nonsense upon stilts; politics and the philosophers;Priestley; utilitarianism bent stick in water see oar in water berdyaev bergmann bergson élan vital; French philosophy; time; vitalism
Trang 1nonsense upon stilts; politics and the philosophers;
Priestley; utilitarianism
bent stick in water see oar in water
berdyaev
bergmann
bergson élan vital; French philosophy; time; vitalism
berkeley egocentric predicament; English philosophy;
epistemology, history of; esse est percipi; idealism,
philo-sophical; Irish philosophy; Johnson, S.; mathematics,
history of the philosophy of; metaphysics, history of the
philosophy of; Molyneux problem; tar-water
berlin liberalism; liberty; political philosophy, history of
bernoulli’s theorem probability
berry’s paradox paradoxes
bertrand’s paradox insufficient reason, principle of;
para-doxes
BHAGAVADGI ¯ TA ¯ Aurobindo; detachment; Hindu
philoso-phy; Indian philosophiloso-phy; Veda¯nta
biconditional conditional; iff
bioethics applied ethics; cloning, morality of; genetics
and morality; medical ethics
biological naturalism mind–body problem; Searle
biology, philosophical problems of evolution;
evolution-ary epistemology; holism; Naturphilosophie; science,
his-tory of the philosophy of; science, problems of the
philosophy of; teleological explanation
bivalence excluded middle, law of; intuitionism,
math-ematical; philosophical logic
black metaphor
black box
blackburn language, history of philosophy of; language,
problems of philosophy of; quasi-realism; rules
black philosophy African philosophy; negritude; racism
bladders of philosophy reason
blanshard
blindsight awareness; perception
bloch utopianism
block black box; functionalism; topic-neutral
boat, neurath’s given; Neurath; foundationalism
bobbio Italian philosophy
bodin conservatism
body external world; mind–body problem
body and mind see mind–body problem
boethius Platonism; Roman philosophy
bogdanov empirio-criticism; Lenin; Russian philosophy
bohr science, history of the philosophy of
boltzmann
bolzano logic, history of; Wissenschaftslehre
bonaventure medieval philosophy
bonhoeffer
boo-hoorah theory emotive theory of ethics
boole Boolean algebra; logic, history of; logic, modern
boolean algebra Boole; logic, history of; logic, modern;
mathematics, history of the philosophy of
bootstrapping evidence; holism
bosanquet idealism, British; idealism, philosophical
bourgeoisie and proletariat capitalism; class struggle;
dictatorship of the proletariat; hegemony; historical
materialism; Marx; Marxist philosophy boyle corpuscularianism; latitudinarianism; Locke; Mochus bracketing Husserl; phenomenology
bradley appearance and reality; English philosophy; idealism, British; idealism, philosophical; metaphysics, history of; Oxford philosophy; pragmatism; process philosophy; relations, internal and external
brain in a vat malin génie; metaphysics, problems of;
scepticism braithwaite philosophical lexicon brandom Habermas; language; semantics brentano intentionality; intentional relation; Meinong; mind, history of the philosophy of
brentano’s thesis see intentionality
bridgman operationalism brightman idealism, philosophical brillat-savarin
british philosophy today conceptual analysis; English philosophy; Scottish philosophy
broad mysticism brouwer intuitionism, mathematical; mathematics, his-tory of philosophy of
brownson American philosophy; New England Tran-scendentalism
bruno Italian philosophy; libertinism; Renaissance phil-osophy
brunschvicg brute fact fact; given buber I and thou buddha Buddhism
buddhism see buddhist philosophy
buddhist philosophy Buddhism; Chinese philosophy; his-tories of moral philosophy; Hindu philosophy; Indian philosophy; Japanese philosophy; Karma; Korean phil-osophy; Ku¯kai; reincarnation; Tantra
bultmann existentialism bundle theory of the self ego; Hume; person; personal identity; self
burali-forti’s paradox number; paradoxes burckhardt
burge arthritis in the thigh; externalism; idiolect; individu-alism and anti-individuindividu-alism
buridan ass, Buridan’s; logic, history of burke conservatism; human rights; Irish philosophy; nat-ural aristocracy; organic society; Paine; people; politics and the philosophers; Price, Richard; reform; tradition burnyeat
business ethics applied ethics; capitalism; collective respon-sibility; corporate responrespon-sibility; professional ethics butler, joseph English philosophy; moral philosophy, history of; religion, problems of the philosophy of butler, samuel
byzantine philosophy
cabbala see kabbalah
cajetan Renaissance philosophy; Thomism calculus axiomatic method; Leibniz; logic, modern; Newton; predicate calculus; propositional calculus
1010 Index and List of Entries
Trang 2calculus, predicate see predicate calculus
calculus, propositional see propositional calculus
calvin
calvinism religion, history of the philosophy of
cambridge change change
cambridge philosophy Cambridge Platonists; Moore;
phil-osophy, history of centres and departments of; Mellor;
Russell; Whitehead; Williams; Wittgenstein
cambridge platonists Cudworth; Platonism
campanella libertinism; Renaissance philosophy
campbell
camus absurd; existentialism
canadian philosophy Churchland; Cohen, G A.; Gauthier;
Hacking; Stroud; Taylor, C.; van Fraassen
cantor Cantor’s paradox; continuum problem; logic,
history of; mathematics, history of the philosophy of;
set theory
cantor’s paradox paradoxes
capacity causality; disposition; power; potentiality;
propen-sity
capitalism alienation; bourgeoisie and proletariat;
busi-ness ethics; conservatism; corporate responsibility;
democracy and capitalism; economics and morality,
globalization, morality and politics; liberalism;
Mar-cuse; markets; markets and the public good; Marx;
Marxist philosophy; political philosophy, history of;
property; worker control
capital punishment killing; lex talionis; punishment
care, ethics of ethics, feminist; feminism; feminist
phil-osophy; sexual morality
carnap formal and material mode; logical empiricism;
Logical Positivism; metaphysics, problems of; mind,
history of the philosophy of; protocol sentences;
Vienna Circle
carneades Academy, the; Roman philosophy
carroll
cartesianism animal spirits; Arnauld; cogito ergo sum;
Descartes; doubt; epistemology, history of; French
phil-osophy; Geulincx; ghost in the machine; light of nature;
Malebranche; mind–body problem; no-ownership
the-ory; Peirce; pineal gland; Port-Royalists; res cogitans
cartwright methodology; science, history of the
phil-osophy of
cassirer neo-Kantianism
casuistry
cat, schrödinger’s quantum mechanics, philosophical
problems of; determinism; determinism, scientific;
freedom and determinism
categorical imperative Hegel; Kant; Kantian ethics;
moral philosophy, history of; obligation; religion and
morality; Schopenhauer; universalizability
categorical judgement logic, traditional
categoricity
categories Aristotle; category mistake; class; Kant;
Kan-tianism; Peirce; metaphysics, history of; Ryle;
transcen-dental analytic
category mistake category; Ryle
catharsis tragedy
causal asymmetry causality action at a distance; backwards causation; cement of the universe; chaos theory; conditionals; con-stant conjunction; covering-law model; determinism; determinism, scientific; final cause; freedom and deter-minism; Hume; Kant; law, problems of philosophy of; laws, natural or scientific; Leibniz; Mackie; methods, Mill’s; mnemic causation; necessary and sufficient conditions; necessity, nomic; occasionalism; Ockham;
plurality of causes; post hoc ergo propter hoc; power;
prediction; probabilistic causality; Schopenhauer; sci-ence, problems of philosophy; scientific method causa sui agent-causation; contingent and necessary exist-ence; God
causation, backwards see backwards causation
causation, downwards
causation, mnemic see mnemic causation cause see causality; backwards causation; causal
deviance; constant conjunction; final causes; laws, natural or scientific; mnemic causation; necessity, nomic; reasons and causes; plurality of causes;POST HOC ERGO PROPTER HOC;thinking causes
causes, final see final causes causes and reasons see reasons and causes
cave, analogy of education, history of the philosophy of; Forms, Platonic; Plato
cavell cement of the universe causality;Hume;Mackie central state materialism Armstrong; Australian phil-osophy; identity theory; materialism
certainty epistemology, history of; scepticism; doubt; given; incorrigibility; knowledge; Wittgenstein ceteris paribus laws, natural or scientific chalmers consciousness; zombies chance chaos theory; determinism; determinism, scien-tific; indeterminism; Peirce; prediction; probability; stochastic process
change aporia; Cambridge change; event; kinesis;
meta-physics, history of; prime matter; process; process phil-osophy
chaos chaos theory chaos theory chaos; prediction character Aristotle; duty; integrity; loyalty; mean, doc-trine of; moral philosophy, history of; virtues
characteristic see attribute; properties; quality CHARACTERISTICA UNIVERSALIS artificial language; language
charismatic authority see authority
charity, principle of Davidson; language, problems of the philosophy of; translation
cheating chemistry, philosophy of children and philosophy philosophy chinese philosophy Buddhist philosophy; Chuang Tzuˇ; Chu Hsi; Confucianism; Confucius; Hsün Tzuˇ; Lao Tzuˇ; Lieh Tzuˇ; Mencius; Mo Tzuˇ; Taoism; Wang Yang-ming
chinese room consciousness, its irreducibility; mind, syn-tax, and semantics; Searle
Index and List of Entries 1011
Trang 3chisholm counter-example, philosophy by; deontic
logic; phenomenalism
choice, axiom of Gödel; set
chomsky grammar; heredity and environment;
indeter-minacy of meaning; innate ideas; language, knowledge
of; linguistics; minimalism; rationalism; universal
grammar
choosing and deciding compatibilism and
incompatibil-ism; egoism and altruincompatibil-ism; freedom and determinincompatibil-ism;
intention; judgement; mental causation; origination;
volition; will
CHRONOLOGY OF PHILOSOPHY see Appendix
chrysippus Stoicism
chuang tzuˇ Taoism
chu hsi Confucianism
church Church’s thesis; logic, history of
churchland eliminativism; folk psychology; mind,
his-tory of the philosophy of; neuroscience, philosophical
relevance of; scientism
church’s thesis Church; logic, history of
cicero nothing so absurd; Roman philosophy
circle, cartesian see descartes
circle, vicious see vicious circle
circle, virtuous see virtuous circle
circularity vicious circle; virtuous circle
citizenship democracy
civil disobedience Gandhi; rule of law; Thoreau; violence,
political
civil liberties liberalism; liberty; rights; rule of law
civil society Hegel; liberalism
clarke English philosophy; moral philosophy, history of
class Russell; types
class struggle bourgeoisie and proletariat; historical
materialism; Marx; Marxist philosophy; natural
aristoc-racy
clear and distinct ideas Descartes; rationalism
clifford evolutionary epistemology; London philosophy
clip an angel’s wings
clocks Berkeley
cloning, morality of bioethics
closure
coercion threats and offers
COGITO ERGO SUM Cartesianism; certainty; Descartes; doubt;
epistemology, history of; Husserl; Lacan;
Merleau-Ponty; philosophical inquiry; scepticism
cognition cognitive science; consciousness, its
irreducibil-ity; content, non-conceptual; emotion and feeling; frame
problem; thinking; reasoning; understanding
cognitive architecture mind; mind, history and
prob-lems of philosophy of
cognitive meaning emotive and descriptive meaning;
meaning; language, problems of the philosophy of
cognitive science black box; computers; connectionism;
consciousness, its irreducibility; epistemology and
psych-ology; methodpsych-ology; mind, history of the philosophy
of; Penelope’s wooers; psychology and philosophy
cognitivism see non-cognitivism
cohen, g a
cohen, h Jewish philosophy; neo-Kantianism cohen, l j philosophy and science
coherence truth coherence theory of truth Bradley; epistemology, problems of; realism and anti-realism; idealism, philo-sophical; philosophical logic; Rorty; truth
coherentism see epistemic justification; epistemology,
problems of coleridge English philosophy; popular philosophy; Romanticism, philosophical
collective responsibility business ethics; responsibility colletti Italian philosophy
collingwood aesthetics, history of; history, history of the philosophy of
collins deism colours Goethe; primary and secondary qualities comedy humour; laughter
comenius see komensky´
common sense Berkeley; doubt; empiricism; linguistic phil-osophy; Moore; moral philosophy, problems of; ratio-nality; Reid; scepticism, history of; Scottish philosophy communication language; language, history of the phil-osophy of; language, problems of the philphil-osophy of; meaning; sign and symbol
communism anti-communism; Aristotle; Chinese phy; conservatism; Czech philosophy; German philoso-phy; Gramsci; Hook; Hungarian philosophiloso-phy; Lenin; liberalism; Marx; Marxism after communism; Marxist philosophy; Polish philosophy; political philosophy, his-tory of; Sartre; social engineering; Soviet philosophy communitarianism community; distributism; liberalism; political philosophy, history of; political philosophy, problems of; social philosophy; State, the
community communitarianism; fraternity; political philoso-phy, history of; political philosophiloso-phy, problems of; Scheler compatibilism and incompatibilism embraced and reluc-tant desires; freedom and determinism; Hobbes; Hume; responsibility; spontaneity and indifference completeness consistency proofs; Gödel; incomplete-ness; logic, modern; propositional calculus; validity
complex idea see ideas
complexity theory computability
composite idea see ideas
composition and division, fallacies of fallacy computability complexity theory
computers artificial intelligence; complexity theory; con-nectionism; cybernetics; Dennett; mentality; mind, syntax, and semantics; parallel distributed processing; programs of computers; Turing; Turing machine comte French philosophy; philosophy and science; posi-tivism
conation see intention; trying; will
conceivability logical truth; possibility concept abstraction; affirmative and negative propos-itions; belief; concepts, thick and thin; conceptual scheme; essentially contested concepts; family resem-blance; idea; image; meaning; open texture; polar
con-cepts; rules; thinking; Vorstellung
1012 Index and List of Entries
Trang 4concepts, thick and thin concept
conceptual analysis
conceptual scheme concept; relativism, epistemological;
relativism, ethical
concomitant variations, method of see method of
con-comitant variations
concrete universal Aristotle; Hegel; ontology;
univer-sals
concupiscence emotion and feeling; sex; sexual morality
condillac enlightenment; philosophe
conditional probability conditionals; probability
conditionals affirming the antecedent; affirming the
consequent; Bennett; causality; counterfactuals;
gen-eralization; implication; Jackson; laws, natural or
sci-entific; Mackie; material conditional; necessary and
sufficient conditions; philosophical logic; protasis;
Stalnaker
condorcet
conduct see right action
confectionery fallacy fallacies
confirmation Carnap; evidence; induction
confucianism Confucius; Chinese philosophy; Chu Hsi;
Hsün Tzuˇ; Korean philosophy; neo-Confucianism;
his-tories of moral philosophy; Mencius; Mo Tzu; Wang
Yang-ming
confucius Chinese philosophy; Confucianism;
neo-Confucianism
conjunction confectionery fallacy; truth-function
connectionism artificial intelligence; cognitive science;
parallel distributed processing
connective conjunction; disjunction
connotation see denotation
conscience Butler, J.; casuistry; integrity; libertinism; moral
sense
consciousness animal conciousness; attention; belief and
desire; biological naturalism; Brentano; Campbell;
con-sciousness, its irreducibility; content of consciousness;
dualism; experience; for-itself and in-itself; Honderich;
Husserl; intentionality; intentional relation; James;
mental event; mental state; mind, history of the
philoso-phy of; mind, problems of the philosophiloso-phy of; mind,
syntax, and semantics; phenomenology; physicalism in
the philosophy of mind; psychology and philosophy;
Sartre; Searle; stream of consciousness
consciousness, false see false consciousness
consciousness, its irreducibility consciousness; mind,
syntax, and semantics; subjectivity
consciousness, neural correlates of mind–body
prob-lem; neuroscience
consciousness, stream of see stream of consciousness
consent contract, social; democracy; hegemony;
liberal-ism; Locke; original position; political obligation
consequentialism absolutism, moral; agent-relative
moral-ities; Bentham; deontological ethics; dirty hands; ends
and means; equality; justice; Kagan; moral philosophy,
problems of; population; Ross; sexual morality;
utilitar-ianism; veritatis splendor; well-being
conservatism anti-communism; aristocracy, natural;
author-ity; Bodin; Burke; capitalism; common sense; commu-nitarianism; conservatism; conservatism and Romanti-cism; Constant; constitutionalism; élitism; enforcement
of morals; freedom; harm; Hayek; invisible hand; legitimacy; liberalism; Maistre; market; Marxism; mer-itocracy; Nozick; Oakeshott; piecemeal engineering; political philosophy, history of; political philosophy, problems of; political scepticism; politics and determin-ism; Popper; privatization; reform; right, the new polit-ical; rule of law; social Darwinism; socialism; State, the; test of time; tradition
conservatism and romanticism conservatism; Romanti-cism
consilience induction; Whewell consistency proofs completeness; incompleteness constant logical theory; logic, modern; logic, trad-itional; normalization; propositional calculus constant conservatism; liberalism; liberty constant conjunction Blanshard; causality; Hume;
laws, natural or scientific; nomic necessity; post hoc ergo
propter hoc
constatives linguistic acts constitutionalism conservatism; liberalism; socialism constructivism intuitionism, mathematical; Korsgaard; Kreisel; Mach; mathematics, history of the philosophy of; mathematics, problems of the philosophy of; num-ber; Russell
constructivism in ethics Rawls consumerist ethics
content of consciousness Brentano; consciousness; externalism; Husserl; intentional relation; Meinong; mind, problems of the philosophy of; Peacocke; per-cept; phenomenology; physicalism in the philosophy of mind; propositional attitude; Sartre; sense-data content, non-conceptual
contextual definition Bentham; definition; egocentric particulars; incomplete symbol; Russell
contextualism egocentric particulars; meaning continental philosophy Adorno; Barth; Benjamin; Berg-son; Camus; ‘continental’ and ‘analytic’ Dasein; de
Beau-voir; deconstruction; Derrida; différance; discourse;
existentialism; Foucault; Frankfurt School; French phil-osophy; Gadamer; German philphil-osophy; Habermas; Heidegger; hermeneutic circle; hermeneutics; Husserl; idealism, philosophical; Irigaray; Jaspers; Lacan; Lévi-Strauss; Levinas; Lévy-Brühl; Lyotard; Marcel; Marxist philosophy; Merleau-Ponty; Meyerson; phenomen-ology; philosophy; post-modernism; post-structuralism; Ricœur; Rorty; Sartre; structuralism; Tugendhat; Weil
‘continental’ and ‘analytic’ French philosophy today; German philosophy today
continental philosophy of law see law and
continen-tal philosophy
contingent and necessary existence see necessary and
contingent existence contingent and necessary statements Hume’s fork; necessity, logical; necessity, epistemic; necessity, meta-physical; synthetic a priori judgement
Index and List of Entries 1013
Trang 5continuum problem infinity; number
contract, social consent; contractarianism; freedom;
political; future generations; Gauthier; Hobbes;
Jeffer-son; legitimacy; Locke; moral philosophy, history of;
original position; political obligation; political
philoso-phy, history of; Rousseau; right action; state of nature
contractarianism contract social; Gauthier; Rawls;
Scan-lon
contradiction antinomies; contradictories; material
con-tradictions
contradictions, material see material contradictions
contradictories contradiction
contraposition transposition
contraries square of opposition
contrary-to-fact conditionals see conditionals;
counterfactuals
convention consent; conventionalism; sign and symbol;
tradition
conventionalism Ajdukiewicz; convention; Duhem;
instru-mentalism; Poincaré; positivism; science, history of the
philosophy of; science, problems of the philosophy of
conversion logic, traditional
conway feminism; women in philosophy
cook wilson
copernicus cosmology; Polish philosophy
corollary
corporate responsibility
corpuscularianism Boyle; Descartes; Locke
corrective justice justice; punishment
correspondence theory of truth deflationary theories
of truth; linguistic philosophy; truth; fact; philosophical
logic; realism and antirealism; redundancy theory;
Rorty; things; unlikely philosophical propositions
corroboration Popper; science, problems of the
philoso-phy of
cosmogony chaos; creation; demiurge
cosmological argument Aquinas; cosmology and
reli-gious belief
cosmology anthropic principle; antinomies; astrology;
Copernicus; cosmology and religious belief; creation;
creationism; eternal recurrence; Laplace; prime mover
cosmology and religious belief cosmology; creation;
Kabbalah; mundus imaginalis; prime mover; religion,
history of the philosophy of; religion, problems of the
philosophy of; religion, scepticism about
could have done otherwise seefreedom and determinism
counselling, philosophical
counter-example, philosophy by thought experiments
counterfactuals Bennett; conditionals
counterpart theory possible worlds
counting numbers; Skolem’s paradox; sortal
count noun counting; numbers; sortal
courage fear; virtue
couturat universal language
covering-law model biology, philosophical problems of;
explanation; Hempel; history, problems of the
philoso-phy of; laws, natural or scientific
craig’s theorem
cratylus creation cosmogony; cosmology creationism
CREDO QUIA ABSURDUM EST dogma; fideism
CREDO UT INTELLIGAM Anselm; dogma; fideism crescas Jewish philosophy
criterion Wittgenstein critical realism Lovejoy; New Realism
critical theory see frankfurt school critical thinking see informal logic
croatian philosophy Serbian philosophy; Slovene phil-osophy
croce aesthetics, history of; Hegelianism; history, his-tory of the philosophy of; Italian philosophy
crucial experiment experiment cudworth Cambridge Platonists; latitudinarianism; Mochus; persecution of philosophers
culture aesthetics, history of; aesthetics, problems of; art and morality; Burckhardt; embodiment; form of life; Gadamer; Hungarian philosophy; Lamarck; Nietzsche curve-fitting problem induction
custom see convention
cybernetics computers cynics Antisthenes; Diogenes
cyrenaics see aristippus
czech philosophy Bolzano; Komensky´; Masaryk d’alembert
danish philosophy Høffding; Jørgensen; Kierkegaard; Norwegian philosophy; Swedish philosophy
dante Italian philosophy danto basic action darwinism Empedocles; evolution; human beings; Kaut-sky; Wright, Chauncey
DASEIN existence precedes essence; existentialism; Ger-man philosophy; Heidegger; hermeneutics
davidson akrasia; anomalous monism; charity, principle
of; deflationary theories of truth; epiphenomenalism; event; externalism; holism; meaning; mental causation; metaphor; mind, history of the philosophy of; mind, problems of the philosophy of; psychophysical laws; rea-sons and causes; scepticism; snow is white; triangulation death deaths of philosophers; eschatology; euthanasia; Heidegger; immortality; killing; life and death; mortal-ism; nirvana; other; reincarnation; religion, history of the philosophy of; Schopenhauer; suicide
death instinct see freud
death-of-the-author thesis aesthetics, problems of; Der-rida
deaths of philosophers Bogdanov; Hume; life and death; persecution of philosophers; Schlick; Seneca; Socrates
de beauvoir existentialism; feminism; feminist philoso-phy; Hélọse complex; Sartre; women in philosophy decidability decision procedure; Gưdel; propositional calculus
deciding see choosing and deciding
decision procedure propositional calculus; well-formed formulae
1014 Index and List of Entries
Trang 6decision theory game theory; maximin and minimax
deconstruction Derrida; différance; logocentrism
dedekind mathematics, history of the philosophy of
DE DICTO see DE REandDE DICTO
deduction argument; inference; Mill, John Stuart;
philo-sophical logic; propositional calculus; validity
deduction, natural see natural deduction
defeasible law, history of the philosophy of
de finetti probability
definist fallacy definition; fallacies
definite descriptions see descriptions, theory of
definition analysis; contextual definition; impredicative
definition; meaning; ostensive definition; persuasive
definition; philosophical logic; recursion, definition by;
samples, explanation by
definition, contextual see contextual definition
definition, ostensive see ostensive definition
definitions, explicit and implicit meaning
deflationary theories of truth philosophical logic;
Ramsey; redundancy theory of truth
deism atheism and agnosticism; Campanella; d’Alembert;
God and the philosophers; Jefferson; Toland
deleuze French philosophy
de maistre conservatism
demandingness of morals consequentialism; Kantian
ethics
demiurge
democracy anti-communism; Aristotle; Arrow’s
para-dox; citizenship; civil liberties; consent; democracy and
capitalism; democratic violence; Dewey; equality; four
freedoms; freedom; freedom of speech; general will;
Jefferson; liberalism; Marxism; people; political
philosophy, history of; political philosophy, problems
of; self-determination; Scheler; socialism; State, the;
voting paradox; Wollheim
democracy and capitalism capitalism; democracy;
liber-alism
democracy and liberalism, scepticism about
democratic violence violence, political; democracy
democritus atomism; Eleatics; Pre-Socratic philosophy
demonstration apodeictic; proof theory
de morgan Boolean algebra; logic, history of; logic,
mod-ern; London philosophy
dennett homunculus; intentional stance; Lexicon,
Philo-sophical; mental states
denotation and connotation Mill; Frege; sense and
reference
denying the antecedent
denying the consequent modus tollens
deontic logic
deontological ethics absolutism, moral; acts and
omis-sions; agent-relative morality; consequentialism; ends
and means; moral philosophy, history of; moral
philosophy, problems of; sexual morality
departments of philosophy see philosophy, history of
centres and departments of
DE RE AND DE DICTO belief; essence; necessity, logical;
philo-sophical logic; possibility
derrida death-of-the-author thesis; deconstruction;
dif-férance; French philosophy; Hegelianism; Kristeva;
logo-centrism; other; pseudo-philosophy; undecidability descartes animals; animal spirits; Cartesianism; clear
and distinct ideas; cogito ergo sum; corpuscularianism;
doubt; dualism; epistemology, history of; French
phil-osophy; innate ideas; light of nature; Locke; malin génie;
mathematics, history of the philosophy of; meta-physics, history of; mind, history of the philosophy of; mind–body problem; modernism; monism and plural-ism; passion and emotion; persons; philosophy and
sci-ence; pineal gland; pleasure; res cogitans; scepticism,
history of; science, history of philosophy of; Williams
description, knowledge by see acquaintance
descriptions acquaintance and description; analysis; Bradley; flaccid designator; incomplete symbol; linguistic phil-osophy; logically proper names; logical theory; philo-sophical logic; Russell; Strawson; subject and predicate
descriptive meaning see emotive meaning
descriptive metaphysics metaphysics, history of; Peirce; revisionary metaphysics; Strawson
descriptivism emotive and descriptive meaning; emo-tivism; moral realism; prescriptivism
desert forgiveness; politics and determinism; punish-ment; responsibility
design, argument from, for the existence of god see god,
arguments for; teleological argument for the exist-ence of god
desire belief and desire; reasons; sexuality, philosophy of
despair abandonment; Angst; existentialism; Kierkegaard
destiny determinism; fatalism; freedom and determin-ism; religion, history of the philosophy of; world-soul
detachment Bhagavadgi¯ta¯; Indian philosophy
determinables and determinates genus and species; Johnson, W E
determinism Bell’s theorem; causality; chance; chaos the-ory; compatibilism and incompatibilism; destiny; deter-minism, historical; deterdeter-minism, logical; deterdeter-minism, scientific; Diodorus Cronus; Einstein; Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen paradox; fatalism; freedom and determinism; Hobbes; Holbach; Honderich; indeterminism; Lamarck; Laplace; Leucippus; mechanism; necessity, nomic; Nietzsche; Peirce; prediction; quantum mechanics, philosophical problems of; quantum theory and philoso-phy; Schopenhauer; science, problems of the philosophy of; Spinoza
determinism, economic see base and superstructure
determinism, historical determinism; history, history of the philosophy of; history, problems of the philosophy of
determinism, logical determinism; fatalism determinism, scientific chaos theory; determinism; Einstein; freedom and determinism; indeterminism; physics; Planck; quantum mechanics, philosophical problems of; science, history of the philosophy of; science, problems
of the philosophy of
determinism and freedom see freedom and determinism
Index and List of Entries 1015
Trang 7development ethics generations, justice between;
glob-alization, morality and politics
DEUS SIVE NATURA seespinoza
deviance, causal
dewey American philosophy; education, history of the
philosophy of; fallibilism; mind, history of the
philoso-phy of; political philosophiloso-phy, history of; pragmatism;
pragmatic theory of truth
dialectic Buber; dialectical materialism; Feuerbach; Hegel;
Marx; Marxist philosophy; master and slave; Plato;
Platonism; Sartre; social philosophy; Socrates; Socratic
method
dialectical materialism Althusser; dialectic; historical
materialism; Marx; Trotsky
dialectics, negative see adorno
dialetheism liar paradox; paraconsistent logic
dichotomy definition
dictatorship of the proletariat bourgeoisie and
prole-tariat; Marxist philosophy
dictionaries and encyclopaedias of philosophy Edwards,
P.; Encyclopaedists; Lexicon, the Philosophical
diderot Enlightenment; philosophe
DIFFÉRANCE Derrida; logocentrism
difference, method of see method of difference
difference principle equality; justice; maximin and
minimax; Rawls
dilemma antinomies
dilthey hermeneutics; history, history of the philosophy
of; vitalism; verstehen Weltanschauung
DING - AN - SICH seething-in-itself
diodorus cronus
diogenes the cynic Cynics; Pyrrho
diogenes laertius
dionysian and apollinian Nietzsche
direct realism see nạve realism
dirty hands agent-relative morality; consequentialism;
ends and means; Machiavelli
disability and morality ableism; discrimination
discourse Habermas; linguistic turn; structuralism
discrimination disability and morality
disjunction
disjunctivism
disposition capacity; causality; conditionals; potentiality;
power; propensity
disquotation redundancy theory of truth
distribution of terms inversion
distributism communitarianism
distributive justice see justice
divine command ethics Adams, R M.; moral philosophy,
history of; religion and morality
divine philosophy philosophy
divorce see marriage
dodgson see carroll
do¯gen kigen Japanese philosophy; Zen
dogma religion, history of the philosophy of; credo ut
intel-ligam; credo quia absurdum est
dogmatists see scepticism, history of
domain quantification
double aspect theory dualism; identity theory; material-ism; mind–body problem; Spinoza
double effect applied ethics double-mindedness Kierkegaard double truth Averroës; medieval philosophy; subject-ive truth
doubt certainty; Descartes; epistemology, history of; Peirce; new philosophy calls all in doubt; scepticism; scepticism, history of
doxa intuitions
doxastic virtues see virtues, doxastic dread see ANGST
dreams psychoanalysis, philosophical problems of dretske belief; experience; laws, natural or scientific; mental causation; perception; sensation
dualism consciousness; consciousness, its irreducibility; Descartes; double aspect theory; emergent properties; ghost in the machine; identity theory; interactionism; mental reductionism; Merleau-Ponty; metaphysics, history of; metaphysics, problems of; mind, history of philosophy of; mind, problems of philosophy of; mind–body problem
ducasse duck-rabbit imagination, aesthetic; aesthetics, problems of; seeing-as; Wittgenstein
duhem positivism; science, history of the philosophy of duhring Engels
dummett analysis; English philosophy; Gentzen; har-mony, logical; logic, history of; mathematics, problems
of the philosophy of; meaning; realism and anti-realism; Tarot; Wright, Crispin
duns scotus English philosophy; medieval philosophy; religion, history of the philosophy of; Scottish philoso-phy
durkheim anomie; social facts; social science, philosophy of
dutch book
dutch philosophy see netherlands philosophy
duty moral philosophy, history of; moral philosophy, problems of; obligation; ought; supererogation; Stoicism dworkin law and morals; law, history of the philosophy of; law, problems of the philosophy of; liberalism; moral scepticism
dyadic see relations earliest known philosophical term see apeiron
earman
ecological morality see environmental ethics economic determinism see base and superstructure
economics, philosophy of capitalism; conservatism; eco-nomics and morality Marx; Marxism; Marxist philoso-phy; Pareto optimality; privatization; rational choice theory; social science, philosophy of; social philosophy economics and morality capitalism; economics philoso-phy of; globalization, morality, and politics; privatiza-tion
EDUCATION Dewey; education, history of the philoso-phy of; education, problems of the philosophiloso-phy of;
1016 Index and List of Entries
Trang 8Gentile; Helvétius; heuristic; Plato; Rousseau; teaching
and indoctrinating; teaching philosophy
education, history of philosophy of EDUCATION
education, problems of philosophy of EDUCATION
edwards, jonathan American philosophy
edwards, paul capital punishment; dictionaries and
encyclopaedias of philosophy; God and the
philoso-phers; Rée; Reich
effect see causality
egalitarianism see equality; inequality; justice; liberty
and equality; socialism; well-being
ego cogito ergo sum; Descartes; ghost in the machine;
Malebranche; mentality; person; personal identity; self;
subject
egocentric particulars contextual definition
egocentric predicament Berkeley
egoism, psychological moral philosophy, problems of
egoism and altruism agent-relative morality; choosing
and deciding; moral philosophy, problems of; Nagel,
T.; Shaftesbury; Sidgwick
eidetic imagery image; perception
eidetic reduction see husserl
eightfold path see buddhist philosophy
EINFUHLUNG seeempathy
einstein cosmology; determinism; determinism,
scien-tific; quantum mechanics, philosophical problems of;
relativity theory, philosophical problems of; science,
history of philosophy of; space-time
einstein, podolsky, and rosen paradox determinism
ÉLAN VITAL Alexander; Bergson
eleatics Melissus; Parmenides; Pre-Socratic philosophy;
Zeno of Elea
elenchus Socrates; Socratic method
eliminativism Churchland; folk psychology;
material-ism; mind, history of the philosophy of; neuroscience,
philosophical relevance of; realism and anti-realism
elitism aristocracy, natural; conservatism; inequality;
justice; meritocracy; noble lie; perfectionism; Plato;
socialism; superman
elster Norwegian philosophy
embodiment culture; intentionality
embraced and reluctant desires freedom and
determin-ism; compatibilism and incompatibildetermin-ism; voluntariness
emergence
emergent properties mind–body problem; physicalism
in the philosophy of mind; Wright, Chauncey
emerson American philosophy; New England
Transcen-dentalism
emotion and art
emotion and feeling attitude; catharsis; concupiscence;
emotive theory of ethics; Hobbes; Hume; James–Lange
theory; mind, history of the philosophy of; mood;
moral judgement; moral philosophy, history of; moral
psychology; prediction; reason as the slave of the
pas-sions; resentment; revenge; Sartre; Schopenhauer;
sen-sibility; sentiments; shame; Stoicism; sympathy
emotions, james–lange theory of see james–lange
theory
emotive and descriptive meaning cognitive meaning; descriptivism; emotive theory of ethics; moral judge-ment
emotive theory of ethics Ayer; boo-hoorah theory; descriptivism; emotive and descriptive meaning; expressivism; Hutcheson; logical empiricism; Logical Positivism; meta-ethics; moral judgement; moral phil-osophy, problems of; non-cognitivism; open question argument; prescriptivism; realism and anti-realism; Stevenson; Swedish philosophy
empedocles Pre-Socratic philosophers empirical a priori and a posteriori; empiricism empiricism basic statements; Berkeley; empirical; empiri-cism, logical; epistemology, history of; epistemology, problems of; Hume; Locke; Maine de Biran; meta-physics, history of; Mill, John Stuart; naturalism; proto-col sentences; Quine; rationalism; Reid; verification principle; Vienna Circle; Appendix: Maps of Philosophy empiricism, logical Bayes’s theorem; Carnap; empiri-cism; experience; Hacking; Hempel; Logical Pos-itivism; Maine de Biran; meaning; Reichenbach; verification principle; Vienna Circle
empiricism, radical see james
empirio-criticism Avenarius; Bogdanov; Mach
enantiomorph see incongruent counterparts
encyclopaedists d’Alembert; Diderot; dictionaries and encyclopaedias of philosophy; French philosophy; his-tories of moral philosophy; Holbach
end of philosophy, the ends and means consequentialism; instrumental value; Machiavelli; rationality; utilitarianism
endurance and perdurance identity energy entropy; materialism; space-time; Maxwell’s demon enforcement of morals liberty; public morality; pub-lic–private distinction; self-regarding actions
engels false consciousness; Marx; Marxist philosophy english philosophy Alexander; analytic philosophy; Ans-combe; Austin, J L.; Ayer; Bacon, Francis; Barnes; Barry; Bennett; Berkeley; Berlin; Blackburn; Bosanquet; Bradley; Braithwaite; Britsh philosophy today; Broad; Burnyeat; Butler, J.; Butler, S.; Cartwright; Cohen, G.; Cohen, L J.; Cambridge philosophy; Cambridge Pla-tonists; Clarke; Clifford; Coleridge; Collingwood; con-ceptual analysis; Cook Wilson; Cudworth; Dummett; Dworkin; empiricism; Evans; Filmer; Fine; Finnis; Foot; Frede; Geach; Glover; Green; Grice; Griffin; Hacking; Hamlyn; Hampshire; Hare; Hart; Hartley; Hobbes; Hobhouse; Hodgson; Hornsby; Hume; Hutcheson; ideal-ism, philosophical; Kenny; Keynes; Kneale; Lakatos; linguistic philosophy; Locke; London philosophy; MacIntyre; Mackie; Martineau; McDowell; McGinn; McTaggart; Mellor; Mill, James; Mill, John Stuart; Moore; Murdoch; Ockham; O’Neill; Oxford Calcula-tors; Oxford philosophy; Owen; Papineau; Parfit; Peacocke; Pears; philosophy, history of centres and departments of; Price; Prichard; Priestley; Quinton; Ramsey; Rashdall; Raz; Ross; Ryle; Sainsbury; Scotus; Shaftesbury; Sidgwick; Sorabji; Sprigge; Stout;
Index and List of Entries 1017
Trang 9Strawson; Swinburne; Warnock, G J.; Warnock, M.;
Whewell; Whitehead; Wiggins; Williams; Williamson;
Winch; Wisdom; Wollheim; Wright, Crispin
enlightenment Bayle; Condillac; de Maistre; Diderot;
Encyclopaedists; enlightenment philosophy;
evolu-tion; French philosophy; German philosophy; history,
history of the philosophy of; irrationalism; Jacobi;
Less-ing; Lichtenberg; Locke; Mendelssohn; Mill, John
Stu-art; philosophe; Polish philosophy; progress
enlightenment philosophy atheism; Enlightenment; Kant
entailment argument; deduction; implication;
philo-sophical logic
entelechy nature; physicalism in the philosophy of mind;
vitalism
enthusiasm
enthymeme rhetoric
entity see things
entropy energy
enumerative induction induction
environmental and ecological philosophy applied
phil-osophy, environmental ethics
environmental ethics applied ethics; environmental and
ecological philosophy; nature
epictetus Roman philosophy; Stoicism
epicureanism ancient philosophy; ataraxia; atomism;
Epi-curus; Hellenistic philosophy; Lucretius; moral
phil-osophy, history of; Roman philosophy; Stoics
epicurean objection, the, freedom and determinism
epicurus ancient philosophy; Epicurean objection; Lucretius;
metaphysics, history of
epiphenomenalism mental indispensability; mind,
prob-lems of the philosophy of; neuroscience, philosophical
relevance of; Santayana; union theory
epistemic epistemology, history of; epistemology,
prob-lems of; knowledge
epistemological relativism see relativism,
epistemolog-ical
EPISTEMOLOGY apperception; belief-in; brute fact;
certainty; colours; common sense; conceptual scheme;
Descartes; doubt; epistemic; epistemology, feminist;
epistemology, history of; epistemology, problems of;
epistemology and psychology; evidence; evolution and
philosophy; evolutionary epistemology; fallibilism;
foundationalism; genetic epistemology; Gettier; given;
holism; Hume; ideas; illusion, argument from; image;
Indian philosophy; inference to the best explanation;
innate ideas; jaundice; justification, epistemic; Kant;
knowledge; knowledge, limits of; learning; logical
empiricism; Locke; mathematics, problems of the
philosophy of; metaphysics, opposition to; Molyneux
problem; nạve realism; naturalism; necessity,
epis-temic; norms, episepis-temic; oar in water; open and closed
thought; perception; percepts; philosophical inquiry;
philosophy; posit; positivism; privileged access;
prob-ability theory and epistemology; protocol sentences;
Pyrrhonism; primary and secondary qualities;
rational-ity; regulative principles; relativism, epistemological;
reliabilism; religion and epistemology; representative
theory of perception; scepticism; scepticism, history of; scientism; solipsism; seeing-as; self-knowledge; sense-data; social epistemology; sociology of knowledge; solipsism; tacit knowledge; testimony; veil of percep-tion; virtues, doxastic; virtues, intellectual; Appendix: Maps of Philosophy
epistemology, feminist feminism; feminist philosophy; masculinism
epistemology, genetic learning epistemology, history of EPISTEMOLOGY epistemology, problems of EPISTEMOLOGY epistemology and psychology psychology and philoso-phy
E ¯ POCHE ¯ Husserl; Sceptics
equality ableism; affirmative action; Bentham; democ-racy; difference principle; fairness; feminism; inequality; justice; liberalism; liberty and equality; partiality and impartiality; political obligation; prioritarianism; Rawls; socialism; unlikely philosophical propositions; Vlastos; well-being; Wilt Chamberlain argument
equipollence equivalence; logic, history of equivalence equipollence
equivalence relation relations
equivalences of the form t see snow is white equivocation see ambiguity
equivocation, fallacy of ambiguity; fallacies; four-term fallacy
erasmus dirty hands; religion, history of the philosophy of; Renaissance philosophy
eriugena Irish philosophy; medieval philosophy error theory of value Mackie; realism and anti-realism
eschatology death; hell; mundus imaginalis
esoteric exoteric; Platonism esp phenomena, philosophical implications of
ESSE EST PERCIPI Berkeley; egocentric predicament essence Aristotle; being; Fine; haecceity; Locke; Nicholas
of Cusa; phenomenology; Santayana; Spinoza
essence, individual see haecceity
essentialism essentially contested concepts eternal recurrence Indian philosophy; Nietzsche eternity time
ethical formalism Kant; Kantian morality; moral judge-ments; prescriptivism
ethical naturalism see naturalism, ethical ethical objectivism see objectivism and subjectivism,
ethical
ethical relativism see relativism, ethical ethical subjectivism see objectivism and subjectivism,
moral
ethical voluntarism see voluntarism, ethical ethics see MORAL PHILOSOPHY
ethics, applied see applied ethics ethics, axiological see axiological ethics ethics, bio- see bioethics
ethics, business see business ethics ethics, chinese see chinese philosophy; confucianism ethics, deontological see deontological ethics
1018 Index and List of Entries
Trang 10ethics, divine command see divine command ethics
ethics, emotive theory of see emotive theory of ethics
ethics, environmental see environmental ethics
ethics, evolutionary see evolutionary ethics
ethics, feminist see feminist ethics
ethics, japanese see japanese philosophy
ethics, kantian see kantian ethics
ethics, medical see medical ethics
ethics, naturalistic see naturalism, ethical
ethics and aesthetics art and morality
ethics and morality
ethics in islamic philosophy
ethics of belief see belief, ethics of
ethics of care see care, ethics of
EUDAIMONIA arete¯; Aristotle; ataraxia; good, greatest; moral
philosophy, history of; political philosophy, history of;
well-being
euthanasia applied ethics; autonomy in applied ethics;
Glover; killing; medical ethics; suicide
euthyphro problem
evaluation see value
evans indexicals; names
event change; Kim; process
evidence bootstrapping; confirmation; grue; induction
evil, human conservatism; evil, problem of; Manichaeism
evil, the problem of Adams, M M.; evil, human; God,
arguments against; karma; Leibniz; religion, history of
the philosophy of; religion, problems of the philosophy
of; religion, scepticism about; theodicy
evil demon, evil spirit see MALIN GÉNIE
evolution biology, philosophical problems of; Butler, S.;
Darwin; Darwinianism; evolutionary epistemology;
evolutionary ethics; human beings; Lamarck; life;
nature; teleological argument for the existence of God;
Wright, Chauncey
evolution and philosophy Spencer
evolutionary epistemology Clifford; evolution; Kuhn;
Mach; Millikan; Peirce
evolutionary ethics evolution; Spencer
examination paradox paradoxes; prediction paradox
excluded middle, law of bivalence; entailment;
intu-itionist logic; laws of thought; logical theory
existence appearance and reality; being; existential
propos-ition; external world; matter; Meinong; necessary and
contingent existence; ontology; philosophy; posit;
pre-sentism; real; things; ‘to be’, the verb
existence, contingent and necessary see contingent
and necessary existence
existence precedes essence existentialism; Jaspers; Sartre
existentialism abandonment; absurd; Adorno; Angst;
Authenticity; bad faith; Berdyaev; continental
philoso-phy; Dasein; de Beauvoir; despair; existence precedes
essence; French philosophy; God and the philosophers;
Hegelianism; Jaspers; Kierkegaard; Marcel;
Merleau-Ponty; metaphysics, history of; phenomenology;
Rosen-zweig; Sartre; slime
existential proposition being; existence; ontology; real;
thing; ‘to be’, the verb
existential quantifier see quantifier
exoteric esoteric experience awareness, sense; consciousness; perception; sensation
experiment Bacon, F.; crucial experiment; Mill’s methods; thought experiment
experiment, crucial see crucial experiment
explanation abduction; Bacon, F.; causality; covering-law model; determinism; determinism, scientific; explanation, levels of; explanation by samples; explan-ationism; history, problems of the philosophy of; infer-ence to the best explanation; laws, natural or scientific; necessity, nomic; overdetermination and undeter-mination; Salmon; samples, explanation by; science, problems of the philosophy of; stories and explanation; teleological explanation; why
explanation, historical see history, problems of the
philosophy of
explanation, inference to the best see inference to the
best explanation explanation, levels of explanation
explanation, teleological see teleologicalexplanation explanation and stories see stories and explanation explanation by samples see samples, explanation by
explanationism explanation explanatory gap
exploitation capitalism; imperialism; Marxist philoso-phy; socialism
exportation expression aesthetics, history of; aesthetics, problems of; art; music; poetry
expressivism in ethics emotivism; non-cognitivism extensionality meaning; opacity and transparency externalism individualism and anti-individualism; Mc-Dowell; mind, problems of the philosophy of; priv-ileged access; reliabilism; twin earth
external relations see relations; internal and
exter-nal relations; relations, nature of external world appearance and reality; being; body; empiricism; Heidegger; Hume; idealism, philosoph-ical; matter; metaphysics, history of; metaphysics, problems of; Moore; ontology; Parmenides; percep-tion; phenomena and noumena; phenomenalism; phil-osophy; real; Russell; Scottish philphil-osophy; things; ‘to be’, the verb
fact brute fact; correspondence theory of truth; fact–value distinction; Nietzsche; particulars and non-particulars; Russell; social facts; Wittgenstein
fact, brute see brute fact fact, social see social fact
fact-value distinction emotivism; fact; ‘is’ and ‘ought’; moral philosophy, history of; naturalistic fallacy; open question argument; prescriptivism; value
fairness ableism; affirmative action; economics and moral-ity; equalmoral-ity; justice; partiality and impartialmoral-ity; Rawls faith and reason religion, history and problems of phil-osophy of
Index and List of Entries 1019