness; Hare; harm; hedonic

calculus; hedonism; histories of moral philosophy;

Hume; ideal observer; ideals, moral;

incommensurabil-ity, moral; Indian philosophy; instrumental value;

integrity; intuitionism, ethical; ‘is’ and ‘ought’; Islamic

ethics; Kagan; Kantian ethics; killing; Korsgaard; law

and morals; Locke; loyalty; lying; MacIntyre; marriage;

materialism; meta-ethics; morality, public; moral

judgement; moral knowledge; moral law; moral luck;

moral motivation; moral philosophy, history of; moral

philosophy, problems of; moral pluralism; moral

psy-chology; moral realism; moral scepticism; moral sense;

moral sentiments; naturalistic ethics; naturalistic

fal-lacy; natural law; needs; neustic and phrastic;

Nietz-sche; nihilism; non-natural properties; normative;

objectivism and subjectivism; obligation; open

ques-tion argument; ought; particularism, moral; perfecques-tion-

perfection-ism; person-affecting principles; philosophy;

popu-lation; practical reason; prescriptivism; pornography;

prioritarianism; Prichard; prisoner’s dilemma;

profes-sional ethics; projectivism; quasi-realism; realism and

anti-realism; reasons, internal and external; relativism,

moral; respect; responsibility; right; right action;

satisfice; Schopenhauer; self-deception; sentiments;

sexual morality; slave morality; slippery slope

argu-ment; Stevenson; stoicism; supererogation;

sym-pathy; trolley problem; unity of virtues;

universalizabil-ity, moral; utilitarianism; utility; value; virtue

episte-mology; virtues; war, just; Appendix: Maps of

Phil-osophy

moral philosophy, histories of see histories of moral

philosophy moral philosophy, history of MORAL PHILOSOPHY moral philosophy, problems of MORAL PHILOSOPHY moral psychology emotion and feeling; moral judge-ment; moral philosophy, history of; moral philosophy, problems of

moral pluralism pluralism, political moral realism descriptivism; emotivism; meta-ethics; moral judgement; moral knowledge; moral philosophy, prob-lems of; non-cognitivism; objectivism and subjectivism

in ethics; prescriptivism; quasi-realism; religion, scepti-cism about; unlikely philosophical propositions moral scepticism ethical relativism; moral realism; object-ivism and subjectobject-ivism in ethics

moral sense Butler, J.; conscience; Hume; Hutcheson; moral judgement; moral sentiments; Shaftesbury

moral sentiments moral judgement; moral philosophy history and problems of philosophy of; moral sense

moral virtues see virtues morals, enforcement of see enforcement of morals morals and law see law and morals

morality in political philosophy more things in heaven and earth philosophy mortalism immortality; soul

motion Achilles paradox; kinesis; medieval philosophy; Molla¯ S

˙adra¯; moving rows paradox; paradoxes; Zeno motives and motivation choosing and deciding; egoism and altruism; Hobbes; mental causation; reasons and causes; volition

moving rows paradox see stadium paradox

multiculturalism pluralism, political

MUNDUS IMAGINALIS Islamic philosophy; Sohravardi¯ murdoch novel, philosophical

music aesthetic attitude; aesthetics, history of; aesthetics, problems of; Budd; Langer

my station and its duties see bradley

mysticism holy, numinous, and sacred; Kabbalah; reli-gion, history of the philosophy of; religious experience; Sufism

myth of the given given na¯ga¯rjuna Buddhist philosophy; Indian philosophy nagel, ernest covering-law model; Logical Positivism; science, history of the philosophy of; theory

nagel, thomas dualism; equality; neutral monism; sexu-ality, philosophy of; subjectivity

nạve realism perception; representative theory of per-ception; Santayana; sense-data; veil of perception names descriptions, theory of; fictional names; flaccid designator; Kripke; logically proper names; philoso-phical logic; proper names; rigid designator; semantics

names, fictional see fictional names names, logically proper see logically proper names

narrative action; history, history and problems of the philosophy of

nasty, brutish, and short Hobbes; Leviathan; state of nature

1036 Index and List of Entries

national and regional philosophies African; American;

Australian; Canadian; Chinese; continental; Croatian;

Czech; Danish; English; Finnish; French; German;

Greek philosophy, modern; Indian; Irish; Italian;

Japan-ese; Korean; Latin American; Netherlands; New

Zealand; Norwegian; Polish; Russian; Scottish;

Ser-bian; Slovene; Spanish; Swedish

national character conservatism; nationalism; people;

self-determination

nationalism fascism; imperialism; international relations,

philosophy of; national character; people;

self-determination; Tanabe; war and philosophy

natural naturalism; nature; naturalistic fallacy;

norma-tive; sexual morality

natural aristocracy see aristocracy, natural

natural deduction Gentzen; harmony, logical;

intuition-ist logic; logintuition-istic method; normalization; proof theory;

propositional calculus; theorem

natural theology

naturalism biological naturalism; Buchler; consciousness;

Epicureanism; epistemology, problems of;

Ferrater-Mora; Kitcher; materialism; mathematics, problems of

the philosophy of; metaphysics, opposition to;

meta-physics, problems of; moral philosophy, problems of;

natural; nature; naturalistic fallacy; non-natural

proper-ties; Santayana; Sellars, R W

naturalism, biological see biological naturalism

naturalism, ethical descriptivism; fact–value distinction;

moral philosophy, history of; moral philosophy,

prob-lems of; naturalism; naturalistic fallacy; Sellars;

R W.; Smith

naturalistic fallacy empiricism; Frankena; good; ‘is’

and ‘ought’; Moore; moral philosophy, history of;

nat-uralism, ethical; nature; non-natural properties;

open-question argument

naturalized epistemology see naturalism

natural kinds see kind, natural

natural law Hobbes; law and morals; law, history of the

philosophy of; law, problems of the philosophy of; legal

positivism; moral philosophy, history of; natural rights;

Pufendorf; Roman philosophy

natural or scientific laws see laws, natural or

scien-tific

natural rights Bentham; Hobbes; human rights;

nat-ural law; law, history of philosophy of; law, problems of

philosophy of; nonsense upon stilts; rights

nature environmental ethics; evolution; laws, natural or

scientific; life; natural; naturalism; New England

Tran-scendentalism; Schelling; Schopenhauer; Spinoza;

Sto-icism; Thoreau; uniformity of nature

nature, human see human nature

nature, state of see state of nature

nature, uniformity of see uniformity of nature

NATURPHILOSOPHIE Bloch; evolution; nature; Schelling

necessary and contingent existence being; existence;

ontology; Plato

necessary and sufficient conditions causality;

condi-tional; necessity, logical

necessary statements see contingent and necessary

state-ments

necessitarianism see freedom and determinism;

deter-minism

necessity see causality; contingent and necessary

state-ments; laws, natural or scientific; necessity, epis-temic; necessity, logical; necessity, metaphysical; necessity, nomic; necessary and sufficient condi-tions; necessary and contingent existence

necessity, epistemic certainty; knowledge; necessity, meta-physical; philosophical logic

necessity, logical apodeictic; analytic and synthetic state-ments; a priori and a posteriori; conditional;

contradic-tion; de re and de dicto; implicacontradic-tion; inference; logic,

modern; logic, traditional; modal logic; necessary and sufficient conditions; necessity, metaphysical; philo-sophical logic; possibility; possible worlds; Wittgen-stein

necessity, metaphysical Kripke; names; necessity, logical; necessity, nomic; philosophical logic; possible worlds necessity, nomic causality; Hume; induction; Kant; laws, natural or scientific; metaphysics, history of; necessity, logical; necessity, metaphysical; philosophical logic needs ethical naturalism; human nature; naturalistic ethics; well-being

negation and double negation affirmative and negative propositions; intuitionist logic; logic, traditional; non-being and nothing; nothingness; nothingness, absolute; philosophical logic

negative and positive freedom see liberty negative proposition see affirmative proposition

negritude African philosophy; black philosophy neo-confucianism Chinese philosophy; Japanese phil-osophy; Korean philphil-osophy; Chu Hsi

neo-kantianism Avenarius; Cassirer; Cohen, H.; episte-mology, history of; Kantian ethics; Kantianism; Kelsen neoplatonism ancient philosophy; footnotes to Plato; Islamic philosophy; medieval philosophy; metaphysics, history of; Plato; Platonism; Plotinus; Porphyry; Pro-clus; Roman philosophy

neo-pragmatism American philosophy; pragmatism; Res-cher; Rorty

neo-thomism analytical Thomism; Gilson; Maritain;

Thom-ism; Veritatis Splendor

netherlands philosophy Brouwer; Grotius; Spinoza neumann computers; game theory; quantum logic neurath Logical Positivism; boat, Neurath’s; Vienna Circle

neurath’s boat see boat, neurath’s

neuroscience, philosophical relevance of conscious-ness, neural correlates of; eliminativism; epiphenome-nalism; freedom and determinism; identity theories; mind–body problem; psychoneural intimacy

neustic and phrastic Hare; prescriptivism neutral monism James; Russell

newcomb’s paradox paradoxes; prediction new england transcendentalism Emerson; Thoreau; transcendentalism

Index and List of Entries 1037

new philosophy calls all in doubt

new realism Critical Realism; Perry

new riddle of induction see grue

new right, political see right, the political new

newton mathematics, history of the philosophy of;

science, history of the philosophy of; space

new zealand philosophy Australian philosophy; Bennett;

Mackie; Prior

nicholas of autrecourt medieval philosophy

nicholas of cusa medieval philosophy; Platonism;

Renai-ssance philosophy

nietzsche aesthetics, history of; Dionysian and

Apollon-ian; eternal recurrence; German philosophy; God and

the philosophers; God is dead; Heidegger; histories of

moral philosophy; idols; master and slave; moral

phil-osophy, history of; pessimism and optimism;

Platon-ism; popular philosophy; punishment; Rée; religion,

history of the philosophy of; resentment; slave

moral-ity; superman; tragedy; transvaluation of values;

vital-ism; will to power; Zoroastrianism

nihilism God is dead; moral philosophy, history of;

Nietz-sche; Nishitani; relativism, moral; Russian philosophy

nirvana Buddhist philosophy; Korean philosophy;

Na¯ga¯r-juna

nishida kitaro¯ Japanese philosophy; nothingness, absolute

nishitani keiji Japanese philosophy; nothingness, absolute

nkrumah African philosophy

noble lie lying; Plato; propaganda; teaching and

indoc-trinating

nocturnal council see plato

no false lemmas principle see lemma

nomic causality; natural or scientific law; necessity,

nomic

nominalism abstract entities; Goodman; medieval

phil-osophy; Ockham; realism and anti-realism; universals

nomological see nomic

nomological danglers see identity theory of mind

non-being and nothing affirmative and negative

propos-itions; Indian philosophy; negation and double

negation; nothingness; nothingness, absolute; Sartre;

void

non-cognitivism descriptivism; emotivism; moral

phil-osophy, problems of; moral realism; prescriptivism;

quasi-realism

non-contradiction, law of contradiction; propositional

calculus

non-euclidean geometry mathematics, history of the

philosophy of; physics, philosophical problems of;

space

non-natural properties ethical naturalism; Moore;

natur-alism; naturalistic fallacy

nonsense meaning; nothingness; verification principle

nonsense upon stilts Bentham; natural rights

no-ownership theory self; subject

normalization Gentzen; natural deduction; proof

normative value

norms, epistemic epistemology; knowledge

norwegian philosophy Elster; Hannay; Føllesdal

nothingness affirmative and negative proposition; Hei-degger; negation and double negation; non-being and nothing; nothingness, absolute; Sartre; void

nothingness, absolute Japanese philosophy; Korean phil-osophy; Nishida; Nishitani; non-being and nothing; nothingness; Tanabe; Watsuji

notations, logical Appendix A: Logical Symbols; Polish notation

nothing see non-being and nothing

nothingness Heidegger nothingness,absolute Japanese philosophy; Nishida; Nishi-tani

nothing so absurd philosophy nothing so extravagant and irrational philosophy

noumena see phenomena and noumena NOUS ancient philosophy

novel,the philosophical de Beauvoir; literature and phil-osophy; poetry; Sartre

nozick conservatism; libertarianism; mixture of labour; scepticism; Wilt Chamberlain argument

n-tuple see ordered set

number arithmetic, foundations of; Burali-Forti paradox; constructivism; counting; Dedekind; Frege; Gold-bach’s conjecture; Husserl; infinity; infinitesimals; magnitude; mathematics, history of philosophy of; mathematics, problems of the philosophy of; measure-ment; particulars and non-particulars; predicative theories; Russell; science, history of the philosophy of

numinous see holy, numinous, and sacred

nussbaum oakeshott conservatism; political scepticism oar in water jaundice; illusion; perception objectivism and subjectivism fact; knowledge; object-ivism and subjectobject-ivism in ethics; truth

objectivism and subjectivism, ethical emotivism; error theory; law and morals; moral judgement; moral phil-osophy, history of; moral philphil-osophy, problems of; moral realism; moral relativism; objectivism and

sub-jectivism; prescriptivism; Veritatis Splendor objectivity, historical see history, problems of the

philosophy of object language metalanguage obligation deontic logic; duty; egoism and altruism; ethics and aesthetics; moral philosophy, history of; moral philosophy, problems of; ought; right action; rights

OBLIGATIONES logic, history of; medieval philosophy observation and theory theory

obversion logic, traditional occasionalism Cartesianism; Geulincx; Leibniz; Male-branche; parallelism, psychophysical

ockham English philosophy; law, history of the philoso-phy of; metaphiloso-physics, history of; nominalism; Ockham’s razor; religion, history of the philosophy of

ockham’s razor Ockham; Poincaré; simplicity o’neill

one-over-many problem universals ontological argument for the existence of god Anselm; Duns Scotus; God, arguments for; Leibniz;

1038 Index and List of Entries

metaphysics, history of; Plantinga; religion, scepticism

about; Spinoza

ontology being; Brentano; existence; existential

propos-ition; Hartmann, N.; Heidegger; Indian philosophy;

Leibniz; matter; Meinong; necessary and contingent

existence; philosophy; real; substance; ‘to be’, the verb;

things

opacity and transparency see referential opacity

open and closed thought belief; knowledge; scepticism

open question argument fact–value distinction; good;

Moore; moral philosophy, history of; naturalistic

fallacy; non-natural properties

open texture vagueness

operation logic, modern

operationalism behaviourism; Bridgman; Logical

Posi-tivism; science, history of the philosophy of

optimism and pessimism see pessimism and optimism

or see conjunction and disjunction

ordered pair see ordered set

ordered set

ordinary language and philosophy analytic philosophy;

Austin, J L.; linguistic philosophy; Moore; Oxford

philosophy; philosophical inquiry: first premisses and

principles; Wittgenstein

ordinary-language philosophy see linguistic

philoso-phy; austin, j l

organic society aristocracy, natural; conservatism; society

original position consent; contract, social; justice; Rawls;

veil of ignorance

original sin Pelagius; religion, history of the philosophy

of; sin

origination agent-causation; compatibilism and

incom-patibilism; determinism; freedom and determinism;

indeterminism; libertarianism; self; spontaneity and

indifference; will

ortega y gasset Spanish philosophy

ostensive definition definition; grammar, autonomy of;

samples, explanation by; Wittgenstein

other, the French philosophy; Levinas; other-minds

prob-lem

other minds intersubjective; mind, history of the

phil-osophy of; persons; other; solipsism

regarding actions see self-regarding and

other-regarding actions

ought duty; Hare; ‘is’ and ‘ought’; moral judgement;

obligation; right action

‘ought’ and ‘is’ see ‘is’ and ‘ought’

overdetermination undetermination

overman see superman

owen focal meaning

owl of minerva Hegel

oxford calculators

oxford philosophy English philosophy; Hegelianism;

ideal-ism; philosophy, history of centres and departments

of

pain emotion and feeling; mental state; mind, problems

of the philosophy of; moral psychology; sensation

paine politics and the philosophers panpsychism Dögen; pantheism; Sprigge pantheism Goethe; panpsychism; Spinoza; Toland papineau science, problems of the philosophy of paraconsistent logic liar paradox

paradigm, scientific see kuhn

paradigm case argument linguistic philosophy

paradigms in science see kuhn

paradox of analysis paradoxes Achilles paradox; Arrow’s paradox; Babbage– Chambers paradox; bald man paradox; barber paradox; Berry’s paradox; Bertrand’s paradox; Burali-Forti’s paradox; Cantor’s paradox; class paradox; examination paradox; Grelling’s paradox; heap, paradox of; identity, paradox of; learning paradox; liar paradox; lottery dox; moving rows paradox; Newcomb’s paradox; para-dox of analysis; parapara-doxes, logical; philosophical logic; prediction paradox; preface paradox; raven’s paradox; reducibility, axiom of; Richard’s paradox; Russell’s paradox; semantic theory of truth; Skolem paradox; Socratic paradox; stadium paradox; two-envelopes paradox; voting paradox; Weyl’s paradox; Zeno of Elea paradoxes, logical

parallel distributed processing connectionism parallelism, psychophysical Leibniz; mind, history of the philosophy of; mind–body problem; occasionalism; pre-established harmony

paralogisms Kant

paraphrasis see bentham; contextual definition

pareto optimality parfit Buddhist philosophy; future generations; person-affecting principles; personal identity; persons; reduc-tionism, psychological, in personal identity; self; self-defeating theories

parmenides Eleatics; language, history of the philosophy of; Pre-Socratic philosophy; rationalism; science, his-tory of the philosophy of; space

parsimony, law of see ockham’s razor

partiality and impartiality equality; fairness particles and waves

particular proposition logic, traditional; predicate cal-culus; statements and sentences; universal propos-ition

particularism, moral particulars and non-particulars properties, individ-ual; things; universal

pascal pascal’s wager God, arguments for the existence of passion emotion and feeling; Hume; passion and emo-tion; reason as slave of the passions

passion and emotion emotion and feeling; passion

passions, reason as the slave of see reason as slave of

the passions

past see time

paternalism Feinberg; liberalism; Mill, John Stuart; polit-ical philosophy, history of; suicide; welfarism patriotism loyalty

peacocke content, non-conceptual

Index and List of Entries 1039