abandonment authenticity; autonomy and heteronomy;despair; existentialism abduction induction; inference to the best explanation; Peirce; scientific method abelard Hélọse complex; logic,
Trang 11000 Chronological Table
Ramsey 1903–30
Broad (1887–1971) publishes The Mind and its Place in Nature
1925, Five Types of Ethical Theory 1930
Heidegger (1889–1976) publishes Sein und Zeit 1927
Whitehead (1861–1947) publishes Process and Reality 1929
Carnap (1891–1970) publishes Der Logische Aufbau der Welt
1928, The Unity of Science 1932, Meaning and Necessity 1947,
Logical Foundations of Probability 1950
Gödel (1906-78) publishes his incompleteness theorems
1931
Maritain 1882–1973
Jaspers 1883–1969
Bachelard 1884–1962
Marcel 1889–1973
Reichenbach 1891–1953
H H Price (1899–1984) publishes Perception 1932
Popper (1902–94) publishes The Logic of Scientific Discovery
1935, The Open Society and its Enemies 1945
Ayer (1910–89) publishes Language, Truth and Logic 1936
Collingwood (1889–1943) publishes An Essay on Metaphysics
1940
Merleau-Ponty (1908–61) publishes La Structure du
comporte-ment 1942, La Phénoménologie de la perception 1945
Sartre (1905–80) publishes L‘Être et le néant 1943
Ryle (1900–76) publishes The Concept of Mind 1949
De Beauvoir publishes Le Deuxième Sexe 1949
James Joyce (1882–1941) publishes Ulysses (burnt by American Post Office) 1922, Finnegan’s Wake 1939
General strike in Great Britain defeated 1926 Trotsky (1879–1940) expelled from Russian Communist Party 1927 Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle 1927
Eddington (1882–1944) publishes The Nature of the Physical World 1928
Fleming (1881–1954) discovers penicillin 1928 Economic depression hits Europe and America 1929
Roosevelt elected US President 1932 Karl Barth, theologian, 1886–1968
Hitler (1889–1945) takes power 1933 and annexes Austria
1938, causing exodus of many intellectuals including philoso-phers
Alan Turing (1912–54) conceives universal digital computing machine
Franco (1892–1975) gains power in Spain after Civil War 1936–9
Munich Agreement offers ‘peace in our time’ 1938 German–Soviet pact 1939
Second World War, ended by atomic bombs, 1939–45
Orwell (1903–50) publishes Animal Farm 1945, Nineteen Eighty-Four (written in 1948) 1949
Labour government introduces socialist measures in Great Britain 1945–51
Camus (1913–60) publishes L’Étranger 1946
‘Iron Curtain’ named by Churchill 1946 First meeting of the General Assembly of the United Nations 1946
India given independence 1947 Mahatma Gandhi (born 1869) assassinated 1948
‘Steady state’ cosmology proposed 1948
Trang 2Chronological Table 1001
Quine (1908–2000) publishes Methods of Logic 1950, From a
Logical Point of View 1952, Word and Object 1960
Tarski 1902–83
Hare publishes The Language of Morals 1952
Wittgenstein’sPhilosophical Investigations published
posthu-mously 1953
‘Australian materialism’ develops in 1950s
Goodman (1906–98) publishes Fact, Fiction, and Forecast
1955
Marcuse (1898–1979) publishes Eros and Civilization 1955
Church 1903–95
Chisholm (1916–99) publishes The Philosophy of Perception
1957
Adorno 1903–69
Ricœur 1913–
P F Strawson (born 1919) publishes Individuals 1959
Gadamer (1900–2002) publishes Truth and Method 1960
Foucault (1926–84) publishes Histoire de la folie 1961
Kuhn (1922–96) publishes The Structure of Scientific
Revolutions 1962
Sense and Sensibilia and How to Do Things with Words, by J L.
Austin (1911–60), published 1962
Habermas (born 1929) publishes Theorie und Praxis 1963
Althusser (1918–90) publishes Pour Marx 1965
Derrida (1930–2004) publishes L’Écriture et la différence 1967
Davidson (1917–2003) publishes ‘Truth and Meaning’ 1967,
‘Mental Events’ 1970
Berlin (1909–97) publishes Four Essays on Liberty 1969
Putnam 1926–
Kripke (born 1940) publishes ‘Naming and Necessity’ 1972
Rawls (1921–2002) publishes A Theory of Justice 1972
Dummett (born 1925) publishes Frege: Philosophy of Language
1973
Mackie (1917–81) publishes The Cement of the Universe
1974
Nozick (1938–2002) publishes Anarchy, State and Utopia 1974
Searle (born 1932) publishes ‘Minds, Brains, and Programs’
1980
Communists under Mao Tse-tung take over China 1949 Korean War 1950–3
Joseph McCarthy (1908–57) conducts campaign against Communists in USA, 1950–4
Stalin (born 1879) dies 1953
Russia suppresses Hungarian revolt 1956
Russia launches first Sputnik 1957 Chomsky (born 1928) publishes Syntactic Structures 1957 European Common Market established 1958
Castro becomes leader of Cuba 1959
Berlin Wall constructed 1961 Cuba crisis threatens nuclear war 1962
US ‘military advisers’ in Vietnam 1962
J F Kennedy assassinated 1963 Campaign for civil rights in USA Russell active in campaign against British nuclear deterrent Expansion of universities during 1960s
Arab–Israeli Six Day War 1967 Soviet forces suppress ‘Prague Spring’ 1968 Student riots in Paris and elsewhere 1968
Women get the vote in Switzerland 1971 Withdrawal of US troops from Vietnam 1971
Spain returns to democracy 1975
‘Thatcherism’ introduced in UK after Conservative election vic-tory 1979
Trang 31002 Chronological Table
Rorty (born 1931) publishes Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature
1980
MacIntyre (born 1929) publishes After Virtue 1981
Parfit (born 1942) publishes Reasons and Persons 1984
Bernard Williams (1929–2003) publishes Ethics and the Limits of
Philosophy 1985
Thomas Nagel (born 1937) publishes The View from Nowhere
1986
Brandom (born 1950) publishes Making it Explicit 1994
Scanlon (born 1940) publishesWhat We Owe to Each Other
1998
War in Afghanistan between Soviet troops and Mujaheddin guerillas 1979–89
Shipyard strike in Poland leads to the concession of workers’ rights and the formation of the Solidarnos´c´ union confederation 1980
Deaths of IRA hunger strikers 1981 German Green party wins first parliamentary seats 1983 John Paul II becomes the first pope to visit a synagogue Gorbachev campaigns for glasnost (openness) in the Soviet Union 1987
Collapse of communism in Soviet Union and Eastern Europe
1989, followed by political fragmentation and intellectual liberation
Series of wars in former Yugoslavia 1991–9 100-day war against Iraq by UN (mainly US) forces 1991 Nelson Mandela elected president in South Africa’s first univer-sally representative elections 1994
Demilitarization of Northern Ireland begins 1994, after 25 years 800,000 killed in Rwandan civil war 1994
New York’s World Trade Center destroyed 11 September 2001 USA and allies invade Afghanistan 2001, Iraq 2003
Chronological table by A R Lacey
Trang 4Sources of Illustrations
The editor and publisher thank the following, who have kindly given permission to reproduce the illustrations listed:
page 25
page 35
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Dewey
Carnap
Quine
Goodman
Plato
Aristotle
Epicurus
Plotinus
Moore
Russell
Wittgenstein
Collingwood
Husserl
Frege
Ortega y Gassett
Heidegger
Hobbes
Locke
Berkeley
Hume
Francis Bacon
Reid
Sidgwick
Bradley
Sartre
de Beauvoir
Foucault
Althusser
Rousseau
Comte
Bergson
Merleau-Ponty
Fichte
Schopenhauer
Camera Press Bettman Corbis Courtesy of Prof W V Quine, Harvard University Archives
Harvard University Press Archivo Alinari
Archivo Alinari Archivo Alinari Canali Photobank National Portrait Gallery, London Hulton Getty Images
Trinity College, Cambridge Reading University (Courtesy of Mrs Teresa Smith)
Catholic University of Leyden; Husserl Archive Archiv für Kunst und Geschichte
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Hulton Getty Images Merton College, Oxford (Thomas Photos) Archive Roger-Viollet
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Trang 51004 Sources of Illustrations
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Kierkegaard Nietzsche Augustine Boethius Abelard Anselm Hegel Marx Lukacs Croce Confucius Kitaro Tagore Radhakrishnan Kuhn Lewis Rorty Williams Avicenna Duns Scotus Roger Bacon Aquinas Davidson Putnam Searle Nagel Rawls MacIntyre Kripke Dennett Ryle Ayer Strawson Popper Edwards Peirce James Santayana
Pythagoras Heraclitus Socrates Democritus Descartes Leibniz Spinoza Kant Bentham Mill Wollstonecraft Burke
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D H Mellor Sijmen Hendriks Sijmen Hendriks Wellcome Institute of the History of Medicine National Portrait Gallery of Scotland Mansell Collection
Archivo Alinari Steve Pyke, London Steve Pyke, London Steve Pyke, London Steve Pyke, London Camera Press Courtesy of Duckworth Ltd
Harvard University Press Jerry Bauer, Rome National Portrait Gallery, London Billett Potter, Oxford
Billett Potter, Oxford Camera Press Princeton University Archives, Department of Rare Books and Special Collections Stock Montage, Chicago
Archiv für Kunst und Geschichte
US National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution Art Resource, NY
Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz Archivo Alinari
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Archiv für Kunst und Geschichte, Berlin Sara Waterson
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Sara Waterson Getty Images Hulton Getty Images National Portrait Gallery, London
Trang 6abandonment authenticity; autonomy and heteronomy;
despair; existentialism
abduction induction; inference to the best explanation;
Peirce; scientific method
abelard Hélọse complex; logic, history of; medieval
phil-osophy; metaphysics, history of; philosophy, history of
departments and centres of
ableism disability and morality; discrimination; equality;
justice
abortion applied ethics; double effect; killing; medical
ethics; Thomson
absolute, the Bosanquet; Bradley; German philosophy;
Hegel; idealism, philosophical; James; metaphysics,
history of; relations, the nature of; Royce; Schelling
absolutism,moral consequentialism; deontological ethics;
ideals, moral; lying; sexual morality
abstract entities mathematics, history of the philosophy
of; nominalism; ontology; proposition; universals
abstract ideas see ideas
abstraction ideas; Locke
abstract particulars see properties, individual
absurd, the abandonment; Camus; existentialism; Sartre
academic freedom freedom; freedom of speech; liberty;
persecution of philosophers; teaching and indoctrinating
academy, the Arcesilaus; Aristotle; Carneades;
philoso-phy, centres and departments of; Plato; Platonism;
Speusippus; Xenocrates
access, privileged see privileged access
accident Aristotle; essence; properties; quality achilles paradox motion; paradoxes; Zeno of Elea acquaintance and description, knowledge by descrip-tions; Russell
action agent; basic action; choosing and deciding; deviance, causal; freedom; heredity and environment; intention; mental causation; reasons and causes; responsibility; thinking causes; trying; volition; will
action, basic see basic action
action at a distance causality active and passive intellects acts, mental; Aquinas; Aristotle; origination
acts and omissions absolutism, moral; action; applied ethics; Bennett; medical ethics
acts, linguistic see linguistic acts
acts, mental active and passive intellects; mental states; mental events; origination; volitions; will
adams, m m Anselm; Ockham adams, r m sin
adorno Frankfurt School; German philosophy aesthetic attitude aesthetic distance; aesthetic judge-ment; aesthetics, history of; aesthetics, problems of; art aesthetic distance aesthetic attitude; aesthetics, prob-lems of
aesthetic concepts aesthetics, history of; aesthetics, prob-lems of
aesthetic imagination see imagination, aesthetic
Index and List of Entries
The headings in this index include all the headings of the entries in the book So the index
is also a list of the entries To look up any subject, turn first to the main entry under the capitalized index heading (e.g abandonment) and then to the entries under the follow-ing headfollow-ings (e.g authenticity)
Where an index heading is from an entry which is a bare cross-reference to another entry, the index indicates this by following the same form (e.g abstract ideas see ideas).
In order not to submerge the significant entries on a subject in a host of others, the index does not include every mention of a subject in the book, but rather the more significant ones
The few headings in the index which are not also headings of entries in the book are
in large capitals These are to AESTHETICS and so on—main parts of philosophy, which in the book are divided into one entry on the history of the part of philosophy and one on its problems The few references in the index to such entries are also in large capitals
Trang 7aestheticism aesthetics, problems of; art
aesthetic judgement aesthetic attitude; aesthetics,
prob-lems of
AESTHETICS aesthetic attitude; aesthetic concepts;
thetic distance; aestheticism; aesthetics, history of;
aes-thetics, Islamic; aesthetic judgement; aesaes-thetics,
problems of; aesthetic value; Aristotle; Aristotelianism;
art; art and morality; art and truth; art criticism; art,
con-temporary, art, suspects; beauty; Collingwood; comedy;
Croce; Danto; death-of-the-author thesis; Dionysian and
Apollonian; embodiment; emotion and art; ethics and
aes-thetics; expression; fiction; film, philosophy of; forgery;
Gadamer; Hegel; Heidegger; imagination, aesthetic;
intentional fallacy; Islamic ethics; Kant; Lessing; music;
minimalism; naturalism; Nietzsche; novel, the
philoso-phical; performing arts, philosophy of; philosophy;
pictures; plagiarism; poetry; representation in art; Schiller;
Schopenhauer; sensibility; sport; sublime; taste; tragedy;
ugliness; value, aesthetic; Wollheim; Walton
aesthetics, history of AESTHETICS
aesthetics, islamic aesthetics, history and problems of
philosophy of
aesthetics, problems of AESTHETICS
aesthetic value see value, aesthetic
affirmative action reverse discrimination; equality;
fair-ness; justice
affirmative and negative propositions negation and
dou-ble negation; non-being and nothing; nothingness;
nothingness, absolute
affirming the antecedent affirming the consequent; modus
ponens; traditional logic
affirming the consequent affirming the antecedent;
fallacies; philosophical logic; traditional logic
african philosophy black philosophy; negritude; Nkrumah
agent action; freedom and determinism; intention;
men-tal causation; reasons and causes; Taylor; trying;
vol-ition; will
agent-causation causa sui; freedom and determinism;
orgination
agent-relative moralities consequentialism;
deonto-logical ethics; Williams
agglomeration
agnosticism see atheism and agnosticism
agreement see method of agreement
ajdukiewicz Polish philosophy
passions; self-control; Socratic paradox
albert the great Aristotelianism
albo Jewish philosophy
alcmaeon Pre-Socratic philosophy; science, history of
philosophy of
alethic concepts see deontic logic
alexander
al-fa¯ra¯bi¯ see fa¯ra¯bi¯
algebra, boolean see boolean algebra
al-ghaza¯li¯ see ghaza¯li¯
algorithm alienation Marx; Marxist philosophy; Sartre
al-kindi¯ see kindi¯
all see universal proposition
alston althusser French philosophy; Marxist philosophy
altruism see egoism and altruism
ambiguity amphiboly; equivocation, fallacy of; linguis-tics, philosophical relevance of; vagueness
ambiguous middle, fallacy of syllogism american philosophy Adams, M M.; Adams, R M.; Alston; American philosophy today; Arendt; Arrow; Bennett; Bergmann; Black; Blackburn; black philoso-phy; Blanshard; Block; Brandom; Brownson; Burge; Carnap; Cavell; Chisholm; Church; Churchland, Paul; Critical Realism; Danto; Davidson; Dennett; Dewey; Dretske; Ducasse; Edwards, J.; Edwards, P.; egocentric predicament; Emerson; Feinberg; Feyerabend; Field; Fine; Fodor; Fogelin; Frankena; Frankfurt; Franklin; Gauthier; Gettier; Gewirth; Gibbard; Goldman; Good-man; Grice; GrossGood-man; Grünbaum; Hacking; HarGood-man; Hartshorne; Harvard philosophy; Hempel; Hintikka; Hocking; Hook; Horwich; Irwin; James; Jefferson; Jef-frey; Johnson; journals of philosophy; Kagan; Kaplan; Kim; Kitcher; Korsgaard; Kreisel; Kripke; Kuhn; Langer; Lehrer; Lewis, C I.; Lewis, D.; Lovejoy; Lycan; MacIn-tyre; Malcolm; Marcus; Marcuse; McDowell; McGinn; Mead; Millikan; Montague; Nagel, E.; Nagel, T.; neo-Pragmatism; New England Transcendentalism; New Realism; Nozick; Nussbaum; Peirce; philosophy, history
of departments and centres of; Plantinga; pragmaticism; pragmatism; Putnam; Quine; Rawls; Rescher; Rorty; Royce; Salmon; Scanlon; Schacht; Schiffer; Searle; Sellars, R W.; Sellars, W.; Sen; Shoemaker; Sosa; Stevenson; Stich; Stroud; Tarski; Taylor, R.; Thomson; Thoreau; van Fraassen; Vlastos; Walton; Walzer; Wright, Chauncey
american philosophy today American philosophy amorality egoism and altruism; moral philosophy, prob-lems of
amphiboly ambiguity; scope
analogy, argument from, for the existence of god see
teleological argument for the existence of god analysis analytic philosophy; definition; descriptions, theory of; linguistic philosophy; Merleau-Ponty; Moore; paradox of analysis; reductionism; Russell; Ryle analytic and synthetic statements analytic philosophy; Hume’s fork; mathematics, history of the philosophy of; Mill, John Stuart; necessity, logical; philosophical logic; Quine; rationalism; synthetic a priori judge-ments; translation, indeterminacy of
analytic philosophy analysis; Cambridge philosophy; English philosophy; French philosophy; linguistic phil-osophy; Moore; ordinary language and philphil-osophy; logical positivism; Oxford philosophy; philosophy; Pol-ish philosophy; relations, internal and external; Russell; Vienna Circle
analytic, transcendental see transcendental analytic
1006 Index and List of Entries
Trang 8anamnesis soul
anarchism Bakunin; Godwin; Kropotkin; Nozick;
Proud-hon; State, the; syndicalism; violence, political; Weil
anaxagoras Pre-Socratic philosophy; Sophists
anaximander apeiron; philosophy, history of centres and
departments of; Pre-Socratic philosophy
anaximenes philosophy, history of centres and
depart-ments of; Pre-Socratic philosophy
ancestral relation relations
ancient philosophy Academy, the; agape¯; Alcmaeon;
anamnesis; Anaxagoras; Anaximander; Anaximenes;
anima mundi; ancient philosophy; Antiochus;
Antis-thenes; apeiron; Arcesilaus; arete; Aristippus; Aristotle;
Aristotelianism; arkhe¯; asceticism; ataraxia; atomism,
physical; Aurelius; Barnes; Burnyeat; Carneades;
cartharsis; Chrysippus; Cicero; Cratylus; Cynics;
demi-urge; Democritus; Diodorus Cronus; Diogenes the
Cynic; Diogenes Laertius; doxa; Eleatics; elenchus;
Empedocles; Epictetus; epistemology, history of;
Epi-cureanism; Epicurus; Epicurean objection; esoteric;
eternal recurrence; eudaimonia; Euthyphro problem;
exoteric; flux; footnotes to Plato; form and matter;
Frede; Galen; gnoseology; gnosticism; Gorgias;
hedo-nism, ancient; Heraclitus; Hermetic corpus;
Hip-pocrates; Irwin; klepsydra; Leucippus; logic, history of;
logos; Lucretius; Master Argument; mean; Megarics;
Melissus; metaphysics, history of; mimesis; modern
Greek philosophy; moral philosophy, history of; nous;
Nussbaum; one over many problem; Owen;
Par-menides; Peripatetics; Philo Judaeus; Philo the
Dialecti-cian; Philoponus; phrone¯sis; Plato; pneuma; Pre-Socratic
philosophy; prime mover; Proclus; Protagoras; psyche;
Pyrrho; Pyrrhonism; Pythagoras; Pythagoreanism;
rhetoric; risus sophisticus; Roman philosophy; Sceptics;
science, history of the philosophy of; Seneca; Sextus
Empiricus; Socrates; Socratic irony; Socratic method;
Sophists; Sorabji; Speusippus; Stoicism; Thales;
Theo-phrastus; third man argument; Thrasymachus; Vlastos;
void; wisdom; Xenocrates; Xenophanes; Zeno of
Citium; Zeno of Elea
ancient philosophy, relevance to contemporary
phil-osophy see footnotes to plato
and see conjunction and disjunction
anderson, john Australian philosophy
anderson and belnap relevance logic
Kierkegaard; nothingness; pessimism and optimism;
Sartre
animal consciousness animals; consciousness; Descartes
animal soul Aristotle; Descartes
animal spirits Descartes; pineal gland
animalism in personal identity personal identity; persons
animals animal consciousness; science, social philosophy
of; Singer; Sprigge; thinking; vegetarianism
anomalous monism Davidson; double aspect theory;
epiphenomenalism; identity theories; psychophysical
laws; supervenience
anomie Durkheim anscombe brute fact; consequentialism; fact–value dis-tinction; moral obligation; Wittgensteinians
anselm cosmological argument; credo ut intelligam; God,
arguments for the existence of; medieval philosophy; ontological argument; religion, history of the philoso-phy of; scholasticism
anthropic principle cosmology; physical; reality anthropology, philosophical Latin American philoso-phy; Romero; Scheler; vitalism
anti-communism communism; conservatism; Hook; ide-ology; liberalism; Marxist philosophy; socialism
anti-individualism see externalism; individualism and
anti-individualism antilogism inconsistent triad antinomies cosmology; infinity; Kant; paradoxes antiochus Platonism
anti-realism see realism and anti-realism
anti-semitism discrimination; Jewish philosophy antisthenes
antitheism atheism; God
apodeictic demonstration; necessity, logical
apodosis see protasis apollonian see dionysian and apollonian
appearance and reality aspects; being; Berkeley; Bradley; Buddhist philosophy; cave, analogy of; empiri-cism; epistemology, history of; existence; external world; idealism, philosophical; illusion; Hume; Kant; Kantianism; Locke; matter; metaphysics, history of; metaphysics, problems of; Parmenides; perception; phenomena and noumena; phenomenalism; Plato; real; realism and anti-realism; representative theory of perception; scepticism, history of; Schopenhauer; sense-data; thing-in-itself; veil of perception
apperception inner sense; introspection; Kant applied ethics abortion; American philosophy; animals; Australian philosophy; autonomy in applied ethics; bioethics; business ethics; care, ethics of; civil disobedi-ence; environmental ethics; euthanasia; feminism; fem-inist philosophy; fertilization in vitro; just war; killing; medical ethics; sexual morality; Singer; slippery slope; suicide; Thomson; vegetarianism; violence, political; war, just
applied ethics, autonomy in see autonomy in applied
ethics
a priori and a posteriori Hume’s fork; knowledge; mathematics, history of the philosophy of; mathemat-ics, problems of the philosophy of; metaphysmathemat-ics, oppos-ition to; Mill, John Stuart; necessity, logical; synthetic a priori judgements
aquinas active and passive intellects; analytical Thomism; cosmological argument; God, arguments for the exist-ence of; Aristotelianism; law, history of the philosophy of; medieval philosophy; metaphysics, history of; neo-Thomism; political philosophy, history of; religion, history of philosophy of; suicide; Thomism
Index and List of Entries 1007
Trang 9arabic philosophy see islamic philosophy
arcesilaus Academy, the; Platonism
archetype see jung
architectonic Kant; Kantianism; Peirce
arendt evil
argument arguments, types of; deduction; Frege;
func-tion; inducfunc-tion; inference; logical theory; logic,
mod-ern; logic, traditional; philosophical logic; validity
argument from design see design, argument from; god,
arguments for the existence of; teleological
argu-ments for the existence of god
arguments, types of ad hominem argument; argument;
deduction; induction; logic, informal; methods, Mill’s;
modus ponens; modus tollens; risus sophisticus; slingshot
arguments; testimony
aristippus hedonism; Penelope’s wooers
aristocracy, natural Burke; conservatism; élitism;
merito-cracy; organic society; people
aristotelianism active and passive intellects; Albert the
Great; Aquinas; Averroës; Buridan; Galileo; Henry of
Ghent; Hobbes; ideals, moral; Islamic philosophy;
Locke; MacIntyre; medieval philosophy;
Neoplaton-ism; Ockham; Peripatetics; Philoponus; Pomponazzi;
scholasticism; Theophrastus; universals; virtues
aristotle accident; active and passive intellects; akrasia;
ancient philosophy; Aristotelianism; arkhe¯; backwards
causation; categories; epistemology, history of;
con-crete universal; esoteric; exoteric; final causes; form
and matter; God and the philosophers; hedonism,
ancient; human beings; language, history of the
philoso-phy of; logic, history of; mathematics, history of the
philosophy of; mean; metaphysics, history of; mind,
history of the philosophy of; moral philosophy, history
of; moral philosophy, problems of; Peripatetics;
philoso-phy, history of departments and centres of; Platonism;
pleasure; political philosophy, history of; political
phil-osophy, problems of; practical reason; practical
syllo-gism; prime mover; religion, history of the philosophy
of; rhetoric; right action; science, history of the
philoso-phy of; sea-battle argument; shame; third man
argu-ment; tragedy; universals
arithmetic, foundations of Church; Frege;
incom-pleteness; logicism; number; Russell’s paradox
armstrong individual properties; laws, natural or
scien-tific; materialism; mind, history of the philosophy of
arnauld Cartesianism; Port-Royalists
arrow Arrow’s paradox
arrow’s paradox Arrow; paradoxes; Sen
art art and morality; art criticism; aesthetic attitude;
aes-thetic distance; aesaes-thetics, history of; aesaes-thetics, problems
of; beauty; Benjamin; performing arts, philosophy of
art, contemporary minimalism; performing arts,
phil-osophy of
art, philosophy of see aesthetics
art, representation in see representation in art
art, science, and religion see science, art, and religion
art, suspect art and morality art; aesthetics, history of; aestheticism art and truth aesthetics; problems and history of phil-osophy of
art criticism aesthetic attitude; aesthetic distance; aes-thetic judgement; aesaes-thetics, problems of
arthritis in the thigh Burge; externalism; individualism and anti-individualism
artificial intelligence computers; cognitive psych-ology; connectionism; consciousness, its irreducibility; mechanism; programs of computers
artificial language characteristica universalis; formal
lan-guage; lanlan-guage; logic, history of; logic, modern
artworld see aesthetics, history of
asceticism hedonism; Manichaeism a-series and b-series McTaggart; time
as-if see vaihinger
aspects appearance and reality ass, buridan’s Buridan assertion proposition; statements and sentences associationism Hartley; Mill, James; Locke; psychology and philosophy
astrology pseudo-philosophy
ataraxia Epicureanism; eudaimonia; hedonism, ancient
atheism and agnosticism antitheism; Campanella; Collins; enlightenment philosophy; Feuerbach; God and the philosophers; God, arguments against the existence of; Jainism; Nietzsche; Rée; religion, history of the philoso-phy of; religion, problems of the philosophiloso-phy of; religion, scepticism about
atomism, logical analytic philosophy; Russell; Wittgen-stein
atomism, physical Anaxagoras; Democritus; Epicur-eanism; Epicurus; Gassendi; hylomorphism; Leucippus; matter; metaphysics, problems of; Pre-Socratic philoso-phy; space
atomism, psychological atonement forgiveness; theology and philosophy attention consciousness
attitude emotion and feeling
attitude, aesthetic see aesthetic attitude attribute see substance and attribute
augustine education, history of the philosophy of; Henry
of Ghent; Manichaeism; medieval philosophy; Platon-ism; political philosophy, history of; religion, history of the philosophy of; Roman philosophy
aurelius Roman philosophy; Stoicism aurobindo Indian philosophy autobiography, philosophical publishing philosophy austin, john law, history of the philosophy of; legal pos-itivism
austin, j l constatives; correspondence theory of truth; English philosophy; linguistic acts; linguistic philoso-phy; linguistic turn; oar in water; Oxford philosophiloso-phy; tone
australian philosophy Anderson; Armstrong; central state materialism; Chalmers; Mackie; Martin; New Zealand philosophy; Singer; Smart
1008 Index and List of Entries
Trang 10authenticity Angst; bad faith; Bultmann; existentialism;
Heidegger
authority ideology; legitimacy; Locke; political
obliga-tion; Weber
autobiography, philosophical
autonomy and heteronomy abandonment; agent-relative
moralities; autonomy in applied ethics; democracy;
education, problems of the philosophy of; Feinberg;
freedom; freedom and determinism; Kant; Kantian
ethics; liberalism; moral philosophy, history of; moral
philosophy, problems of; political philosophy, history
of
autonomy in applied ethics applied ethics; autonomy;
freedom and determinism; killing; medical ethics;
sex-ual morality
avecebrol see ibn gabirol
avenarius positivism
averroës double truth; Islamic philosophy
avicenna Islamic philosophy; Platonism
awareness, sense blindsight; Buddhist philosophy;
experi-ence; manifold of sense; perception; sensation;
sense-data; qualia
axiological ethics good; happiness; moral philosophy,
history of; value
axiom axiomatic method; Hilbert; philosophical logic;
propositional calculus
axiomatic method axiom; calculus; propositional
calcu-lus
ayer analytic philosophy; basic statements; English
phil-osophy; epistemology, history of; fact–value
distinc-tion; Logical Positivism; London philosophy; moral
philosophy, history of; oar in water; Oxford
philoso-phy; phenomenalism; philosophy and science;
pragma-tism; tender and tough-minded; verification principle;
Vienna Circle
babbage‒chambers paradox mathematics, history of the
philosophy of; paradoxes
bachelard French philosophy
backgammon Hume
background hermeneutics; horizon; life-world; meaning
backwards causation Aristotle; causality; science,
prob-lems of the philosophy of; teleological explanation
bacon, francis English philosophy; explanation; idols;
induction; scientific method
bacon, roger medieval philosophy; religion, history of
the philosophy of
bad faith authenticity; existentialism; for-itself and
in-itself; Sartre; self-deception
bain associationism; Scottish philosophy
bakhtin Russian philosophy
bakunin anarchism
bald man paradox heap, paradox of; paradoxes
barbara celarent logic, traditional; syllogism
barber paradox paradoxes; Russell’s paradox
barcan formula modal logic; Marcus; possibility
barnes
barry
barth religion, history of philosophy of barthes
base and superstructure Gramsci; historical material-ism; Marx; Marxmaterial-ism; Marxist philosophy; political phil-osophy, history of; unlikely philosophical propositions basic action action; Danto
basic statements empiricism; protocol statement
bat, what it is like to be a see nagel, thomas
baudrillard bauer Hegelianism bayesian confirmation theory empiricism, logical; Jef-frey; Logical Positivism; probability; science, problems
of the philosophy of bayle Enlightenment; philosophe
‘be’ see ‘to be’, the verb beatitude’s kiss see aurobindo
beauty aesthetics, history of; aesthetics, problems of; aes-thetic value; Edwards, Jonathan; good, the form of; Mendelssohn; Santayana; Schiller; ugliness
beauty above beauty see plotinus beauvoir see de beauvoir becoming see process; process philosophy; time
beetle in the box grammar, autonomy of; Wittgenstein begging the question argument; fallacies; vicious circle behaviourism central state materialism; emotion and feeling; functionalism; imagination; mental reduction-ism; mind, history of the philosophy of; mind, prob-lems of the philosophy of; psychology and philosophy; reductionism, mental; Ryle; Watson; Wittgenstein being appearance and reality; existence; existential prop-osition; external world; Heidegger; matter; Meinong; metaphysics, problems of; necessary and contingent existence; Neoplatonism; ontology; real; Santayana; Sartre; science, history of the philosophy of; ‘to be’, the verb; thing; universals
being in the world Heidegger belief belief, ethics of; belief-in; cognitive architecture;
concept; de re and de dicto; epistemology, history of;
epistemology, problems of; judgement; knowledge; propositional attitude; sensation; thinking; volun-tarism, doxastic; understanding; will to believe belief, ethics of belief; doxastic virtue; voluntarism, dox-astic; will to believe
belief and desire simulation
belief-in belief; credo quia absurdum est; credo ut intelligam believe, will to see will to believe
bell’s theorem determinism; quantum theory and phil-osophy
belnap see anderson and belnap
benevolence egoism and altruism; moral philosophy, history of; socialism; utilitarianism
benjamin Frankfurt School bennett
bentham animals; deontic logic; English philosophy; feli-cific calculus; greatest happiness principle; homosexu-ality; law, history of the philosophy of; legal positivism; Mill, John Stuart; moral philosophy, history of;
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