The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 105 pdf

fallacy affirming the consequent; ambiguous middle;argument; begging the question; composition and division, fallacies of; confectionery; definist; equivoca-tion; four-term; gambler’s; g

fallacy affirming the consequent; ambiguous middle;

argument; begging the question; composition and

division, fallacies of; confectionery; definist;

equivoca-tion; four-term; gambler’s; genetic; ignoratio elenchi;

intentional; many questions; masked man; Monte

Carlo; naturalistic; philosophical logic; straw man

fallibilism Dewey; falisifiability; Peirce

false consciousness Marx; Marxist philosophy

falsifiability fallibilism; verifiability

family, ethics and the

family resemblance Wittgenstein

fanon violence, political

fa¯ra¯bi¯, al- Islamic philosophy; Platonism

fascism anti-communism; Gentile; Italian philosophy;

race, theories of; racism; State, the; right, the political

new; totalitarianism

fashion in philosophy American philosophy; English

philosophy; French philosophy; German philosophy;

journals of philosophy; national and regional

philoso-phies; philosophical inquiry: first premisses and

prin-ciples; philosophy; philosophy, history of centres and

departments of

fatalism astrology; Calvinism; destiny; determinism, logical;

many-valued logics; Master Argument; Molina;

sea-battle argument

fear emotion and feeling

feeling see emotion and feeling

feinberg

felicific calculus see hedonic calculus

feminism care, ethics of; Conway; de Beauvoir;

episte-mology, feminist; equality; feminism, radical; feminist

epistemology; feminist ethics; feminist philosophy;

feminist philosophy of science; feminist political

theory; gender; Hélọse complex; Irigaray; Kristeva;

law, feminist philosophy of; Le Dœuff; lesbian

femi-nism; Levinas; love; masculism; Mill, John Stuart; public–

private distinction; Radcliffe Richards; radical

philoso-phy; Schutz; science, feminist philosophy of; sexism;

sexuality, philosophy of; social constructionism;

Woll-stonecraft; women in philosophy

feminism, lesbian see lesbian feminism

feminism, radical feminism; feminist political theory

feminist epistemology see epistemology, feminist;

mas-culism

feminist ethics care, ethics of; feminism; feminist

phil-osophy; feminist political theory; masculism

feminist philosophy care, ethics of; Conway; de

Beau-voir; epistemology, feminist; feminism; feminism,

rad-ical; feminist epistemology; feminist ethics; feminist

philosophy of science; gender; Hélọse complex;

Iri-garay; Kristeva; law, feminist philosophy of; Le Dœuff;

lesbian feminism; Levinas; masculism; Mill, John

Stu-art; public–private; Radcliffe Richards; Schutz; science,

feminist philosophy of; sexism; social constructionism;

Wollstonecraft; women in philosophy

feminist philosophy of law seelaw,feminist philosophy of

feminist philosophy of science see science, feminist

phil-osophy of

feminist political philosophy feminism; feminism, rad-ical; feminist ethics

ferguson Scottish philosophy ferrater-mora Spanish philosophy fertilization in vitro applied ethics; medical ethics; slip-pery slope

feuerbach German philosophy; Hegelianism; Left Hege-lians

feyerabend mind, history of the philosophy of; science, history of the philosophy of; science, problems of phil-osophy of

fichte German philosophy; idealism, German; idealism, philosophical; Kantianism; national character; Romanticism, philosophical; war and philosophy;

Wissenschaftslehre

ficino Italian philosophy; Platonism; Renaissance phil-osophy

fiction fictional names; literature and philosophy fictional names names; referring

fideism faith and reason; God and the philosophers field mathematics, problems of the philosophy of field theory

figures of the syllogism see syllogism

film, philosophy of filmer Locke final causes causality; teleological explanation fine

fingering slave finnis law, history of the philosophy of; law, problems of the philosophy of

finnish philosophy Hintikka

fire see bachelard first cause argument arkhe¯; God, arguments for the

existence of; God, arguments against the existence of; prime mover

first-person perspective see dualism

five ways Aquinas; God, arguments against the existence of; God, arguments for the existence of

flaccid designator Kripke; names; possible worlds; rigid designator

flesh see merleau-ponty flow of the wind see korean philosophy

flux Heraclitus; process focal meaning meaning fodor holism; language of thought hypothesis; unity of science

fogelin folk psychology Churchland; eliminativism; neuroscience, philosophical relevance of; Stich

føllesdal Norwegian philosophy foot moral philosophy, history of; virtues footnotes to plato ancient philosophy; Neoplatonism; philosophy; Platonism; Whitehead

foreknowledge see prediction

forgery lying; plagiarism forgiveness atonement; hell; moral psychology for-itself and in-itself bad faith; de Beauvoir; Sartre; slime

1020 Index and List of Entries

fork, hume’s analytic and synthetic statements; a priori

and a posteriori; contingent and necessary statements;

Hume; reason as slave of the passions

form, logical logic, modern

formal and material mode

formalism Kreisel; logic, history of; mathematics, history

of the philosophy of; mathematics, problems of the

philosophy of; realism and anti-realism

formalism, ethical see ethical formalism

formalization formal language; form, logical

formal language formalization; independence, logical;

logic, modern

formal logic see logic, formal or symbolic

formal semantics, philosophical relevance of

seman-tics

form and matter Aristotle; Forms, Platonic;

hylomorph-ism; matter; Plato; prime matter

form of life culture; linguistic philosophy; Winch;

Witt-genstein

forms, platonic anamnesis; Aristotle; Augustine; cave,

analogy of; idealism, philosophical; ideas;

mathemat-ics, problems of the philosophy of; metaphysmathemat-ics, history

of; phenomena and noumena; philosophy; Plato;

Pla-tonism; Plotinus; Schopenhauer; Socrates; third-man

argument; transcendentalism; universals

formula logic, modern

foucault French philosophy; homosexuality; sexuality,

philosophy of

foundationalism boat, Neurath’s; Chisholm; empiricism;

epistemology; history of; epistemology, problems of;

given; justification, epistemic; knowledge; principle;

religion, problems of philosophy of; Rorty

foundationalism in mathematics Gưdel

four freedoms democracy; freedom; liberty

four noble truths see buddhist philosophy

four-term fallacy fallacies

frame problem

frankena

frankfurt

frankfurt school Adorno; Benjamin; continental

phil-osophy; German philphil-osophy; Habermas; ideology;

Marcuse; Marxist philosophy

franklin

fraternity community; friendship

frede

free, freedom see freedom and determinism; freedom,

political

free logics

freedom, academic see academic freedom

freedom, political anarchism; contract, social;

democ-racy; four freedoms; freedom of speech; freedom,

polit-ical; Hegel; liberalism; liberty; Marsilius; Marxist

philosophy; political freedom; political philosophy,

his-tory of; political philosophy, problems of; rights

freedom and determinism Abelard; agent-causation

Augus-tine; autonomy and heteronomy; Calvin; Calvinism;

chance; chaos theory; choosing and deciding;

compati-bilism and incompaticompati-bilism; destiny; determinism;

Edwards, J.; embraced and reluctant desires; Epictetus; fatalism; Frankfurt; freedom and determinism; free-dom through reason and goodness; Hegel; Hegelian-ism; Hobbes; Hume; indeterminHegelian-ism; James; Kant; libertarianism; mechanism; metaphysics, problems of; mind, history of the philosophy of; Molina; moral philosophy, problems of; neuroscience, philosophical relevance of; origination; paradigm case argument; prediction; quantum theory and philosophy; res-ponsibility; Sartre; Schopenhauer; Spinoza; spontane-ity and indifference; Stoicism; Strawson; Thomism; will

freedom and liberty liberty freedom of goodness and reason Hegel; liberty; Sto-icism

freedom of speech civil liberties

freedoms, four see four freedoms

free riders

free will see freedom and determinism, origination

frege indexicals; indirect discourse; language, history of the philosophy of; language, problems of the philoso-phy of; logically perfect language; logical theory; logic, history of; logicism; materialism; mathematics; history

of the philosophy of; meaning; names; propositional calculus; psychologism; quantifier; sense and reference; tone; saturated and unsaturated expressions

french philosophy Arnauld; Bachelard; Barthes; Bau-drillard; Bayle; Bergson; Brillat-Savarin; Brunschvicg; Camus; Cartesianism; Comte; Condillac; Condorcet;

‘continental’ and ‘analytic’; continental philosophy; Couturat; d’Alembert; de Beauvoir; deconstruction;

Deleuze; Derrida; Descartes; Diderot; différance; dis-course; Durkheim; élan vital; Encyclopaedists;

existen-tialism; Fanon; Foucault; French philosophy; Gassendi; Geulincx; Gilson; Hélọse complex; Helvétius; Hol-bach; Irigaray; Lacan; Lévi-Strauss; Levinas; Lévy-Bruhl; Lyotard; Maine de Biran; Malebranche; Marcel; Merleau-Ponty; Meyerson; Montaigne; Montesquieu; Other; Pascal; philosophes; philosophy, history of centres and departments of; Port-Royalists; post-modernism; Renouvier; Ricœur; Rousseau; Saint-Simon; Sartre; Sorel; structuralism; Voltaire; Weil french philosophy today ‘continental’ and ‘analytic’

frequency theory see probability

freud counselling, philosophical; Jung; Lacan; pseudo-science; psychoanalysis, philosophical problems of; Reich; Ricœur; Sartre; unconscious and subconscious mind

friendship egoism and altruism; fraternity; loyalty; love fringe philosophy

function argument; Frege; propositional function; values

functional explanation see teleological explanation

functionalism Armstrong; Block; Chinese room; con-sciousness, its irreducibility; Dennett; epiphenomenal-ism; inverted spectrum; Lycan; Mary, black and white; mind, history of the philosophy of; mind, problems

of the philosophy of; mind, syntax, and semantics;

Index and List of Entries 1021

psychology and philosophy; Putnam; realization;

reductionism, mental; Searle; Shoemaker; Turing

machine; unlikely philosophical propositions; variable

realization

future see time

future contingents sea-battle argument

future generations person-affecting principles;

popula-tion

fuzzy logic

gabirol see ibn gabirol

gadamer hermeneutics

galen ancient philosophy

galileo cosmology; new philosophy calls all in doubt;

science, history of the philosophy of; Platonism

gambler’s fallacy fallacy

game theory Braithwaite; decision theory; maximin and

minimax; Neumann

gandhi Indian philosophy

garden, the see epicureanism

gassendi Cartesianism; Descartes; French philosophy

gauthier Canadian philosophy; contractarianism; moral

philosophy, history of

gavagai see translation, indeterminacy of

geach analytical Thomism; identity; Wiggins

GEIST seespirit

gender ethics, feminist; feminism; feminist philosophy;

masculism; sex

generalization universal proposition; law, natural or

scientific; philosophical logic

generalization, rule of predicate calculus

general properties see properties, general

general will political philosophy, history of; Rousseau

generations, justice between development ethics; justice

genetic epistemology see epistemology, genetic

genetic fallacy reliabilism; testimony

genetics and morality bioethics

genius Diderot; great man theory of history;

Romanti-cism, philosophical

gentile Hegelianism; Italian philosophy; politics and the

philosophers

gentzen natural deduction; normalization; proof theory

genus and species categories; definition; determinables

and determinates; infima species, Porphyry

german philosophy Adorno; Albertus Magnus;

anthro-pology, philosophical; Avenarius; Barth; Bauer;

Ben-jamin; Bonhoeffer; Burckhardt; Cassirer; ‘continental’

and ‘analytic’; Dasein; Dilthey; Feuerbach; Fichte;

Frankfurt School; Gadamer; German philosophy;

Goethe; Habermas; Hartmann, E von; Hartmann, N.;

Heidegger; Hegel; Hegelianism; Herder; hermeneutics;

Humboldt; Husserl; idealism, philosophical; Ingarden;

Jacobi; Jaspers; Kant; Kantian ethics; Kantianism;

Kaut-sky; Kraus; Leibniz; Lessing; Lichtenberg; Lotze;

Luther; Marx; Meinong; Mendelssohn;

Naturphiloso-phie; neo-Kantianism; Nietzsche; nothingness;

phenom-enology; philosophes; philosophy, history of centres

and departments of; Pufendorf; Reichenbach; Scheler;

Schelling; Schiller; Schlegel; Schleiermacher; Schlick;

Schopenhauer; Stirner; Tugendhat; Vaihinger; Verste-hen; Vienna Circle; Weber; Weltanschauung; Wis-senschaftslehre; Wolff

german philosophy today ‘continental’ and ‘analytic’ gestalt theory perception; seeing as

gettier counter-example, philosophy by; knowledge geulincx Cartesianism; Netherlands philosophy gewirth rights

ghaza¯li¯, al- Islamic philosophy ghost in the machine Descartes; dualism; ego; mental-ity; mind, history of the philosophy of; mind, problems

of the philosophy of; Ryle; self; subjectivity gibbard

giles of rome gilson neo-Thomism given, the certainty; incorrigibility; foundationalism; Lewis,

C I.; myth of the given; neo-Kantianism; perception; representative theory of perception; scepticism; scepti-cism, history of; sense-data

globalization, morality, politics and ethics develop-ment ethics; markets and the public good

glover killing gnoseology knowledge gnosticism Platonism god analytical Thomism; Anselm; antitheism; Aquinas; atheism and agnosticism; Bonhoeffer; Boyle;

Bright-man; Buber; Bultmann; Cajetan; Calvinism; causa sui;

Conway; cosmological argument; cosmology and

reli-gious belief; creationism; credo quia absurdum est; credo

ut intelligam; deism; design, argument from; Duns

Sco-tus; evil, the problem of; Feuerbach; first cause argu-ment; Gilson; God; God and the philosophers; God, arguments against the existence of; God, arguments for the existence of; God is dead; godmanhood; hell; holy, numinous, and sacred; Islamic philosophy; Jansenism; Jewish philosophy; Laplace; Maimonides; Manichaeism; neo-Thomism; Nietzsche; Nicholas of Cusa; onto-logical argument; pantheism; Pascal’s wager; Plantinga; prime mover; Ra¯ma¯nuja; religion, history of the phil-osophy of; religion, problems of the philphil-osophy of; reli-gion, scepticism about; Schelling; Spinoza; Swinburne; teleological argument for the existence of God; theism;

Thomism; Thomism, analytical; veritatis splendor

god, arguments against the existence of atheism and agnosticism; God and the philosophers; evil, the prob-lem of; religion, scepticism about

god, arguments for the existence of Aquinas; cosmo-logical argument; design; first cause; ontocosmo-logical argu-ment; religion, history of the philosophy of; religion, problems of the philosophy of; religion, scepticism about; religious experience; teleological argument god and the philosophers atheism and agnosticism; Berkeley; Feuerbach; hell; Hume; Kant; religion, scep-ticism about; Spinoza; fideism; Hegel; Nietzsche; reli-gion, history of the philosophy of; relireli-gion, problems of the philosophy of; Russell; Sartre; theology and phil-osophy

1022 Index and List of Entries

gödel choice, axiom of; completeness; decidability; Gödel’s

theorem; formalism; incompleteness; logic, history of;

logic, modern; mathematics, history of the philosophy

of; Russell; Wang

gödel’s theorem Gödel; logic, history of; mathematics,

history of philosophy of; mechanism

god is dead Nietzsche; nihilism

godmanhood Solovyov

godwin anarchism

goethe German philosophy; Schopenhauer

goldbach’s conjecture number

golden mean see mean, doctrine of the

golden mountain see meinong

golden rule natural rights; universalizability

goldman knowledge

good aesthetics, history of; aesthetics, problems of;

axiological ethics; good, greatest good, the form of;

good in itself; good will; instrumental value; moral

judgement; moral philosophy, history of; moral

philosophy, problems of; naturalistic fallacy; natural

law; obligation; right action; slave morality; Stoicism;

summum bonum; transvaluation of values; utility;

value; virtues; well-being

good, greatest Buddhist philosophy; moral philosophy,

problems of; Plotinus; summum bonum; utilitarianism

good, the form of transcendence

good-in-itself ends and means; instrumental value;

moral philosophy, problems of

goodman aesthetics, history of; grue; mereology; music

good will Kant; Kantian ethics

gorgias Plato; Sophists

grace

grammar Chomsky; linguistics; structure, deep and

sur-face; statements and sentences

grammar, autonomy of beetle in the box; grammatical

proposition; Wittgenstein

grammatical proposition grammar, autonomy of;

Witt-genstein

gramsci Italian philosophy; Marxist philosophy; politics

and the philosophers

greatest happiness principle Bentham; Mill; happiness;

hedonic calculus; political philosophy, history of;

Priestley; utilitarianism; utility

great man theory of history history, history of the

philosophy of

great-souled man Aristotle

greek philosophy see ancient philosophy; greek

phil-osophy, modern

greek philosophy, modern

green English philosophy; idealism, British; liberalism;

Oxford philosophy

gregory of rimini medieval philosophy

grelling’s paradox heterological and homological;

para-doxes; Weyl’s paradox

grice implicature; meaning; Lexicon, the Philosophical;

pragmatics

griffin well-being

grossman Meinong

grosseteste grotius law, history of the philosophy of; libertarianism, left-; Netherlands philosophy

grue Goodman; induction grünbaum science, history of the philosophy of guilt moral psychology; original sin; Pelagius; shame guru Indian philosophy; Veda¯nta; Tantra

habermas Frankfurt School; law and continental philoso-phy; Lyotard

habit memory see memory

hacking haecceity essence; properties; qualities halevi Jewish philosophy

hallucination illusion hamilton Scottish philosophy hamlyn epistemology, history of; metaphysics, history of hampshire London philosophy

hannay Kierkegaard; Norwegian philosophy

hao wang see wang

happiness Bentham; Epicureanism; eudaimonia; greatest happiness principle; Hartmann, E von; hedonic calcu-lus; Mill, John Stuart; moral philosophy, history of; pleasure; utilitarianism; well-being

hard determinism see freedom and determinism

hare akrasia; fact–value distinction; moral philosophy, history of; prescriptivism; universalizability, moral; neustic and phrastic

harm consequentialism harman explanationism harmony, logical natural deduction harmony, pre-established Leibniz hart law, history of philosophy of; law, positive; law, problems of philosophy of; responsibility

hartley associationism hartmann, eduard von German philosophy hartmann, nicolai German philosophy hartshorne process philosophy harvard philosophy American philosophy; philosophy, history of centres and departments of

hayek anti-communism; conservatism; political scepti-cism; progress

heap, paradox of bald man paradox; paradoxes; philo-sophical logic; vagueness

heaven hell; religion, history of the philosophy of; reli-gion, problems of philosophy of

hedonic calculus Bentham; hedonism; utilitarianism hedonism asceticism; Bradley; hedonism, ancient; moral philosophy, history of; pleasure; self-defeating theories; utilitarianism

hedonism, ancient Aristippus; Aristotle; Democritus; Epicurus; Plato; pleasure; utilitarianism

hegel Adorno; aesthetics, history of; civil society; concrete universal; continental philosophy; epistemology, his-tory of; dialectic; German philosophy; Hegelianism; history, history of the philosophy of; idealism, German; idealism, philosophical; learning paradox; Marx; master and slave; material contradiction; metaphysics,

Index and List of Entries 1023

history of; moral philosophy, history of; organic

society; Owl of Minerva; Platonism; progress;

Roman-ticism, philosophical; world-soul

hegelianism Bauer; Bradley; Bruno; dialectic; English

philosophy; Feuerbach; Gadamer; German

philoso-phy; God and the philosophers; Green; Hegel;

Kierkegaard; Marx; Marxist philosophy; Owl of

Min-erva; Stirner; world-soul

hegemony imperialism

heidegger Adorno; Angst; authenticity; being in the

world; continental philosophy; existentialism; German

philosophy; Hegelianism; hermeneutics; metaphysics,

history of; nothingness; phenomenology; politics and

the philosophers; Sartre

heisenberg quantum mechanics

hell eschatology; forgiveness; God and the philosophers;

heaven; religion, history of the philosophy of; religion,

problems of the philosophy of; theism

hellenistic philosophy Epicureanism; Master Argument;

Philo Judaeus; Platonism; Roman philosophy;

scepti-cism, history of; Stoicism

hélọse complex Abelard; de Beauvoir; women in

phil-osophy

helvétius

hempel covering-law model; empiricism, logical;

explan-ation; ravens, paradox of; science, problems of the

philosophy of

henry of ghent

heraclitus Cratylus; Pre-Socratic philosophy

herder history, history of the philosophy of; national

character; Romanticism, philosophical

heredity and environment human nature

hermeneutic circle hermeneutics

hermeneutics continental philosophy; German

philoso-phy; German philosophy today; Dilthey;

interpret-ation; Schutz

hermetic corpus wisdom

herzen Russian philosophy

heterological and homological Grelling’s paradox;

paradoxes

heteronomy see autonomy and heteronomy

heuristic education, problems of the philosophy of

higher-order logic logic, modern; types, theory of

hilbert formalism; mathematics, history of the

philo-sophy of; mathematics, problems of the philophilo-sophy

of

hindu philosophy Aurobindo; Bhagavadgi¯ta¯; Indian

phil-osophy; karma; Radhakrishnan; Tantra; Upanishads;

Veda¯nta

hintikka Finnish philosophy; Lexicon, the Philosophical

hippocrates

historical determinism see determinism, historical

historical materialism base and superstructure;

dialect-ical materialism; Marx; Marxist philosophy; politdialect-ical

philosophy, history of; Sartre; science, feminist

philoso-phy of

historicism history, history of the philosophy of; social

philosophy; Vico

histories of moral philosophy history, history of the philosophy of; moral philosophy, history of

HISTORY aesthetic concepts; aesthetics, Islamic; class struggle; determinism; Enlightenment; great man the-ory of histthe-ory; Hegel; Hegelianism; Herder; historical; historical materialism; historicism; history, history of the philosophy of; history, problems of the philosophy of; Marx; Marxist philosophy; stories and explanation; Vico

history, history of the philosophy of HISTORY history, problems of the philosophy of HISTORY hobbes compatibilism and incompatibilism; English phil-osophy; Leviathan; materialism; moral philosophy, history of; nasty, brutish, and short; persecution of philosophers; political philosophy, history of; power; state of nature

hobhouse liberalism; London philosophy; war and phil-osophy

hocking hodgson hoffding Danish philosophy holbach Encyclopaedists; French philosophy holism bootstrapping; Duhem; methodological holism and individualism

holism, methodological see methodological holism

holy, numinous, and sacred, the God; mysticism; reli-gion, history of the philosophy of; religious experience; sublime

homeland, a right to imperialism; international rela-tions, philosophy of; people

homological see heterological and homological

homosexuality enforcement of morals; human nature; lesbian feminism; sex; sexual morality

homunculus self honderich hook horizon background; Gadamer; interpretation hornsby action; agent

horseshoe material implication horwich

hsün tzü

human, all too human see nietzsche

human beings Darwinism; evolution; Ferguson; human nature; Marx; nature; needs; personal identity; persons human nature anthropology, philosophical; conservatism; education, problems of the philosophy of; evolution; Hobbes; homosexuality; Hsün Tzuˇ; human beings; Marx; moral philosophy, history of; national character; nature; needs; Nietzsche; Plato; Rousseau

human rights liberty, natural rights; rights humanism Czech philosophy; Epicureanism; Italian phi-losophy; Mill, John Stuart; Montaigne; Netherlands philosophy; Renaissance philosophy; Serbian philoso-phy; Spanish philosophiloso-phy; Tagore; Valla

humboldt German philosophy; liberalism hume backgammon; bundle theory of the self; causality; cement of the universe; constant conjunction; empiri-cism; English philosophy; epistemology, history of;

1024 Index and List of Entries

explanation; God and the philosophers; Hume’s fork;

induction; laws, natural or scientific; mathematics,

his-tory of the philosophy of; metaphysics, hishis-tory of;

mir-acles; moral philosophy, history of; moral sense;

naturalism; oar in water; philosopher may preach;

philosophical inquiry; philosophy; philosophy, history

of departments and centres of; philosophy and science;

projectivism; reason as slave of the passions; Reid;

reli-gion, history of the philosophy of; scepticism, history

of; science, problems of the philosophy of; Scottish

philosophy; sincerity; suicide; sympathy; taste

hume’s fork see fork, hume’s

humour comedy; laughter

hungarian philosophy Lukács; Neumann

husserl bracketing; continental philosophy; Føllesdal;

German philosophy; life-world; other;

phenomen-ology

hutcheson Irish philosophy; moral philosophy, history

of; moral sense; Scottish philosophy

hylomorphism form and matter; Ockham

hylozoism see panpsychism

hypothesis hypothetico-deductive method; Peirce;

the-ories

hypothetical imperative see categorical imperative

hypothetico-deductive method Bacon; Cambridge

phil-osophy; hypothesis; Jevons; Popper; Whewell

i and thou Buber; Rosenzweig

ibn gabirol Jewish philosophy

ibn khaldu¯n Islamic philosophy

ibn rushd see averroës

ibn si¯na¯ see avicenna

idealism, british metaphysics, history of

idealism, german metaphysics, history of

idealism, philosophical Absolute; appearance and

real-ity; Berkeley; Blanshard; Bosanquet; Bradley;

Bright-man; Bruno; Buddhist philosophy; English philosophy;

esse est percipi; Fichte; Gentile; German philosophy;

Green; Hegel; Hocking; Husserl; Indian philosophy;

Kant; Lenin; Marx; mathematics, problems of the

philos-ophy of; metaphysics, history of; metaphysics,

oppo-sition to; metaphysics, problems of; monism and

pluralism; Oakeshott; perception; philosophy; Plato;

realism and anti-realism; Reid; relations, nature of;

rep-resentative theory of perception; Rescher; revisionary

metaphysics; Royce; Santayana; Schelling; Schiller;

Schopenhauer; Spinoza; spirit; Sprigge; thing-in-itself;

transcendentalism; Vorstellung; Weltanschauung

ideal observer right action

ideals, moral absolutism, moral; supererogation

ideas associationism; concepts; content; Descartes;

epis-temology, history of; Forms; Hume; ideas of pure

rea-son; innate ideas; language of thought hypothesis;

Locke; meaning; Meinong; perception;

phenomenal-ism; proposition; propositional attitude;

representa-tion; representative theory of perceprepresenta-tion; thinking;

Vorstellung

ideas, innate see innate ideas

ideas of reason Kant; Kantianism; transcendentalism identity criterion of identity; equivalence; event; iden-tity of indiscernibles; ideniden-tity, the paradox of; Leibniz; Locke; philosophical logic; sense and reference; Wiggins

identity, criterion of event; identity; identity of indis-cernibles

identity, the paradox of identity; paradoxes; Wittgen-stein

identity of indiscernibles criterion of identity; identity; identity, the paradox of; Leibniz

identity theory of mind anomalous monism; Davidson; dualism; materialism; mental reductionism; mind, problems of philosophy of; mind–body problem; phys-icalism in the philosophy of mind; topic-neutral; union theory; variable realization

ideology base and superstructure; Frankfurt School; his-torical materialism; idols; lying; Marx; nationalism; noble lie; utopianism

idiolect language idols Bacon; ideology; Plotinus

if see conditionals

iff biconditional ignoratio elenchi fallacy

illocutions see linguistic acts

illusion, arguments from appearance and reality; duck-rabbit; epistemology, history of; hallucination; jaun-dice; oar in water; percept; perception; pheno-menalism; scepticism; sense-data

image eidetic imagery; imagination; memory;

represen-tation; Vorstellung imagery, eidetic see eidetic imagery

imagination Coleridge; image; aesthetics; Sartre imagination, aesthetic aesthetic attitude; aesthetics, his-tory of; aesthetics, problems of; fiction; imagination; Sartre

immediate inference see inference, immediate

immortality atheism and agnosticism; death; mortalism; reincarnation; religion, history of the philosophy of; religion, problems of the philosophy of; soul

imperialism hegemony; international relations, philoso-phy of; Lenin; Marxist philosophiloso-phy

implication conditionals; entailment; horseshoe; mater-ial implication; strict implication

implicature Grice; meaning impredicative definition mathematics, history of the philosophy of; vicious circle; reducibility, axiom of; types, theory of

incommensurability relativism; science, history of the philosophy of; science, problems of the philosophy of

incommensurability, moral moral philosophy, history of; moral philosophy, problems of; utilitarianism

incompatibilism see compatibilism

incompleteness arithmetic, foundations of; artificial intelligence; completeness; consistency proofs; Gưdel; Gưdel’s theorem

incomplete symbol description; Russell

Index and List of Entries 1025

incongruent counterparts identity of indiscernibles;

Kant; space

inconsistent triad antilogism; aporia; paradoxes

incontinence see weakness of will

incorrigibility certainty; epistemology, history of; given;

privileged access; scepticism

independence, logical

indeterminacy in law law, history of the philosophy of;

law, problems of the philosophy of; legal positivism

indeterminacy of meaning Chomsky; Quine

indeterminacy of translation see translation,

inde-terminacy of

indeterminism causality; chaos theory; determinism;

determinism, scientific; freedom and determinism;

lib-ertarianism; Peirce; Popper; prediction; quantum

the-ory; Renouvier

indexicals logically proper names; self

indian philosophy Aurobindo; Bhagavadgi¯ta¯; Buddhist

philosophy; detachment; Gandhi; guru; Hindu

philoso-phy; Jainism; karma; Madhva; mantra; Na¯ga¯rjuna;

nir-vana; Radhakrishnan; Ra¯ma¯nuja; reincarnation;

S´an˙kara; Tagore; Tantra; Upanishads; Veda¯nta

indifference see spontaneity and indifference; freedom

indifference, principle of see probability

indirect discourse Frege

individualism, moral and political agent-relative

moral-ities; autonomy; general will; liberalism; libertarianism

individualism and anti-individualism externalism; twin

earth

individuation counting; philosophical logic; sortal;

Straw-son; things

indoctrination see teaching and indoctrinating

induction abduction; Bacon, F.; consilience; curve-fitting

problem; Goodman; grue; Hume; inference; Kneale;

method, joint; method of agreement; method of

con-comitant variations; method of difference; method of

residues; Mill, John Stuart; Peirce; philosophical logic;

Popper; prediction; Reichenbach; science, problems of

the philosophy of; scientific method

inequality aristocracy, natural; conservatism; difference

principle; élitism; equality; justice; law, scepticism

about; liberalism; socialism; well-being; Wilt

Chamber-lain argument

inference abduction; deduction; implication; induction;

inference to the best explanation; Mill, John Stuart;

modus ponens; philosophical logic; probability

inference, immediate inversion; logic, traditional

inference to the best explanation abduction; Peirce

INFIMA SPECIES genus and species

infinite, traversal of the see traversal of the infinite

infinite regress third man argument

infinitesimals infinity; mathematics, history of the

phil-osophy of; number

infinitism, epistemological

infinity antinomies; apeiron; Cantor; Cantor’s paradox;

Couturat; infinitesimal; infinity, axiom of;

mathemat-ics, history of the philosophy of; mathematmathemat-ics,

prob-lems of philosophy of; number; set theory; traversal of

the infinite; Zeno infinity, axiom of set theory

informal logic see logic, informal

ingarden phenomenology; Polish philosophy

in-itself see for-itself and in-itself

innate ideas Chomsky; Descartes; empiricism; ideas; Kant; Leibniz; Locke; rationalism

innateness of language language history and problems

of philosophy of inner sense apperception; introspection; Maine de Biran; mentality

instrumentalism conventionalism; Dewey; Duhem; posi-tivism; science, history of the philosophy of; science, problems of the philosophy of; realism and anti-realism instrumental value ends and means; good in itself insufficient reason, principle of Keynes integrity conscience; character

intellectual virtues see virtues; doxastic virtues

intelligence rationality; reason; reasoning

intension see extension and intension

intensionality belief; intentionality; meaning; opacity; reference; semantics

intention action; agent; Anscombe; double effect; rea-sons and causes; volition; will

intentional fallacy aesthetics, history of; aesthetics, problems of; fallacies

intentionality biological naturalism; content; intentional relation; embodiment; language, history of the philoso-phy of; language, problems of the philosophiloso-phy of; mean-ing; mind, history of the philosophy of; mind, problems

of the philosophy of; physicalism in the philosophy of mind; propositional attitudes; representation; Searle; sensation

intentional relation intentionality; phenomenology

intentional stance see dennett

interactionism dualism; epiphenomenalism; identity the-ory; mental causation; mind–body problem; psy-chophysical laws; union theory

internal and external relations see relations,

inter-nal and exterinter-nal international relations,philosophy of hegemony; home-land, right to a; imperialism; justice; war, just; Machia-velli; Vitoria

international law justice, international; law internet, philosophy on the

interpretation Davidson; Gadamer; hermeneutics; hori-zon; language, problems of the philosophy of; life-world; novel, the philosophical; Peirce; Ricœur; scepticism; seeing as; sign and symbol

intersubjective other minds; Pareto optimality; subject-ivity

intrinsic good see good-in-itself

introspection apperception; awareness, sense; Heracli-tus; inner sense; mentality; self; self-consciousness

intuition doxa; irrationalism; Kant; moral philosophy,

problems of; Prichard intuitionism, ethical moral philosophy, history and problems of philosophy of

1026 Index and List of Entries

intuitionism, mathematical bivalence; Brouwer;

con-structivism; Dummett; intuitionist logic; logic, history

of; mathematics, history of the philosophy of;

math-ematics, problems of the philosophy of

intuitionist logic negation and double negation; logic,

modern; natural deduction

inversion distribution of terms

inverted spectrum functionalism

invisible hand conservatism; liberalism; markets; Smith

inwardness Kierkegaard; religiousness A and B

iqbal Islamic philosophy; knowledge by presence

irigaray feminism; French philosophy

irish philosophy Berkeley; Burke; English philosophy;

Eriugena; Hutcheson; Molyneux; Toland

iron block universe see determinism

irony, romantic Romanticism, philosophical

irony, socratic elenchus; Socrates; Socratic method

irrationalism enthusiasm; intuition; reason; Spanish

philosophy

irwin histories of moral philosophy

is see ‘to be’; being; real; subject and predicate

‘is’ and ‘ought’ fact–value distinction; moral judgement;

moral philosophy, history of; moral philosophy,

prob-lems of; naturalism, ethical; natural law; naturalistic

fal-lacy; ought

islamic aesthetics Islamic philosophy

islamic ethics Islamic philosophy

islamic philosophy Fa¯ra¯bı¯, al-; Ghaza¯lı¯, al-; Kindı¯, al-;

Averroës; Avicenna; Khaldu¯n, Ibn; Iqbal; Islamic

aesthet-ics; Islamic ethaesthet-ics; Islamic philosophy; Islamic

philoso-phy today; knowledge by presence; Molla¯ S

˙adra¯; mundus

imaginalis; Platonism; Sohravardı¯; Sufism

islamic philosophy today Islamic philosophy

italian philosophy Bobbio; Bruno; Cajetan; Campanella;

Colletti; Croce; Dante; Ficino; Gentile; Gramsci;

Marsilius of Padua; Petrarch; Pico della Mirandola;

Valla; Vattimo; Vico

jackson Mary, black and white

jacobi pietism

jainism atheism and agnosticism; Buddhist philosophy;

Indian philosophy; karma; Tantra

james American philosophy; freedom and determinism;

Harvard philosophy; mind, history of the philosophy

of; neutral monism; pragmatism; pragmatic theory of

truth; relations, nature of; Renouvier; stream of

con-sciousness; tough- and tender-minded; will to believe

james–lange theory emotion and feeling

jansenism Port-Royalists; religion

japanese philosophy Buddhist philosophy;

Confucian-ism; Do¯gen; Ku¯kai; neo-ConfucianConfucian-ism; Nishida;

Nishitani; nothingness, absolute; Tanabe; Taoism;

Watsuji; Zen

jaspers existence precedes essence; existentialism; Platonism

jaundice Hume; illusion, arguments from; perception;

oar in water

jefferson democracy

jeffrey Bayesian confirmation theory

jen see confucianism

jevons jewish philosophy Albo; Alexander; anti-Semitism; Cohen, H.; Crescas; Gabirol, Ibn; Halevi; Jewish philosophy; Kabbalah; Levinas; Maimonides; Mendelssohn; Philo Judaeus; religion, history of the philosophy of; Rosen-zweig; Saadiah Gaon; Spinoza

johnson, samuel johnson, william ernest

joint method see method, joint

jorgensen Danish philosophy journals of philosophy London philosophy; radical phil-osophy

judaism see jewish philosophy

judgement belief; choosing and deciding; propositional attitude

jung Bachelard; philosophy: world and underworld; psy-choanalysis, philosophical problems of

jurisprudence see philosophy of law

justice ableism; affirmative action; benevolence; capital punishment; corrective justice; difference principle; economics and morality; justice; equality; fairness; gen-erations, justice between; inequality; international relations, philosophy of; justice, international; law, problems of the philosophy of; law, scepticism about; Marxist philosophy; Mill, John Stuart; moral judge-ment; moral philosophy, history of; needs; original position; Paine; Plato; political philosophy, history of; political philosophy, problems of; punishment; Radcliffe Richards; Rawls; revenge; rights; Thrasy-machus; veil of ignorance; virtues; well-being justice, international international law; justice

justice and benevolence see benevolence

justification, epistemic epistemology, history of; episte-mology, problems of; foundationalism; knowledge; knowledge, the limits of; reliabilism; scepticism; scepti-cism, history of

just war see war, just

kabbalah Jewish philosophy; Pico della Mirandola; Tarot kagan consequentialism

kant abandonment; aesthetics, history of; agape¯; analytic

and synthetic statements; animals; antinomies; appear-ance and reality; apperception; architectonic; auton-omy; categorical imperative; categories; enlightenment philosophy; epistemology, history of; German philoso-phy; God and the philosophers; good will; idealism, German; idealism, philosophical; ideas of pure reason; innate ideas; inner sense; intuition; Kantian ethics; Kantianism; language, history of the philosophy of; law, history of the philosophy of; liberalism; manifold of sense; mathematics, history of the philosophy of; meta-physics, history of; Mill, John Stuart; modernism; moral law; moral philosophy, history of; necessity, nomic; neo-Kantianism; obligation; paralogism; pessimism and optimism; phenomena and noumena; philosophy; phil-osophy and science; philphil-osophy, realism and anti-realism; history of departments and centres of; pietism;

Index and List of Entries 1027

practical reason; realism and anti-realism; religion,

his-tory of philosophy of; respect; Romanticism,

philosoph-ical; scepticism, history of; science, history of

philosophy of; self-consciousness; space; sublime;

synthetic a priori judgements; taste; thing-in-itself;

transcendental analytic; transcendental arguments;

transcendental deduction; transcendental idealism;

transcendentalism; war and philosophy

kantian ethics Bradley; categorical imperative; ethical

formalism; good will; histories of moral philosophy;

Kant; Kantianism; Korsgaard; moral law; moral

philos-ophy, history of; moral philosphilos-ophy, problems of;

neo-Kantianism; obligation; O’Neill; right action;

uni-versalizability; voluntarism, ethical

kantianism categorical imperative; categories; Cohen, H.;

epistemology, history of; Fichte; French philosophy;

German philosophy; good will; Grossman; idealism,

philosophical; ideas of pure reason; Kant; Kantian ethics;

Lichtenberg; manifold of sense; moral law;

neo-Kantianism; Peirce; practical reason; Putnam; Strawson;

thing-in-itself; transcendental analytic; transcendental

arguments; transcendentalism; Wittgenstein

kantianism, neo- see neo-kantianism

kaplan referring

karma Buddhist philosophy; Hindu philosophy; Indian

philosophy; Jainism; reincarnation; Veda¯nta

kautsky Marxist philosophy

kelsen law, history of the philosophy of; law, problems of

the philosophy of; legal positivism

kenny analytical Thomism; Frege; Wittgensteinians

keynes insufficient reason, principle of; science, problems

of philosophy of

khaldu¯n, ibn see ibn khaldu¯n

kierkegaard Angst; Danish philosophy; despair;

double-mindedness; existentialism; Hegelianism; inwardness;

metaphysics, history of; pseudonyms, philosophical;

religion, history of the philosophy of; religiousness A

and B; subjective truth

killing abortion; autonomy in applied ethics; double

effect; capital punishment; euthanasia; Glover; Singer;

Thomson; war, just

kim events; mind, problems of the philosophy of; mind–

body problem; physicalism and the mind;

reduction-ism, mental; supervenience

kind, natural

kindi¯, al- Islamic philosophy

KINE ¯ SIS

kitcher

klepsydra, the space

kneale induction; probability

knowledge acquaintance and description; a priori and a

posteriori; Ayer; belief; certainty; common sense;

Descartes; doubt; empiricism; epistemology, feminist;

epistemology, history of; epistemology, problems of;

evolutionary epistemology; fallibilism;

foundational-ism; genetic epistemology; Gettier; given; Goldman;

Habermas; Hamlyn; Indian philosophy; inference to the

best explanation; justification, epistemic; knowledge

and science; knowledge by presence; knowledge, limits of; Lehrer; Locke; Mill, John Stuart; moral realism; nat-uralism; necessity, epistemic; norms, epistemic; open and closed thought; Parmenides; perception; phenome-nology; philosophical inquiry; philosophy; philosophy and science; Plato; Pyrrhonism; rationalism; relativism, epistemological; reliabilism; Russell; Santayana; scepti-cism; scepticism, history of; Schopenhauer; self-knowledge; social constructionism; sociology of know-ledge; Sosa; tacit knowknow-ledge; testimony

knowledge, the limits of epistemology, history of; epis-temology, problems of; justification, epistemic; know-ledge

knowledge, theories of see epistemology, history of;

epistemology, problems of knowledge and science knowledge; methodology; sci-ence, feminist philosophy of; scisci-ence, history of the phi-losophy of; science, problems of the phiphi-losophy of; scientism

knowledge by presence Islamic philosophy komensky´ Czech philosophy

korean philosophy Buddhist philosophy; neo-Confucianism; nothingness, absolute

korn Latin American philosophy korsgaard

kotarbin´ski Polish philosophy; pragmatism kraus German philosophy

kreisel mathematics, history of the philosophy of; real-ism and anti-realreal-ism

kripke flaccid designator; language, problems of the phil-osophy of; logic, history of; logic, modal; names; neces-sity, metaphysical; possible worlds; rationalism; referring; rigid designator; rules; synthetic a priori judgements kristeva feminism

kropotkin anarchism kuhn revolutions, scientific; science, history of the phil-osophy of; science, problems of the philphil-osophy of ku¯kai Japanese philosophy

lacan French philosophy lakatos Feyerabend; philosophy of science, history of; philosophy of science, problems of

lamarck culture; determinism; evolution; perfectionism

la mettrie materialism; mechanism language ambiguity; artificial language; Austin, J L.;

Bakhtin; Blackburn; Brandom; characteristica univer-salis; charity, principle of; Chomsky; cognitive

mean-ing; communication; concept; constatives; contextual definition; contextualism; count noun; Davidson; deconstruction; definist fallacy; denotation and con-notation; descriptions, theory of; discourse; egocentric particulars; emotive and descriptive meaning; Evans; externalism; fictional names; flaccid designator; focal meaning; formal and material mode; formal language; formal semantics, philosophical relevance of; Frege; grammar; Grice; Herder; hermeneutics; idiolect; incomplete symbol; indexical signs; individuation; intensionality; Kaplan; Kraus; language; language-game;

1028 Index and List of Entries

language, history of the philosophy of; language,

problems of the philosophy of; language and parole;

language of thought; linguistic acts; linguistic

philoso-phy; linguistics, formal; linguistics, philosophical

rele-vance of; Logical Positivism; logically proper names;

meaning; metalanguage; metaphor; nonsense; opacity

and transparency; open texture; ostensive definition;

picture theory of meaning; pragmatics; private

lan-guage; Quine; reference; representation; rigid

designa-tor; rules; Russell; Sapir–Whorf hypothesis; Saussure;

Schiffer; Searle; semantic ascent; semantics; semiotic;

sense and reference; sign and symbol; sortal;

state-ments and sentences; subject and predicate; synonymy;

syntactics; tone; translation, indeterminacy of;

univer-sal grammar; vagueness; verification principle; Vienna

Circle; Wittgenstein; Appendix: Maps of Philosophy

language, artificial see artificial language

langauge, conventionality of

language, formal see formal language

language, history of the philosophy of language;

defin-itions, explicit and implicit; implicature; indeterminacy

of meaning; innateness of language; language,

know-ledge of; language, social nature of; language and

parole; Saussure; use and meaning; use and mention;

Williamson

language, knowledge of Chomsky; language, history

and problems of philosophy of

language, logically perfect see logically perfect

lan-guage

language, meta- see meta-language

language, object see object language

language, private see private language

language, problems of philosophy of language;

defin-itions, explicit and implicit, implicature; indeterminacy

of meaning; innateness of language; language,

know-ledge of; language, social nature of; language and

parole; Saussure; Schiffer; use and meaning; use and

mention; Williamson

language, religious see religious language

language, social nature of language, history of the

phil-osophy of; language, problems of the philphil-osophy of;

Wittgenstein

language-game linguistic philosophy; religion,

philoso-phy of; Wittgenstein

language of thought hypothesis cognition; cognitive

science; Fodor; parallel distributed processing; thinking

LANGUEand PAROLE language

lao tzuˇ Chinese philosophy; Taoism

laplace determinism

latin american philosophy Korn; Molina; Romero;

Span-ish philosophy

latitudinarianism

laughter Bergson; comedy; humour

LAW Austin, John; base and superstructure; Bentham;

defeasible; Dworkin; Finnis; Grotius; Hart;

indetermin-acy in law; international law; justice, international;

Kelsen; law and continental philosophy; law and

morals; law, feminist philosophy of; law, history of the

philosophy of; law, indeterminacy in; law, positive; law, problems of the philosophy of; law, scepticism about; legal positivism; legal realism; natural law law, feminist philosophy of feminism; feminist philoso-phy; feminist political theory; law, history of the philosophy of; law, problems of the philosophy of; law, scepticism about; masculism

law, history of the philosophy of LAW

law, indeterminacy in see indeterminacy in law law, moral see moral law

law,natural seenatural law;laws,natural or scientific

law, positive Austin, John; law, history of the philoso-phy of; law, problems of the philosophiloso-phy of

law, problems of the philosophy of LAW

law, rule of see rule of law

law, scepticism about indeterminacy in law; law, history

of the philosophy of; law, problems of the philosophy of; Marxist philosophy; political obligation

law and continental philosophy continental philoso-phy; law, history of the philosophy of; law, problems of the philosophy of

law and morals law, history of the philosophy of; law, problems of the philosophy of; moral scepticism laws, natural or scientific Cartwright; causality; ceteris paribus; conditionals; determinism; determinism, sci-entific; induction; metaphysics, problems of; necessity, nomic; science, history of the philosophy of; science, problems of the philosophy of

laws of thought excluded middle; identity; non-contradiction; psychologism; reasoning

learning anamnesis; education, history of the philoso-phy of; education, problems of the philosophiloso-phy of; epis-temology, genetic; teaching philosophy

learning paradox paradoxes; Plato

LEBENSWEISHEIT seepopular philosophy

LEBENSWELT seelife and science

le dœuff feminism; French philosophy left,the alienation; Althusser; anarchism; anti-communism; Bakunin; bourgeoisie and proletariat; class struggle; communism; conservatism; desert; dialectical material-ism; Engels; equality; false consciousness; fraternity; his-torical materialism; Kautsky; Kropotkin; Lenin; Lukács; Marcuse; Marx; Marxist philosophy; material contradic-tions; Paine; Plekhanov; political violence; Proudhon; radical philosophy; revolution; socialism; structural violence; Trotsky; well-being

left and right hegelians see hegelianism

legal positivism Austin, John; Bentham; Hart; Kelsen; law and morals; law, history of the philosophy of; positivism

legal realism law, history of the philosophy of; law, scept-icism about

legitimacy authority; political obligation lehrer

leibniz calculus; deontic logic; German philosophy; har-mony, pre-established; identity; identity of indis-cernibles; innate ideas; mathematics, history of the philosophy of; mechanism; Mendelssohn; metaphysics,

Index and List of Entries 1029