000078088 THE ANALYSIS OF COORDINATING CONJUNCTION "AND" IN ENGLISH AND "AND" IN VIETNAMESE (PHÂN TÍCH LIÊN TỤC PHỐI HỢP "AND" TRONG TIẾNG ANH VÀ "VÀ" TRONG TIẾNG VIỆT)

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MIBISTRY OF RDUCATION AND TRAINING BANG: UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN STUDIES

Hanoi University lIllll II ÏIIllllillllllllll

00078088

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN STUDIES

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

GRADUATION PAPER

Theme:

THE ANALYSIS OF COORDINATING CONJUNCTION

“AND" IN ENGLISH AND "VA" IN VIETNAMESE

Supervisor : Dang Dinh Ghitn (M.Ed) Student : Dham Fhi Wguayét Quynh Class : FA4-00

THU VIEN DAI HOC HA NO!

HANOI UNIVERSITY LIBRARY KNO

vvnne 78098

Hanoi, May 2004

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Acknowledgements

My own largest thanks are to Mr Đặng Đình Thiện (M.Ed.), lecturer of English Department - Hanoi University of Foreign Studies, who gave me much benefit of his care and his valuable suggestions and detailed critical comments which helped me to fulfill this graduation paper

1 would also like to express my deepest thanks to all the teachers of the FA4-00 class for their unflagging encouragement and useful contribution

I owe thanks to my classmates, friends and my loved family for their support and assistance My thinking about the subject benefited greatly from conversations with them, and, above all, many of my materials are from them

Last but not least, I need to express my gratitude to participants who honestly and enthusiastically participated in my survey Their work helped me to release the precious findings for the paper later

Without all of these kind help, my work would not be completed

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Table o£ contents

2.2 Coordinated clause sequentially fixed

2.3 Not preceded by conjunction

Dido ,EÌHBSISGÍSUĐJEGErnmotrtrdhlintiititlïgRuiWlgdtidbiqeilttuoWitiei@gotgdia 2.5 Linking of subordinate clauses .-s-ccccskcexererkervee 11

26 Linkingof mone than two clauses scsscsiunsincscsssicosssscussscneussusssssroussusessosiie II

Part II Developmen( c ct th tr H211 rree 13

1.3 Ellipsis of the first part of the predication

a Lexical verb only

b: ‘Verb; including auxiliaty:scciscsssuissssearsscsssucssevesvseccrnesveesrsssnusssnvecnustes 16

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c Verb and subject complement

d Verb and object

1.4 Ellipsis of direct object or subject complement 8 145:.ElIpbsis.0fiadVETDIBÌisssossristidtitgbil960 RRRGWDDNBGISWdNGAesssissss 16

Chapter IT Coordinating conjunction “and”

I The concept of Conjunction .scecssseeeccseeesseessssecssseessseecsssecsnecsnecssecsntecsutecsneeenneessne 19

IL Classification Of COMjUNCtION oo ceseeseescessessessessessesssssessesssssessecsessecsssssseeseesventeseess 21

1 Coordinating conjunctions or COordinators ccsceccessessesseeseeseeseesesseesteseeseeseseees 22

2.1 Simple subordinators

2.2 Correlative subordinatOrs .-sc-c+2xtcExtecvrertrrrterrrsrrrsrrrrree 28

HH Coordinating conjunction ““anđ”, -cscccxcckv 1v 111111111114111111111111211111 11 cty 30 Chapter IIT The contrastive analysis of semantic implications of coordinators

I Semantic features of coordinating conjunction “and”

1.The second clause is a consequent or result of the first

2 The second clause is chronologically sequential to the first ‹‹‹- 33

3 The second clause is in contrast to the first one - -‹ << s+ 33

4 The second clause is a comment on the first one + +‡‡s+z 34

5 The first clause is a condition of the second

6 The second clause suggests an element of surprise to the first

7 The second clause is similar to the first one

8 The second clause is an addition to the first ccccccceeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaee

Il How to use comma (,) in coordinated sentences by “and” and “va” in English and 'Vietnamese respecCtiV€ÏY . sàn TH HH ggrrree 37

2 Words meaning “va” in Vietnamese

Chapter IV Some special uses of coordinating conjunction “and” in English 44

I Coordinator “and” for iđentical iteIms cty 44

Le VeTböand,VEEBioeeszeposoiirrrtrdcrrsbvotinstrtbgrSiSOSIYEEIATIBGGIGIQUSISHGDĐS.OnaB 44

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2 Noun and noun

3 Adjective and adjective

4 Adverb and adverb

II Coordinator “and” as semi-auxiliaries

HI Usage of coordinating conjunction “and” in written versus spoken English Sl

Chapter V Findings of the use of two coordinators “and” and "va" among Vie†namese learners 54

1 Introduction about the survey

II Findings and discussions

Vu h6 i gcse cess cesccscxescseess spans snnnnoncnnnnevncnanennennanennnnsneneenneeeneenennnen 59 ADDD€HdÌÏX - h1, 11 111.1111111 re 60 IBÏ6reHiCS: ‹ x‹scscnrze tháng grcgnnhgtini100141000001101000100011101100900101301130339/07101810021/000083531 64

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The analysis of coordinating conjunction “and” in English and “va” in Vietnamese

PART | INTRODUCTION

1 Rationale

It would not be denied that English is the world’s most widely used language, also, as a foreign language, no one is more immensely studied or used than English English is a compulsory subject in most schools, colleges and universities in Vietnam Years of study have convinced me that it is important for people who want to master English to grasp its grammatical structures among others Grammar not only in English but in many languages as well is considered to be complicated for ones who study those as foreign language or second language Therefore, students of English should pay particular attention to English grammatical patterns Every statement that is written or spoken in English must be grammatically correct

Learning English seems to be difficult for Vietnamese students as they find that they cannot master all its grammar phenomena One of such many problems is conjunction Logic and meaning of statements both in written and spoken are sometimes incorrect due to lack of understanding or misunderstanding of conjunction, especially within sentence itself Learners may think that such words (conjunctions) are not integrated into the structures and meanings of the sentence so that they are not of great care to use them correctly and appropriately However, fact does not seem as far as simple like that These little words often make users confused Large cover of all matters in conjunction is probably overloaded to me due to time and resources This is the reason why I am really interested in only coordinating conjunction “and” in English and _ its equivalent “va” in Vietnamese as they are the small kind of conjunction

Another reason for me to choose this issue is that when I studied at secondary school, I used to make mistakes with coordinating conjunction “and” I could not use it with its most efficiency regarding its position, meaning and function

I am now the 4" year student of English It is not only useful but essential for me to grasp more about coordinating conjunction “and” as target, and then, make a comp arison to Vietnamese one (coordinator “và”) horough and deep research in this

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topic would be of much help for me, and may be for others who study English, both in written and spoken English onwards

Il Aims of the study

Having decided to choose this topic, | do wish to serve some of my objectives that my friends and I myself have experienced in the process of learning English in this University as a professional student

First of all, I would like to represent a detailed and systematic description of the certain aspect of English grammar — coordinating conjunctions — through the analysis of the target coordinating conjunction “and” in English The same work will be done with coordinating conjunction “va” in Vietnamese grammar

Secondly, I am going to provide learners of English with cohesive and effective knowledge of English grammar in terms of coordinating conjunction, therefore, it would be helpful for their different purposes, such as translation, writing, etc

Thirdly, I would like to point out some special notes when using conjunctions “and” in English and Vietnamese languages It is hoped to help readers avoid making mistakes even with such the simplest and the most common circumstances

Another aim of my paper is to make a contrastive analysis about the coordinating conjunction “and” in English and “va” Vietnamese The similarities and differences would be examined It is hoped that readers and I will no longer find mistakes in using coordinating conjunction both in English and Vietnamese

III Scope of the study

I do not desire to cover all the matters of conjunctions but only wish to explore the coordinating conjunctions, especially coordinating conjunction “and” in English and in Vietnamese, it is coordinating conjunction “va” They are the most frequent coordinating conjunctions happened in both written and spoken of the two languages Conjunctions are classified into two main categories (coordinating conjunction and subordinating conjunction) but I only cope with one division of which coordinating

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conjunction “and” as well as its Vietnamese counterpart, coordinator “và”, are belonged

Moreover, I will pay my great attention to the usage of the two coordinating

conjunctions (“and’and “va”) in the sentence itself, that is, the coordinating

conjunctions to link words, phrases, independent clauses in one sentence, not to link sentence with sentence in paragraph or so on

IV Methods of the study

So as to achieve the above-mentioned objectives, I have applied the following methods:

- Collect and classify the materials to supply the background knowledge

- Conduct a survey for both students of English and Vietnamese

- Investigate and analyze all the information collected

- Represent the information logically in my own words

- Perceive the advice and opinion from supervisor and complete the paper

V Literature review

1 Conjunctions

Words are the basic elements of the language We may say that words are characterized

by some degrees of internal stability and external independence Based on the main functions and grammatical behavior, words can be broadly classified into three major groups: lexical words, function words and inserts (Bibber, Douglas: 1985)

Conjunctions are in group of function words Conjunctions are words that join or link words, phrases, clauses and sentences (Alexander L.G.) In other words, they indicate the relationships between lexical words or larger units or indicate the way in which a lexical word or larger unit is to be interpreted Being one branch of function words, conjunctions are “characteristically short and lack internal structure and are generally unstressed in speech” (Bibber, Douglas: 1985)

Grammarians divide conjunctions into two main kinds: coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions, or more simply, coordinators and subordinators respectively

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He has quarreled with his mother and has gone away

I tried hard, but I failed the driving test at all

Don’t move, or I will shoot you!

I am very busy so I am afraid I cannot come

We had better close the window for it is very cold

1.1.1 Simple coordinators

Simple coordinators are coordinators which have only one single word such as and, or,

nor, but, either, for, so

Here are the examples:

He sat down and listened to her speech attentively

I do not want to be impolite, but I have to interrupt you to announce this report

Whether it is good or bad, I am willing to do

The young men did not come back, nor did the old men

He broke the rules of the school, so he had to be punished

He felt tired and thirsty, for it was very hot

1.1.2 Correlative coordinators

Corresponding to each simple coordinator, there is a complex form That is correlative coordinator Correlative coordinators connect elements of the same kind, and they are always used in pairs For example:

The city is both beautiful and modern

Either you agree with it or not, you are bound to go at once

Thanks to advance of technology, we find not only the diseases but also the treatments to them

He neither ate nor drank because he was seriously ill

These correlative coordinators stress the meaning of addition, alternative, or contrast, which are stressed in simple coordinators At the same time, they also single out each

of the coordinated elements

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The analysis of coordinating conjunction “and” in English and "và" in Vietnamese

1.2 Subordinators

Subordinators, or subordinating conjunctions, are words that introduce (mainly finite)

dependent clauses (D Bibber, 1985:85) The linking units in subordination are on different levels Subordinating conjunctions are of great number such as: after, before,

as, because, if, even if, since, though, although, while, when, that, whether, as soon as, while, in order that, even though, in spite of, etc

E.gi I passed the examination, for I had studied hard

He has worked for this company since he left school

She said goodbye to him, though she did not want so

The house looks as if it is going to fall down

I shall explain it once more in order that you may understand it more 1.2.1 Simple subordinators

There are a great majority of one word subordinators which introduce adverbial clauses: after, as, if, although, though, because, etc or introduce degree clauses: as, than, that or introduce complement clauses: if, that, whether

For example:

They could not go nearer because the police prevented them

She is one of the top managers although she is very young

I cannot go out if it rains

I hurried to see him after I had heard the news

I needn’t tell you as he had told you already

1.2.2 Complex subordinators

A number of subordinators introducing adverbial clauses are multi-word units Most of them end in “as” or “that” They are called complex subordinators

Ending in: as: as far as, as long as, as soon as

that: provided / providing that, seeing that, supposing that, now that, but that, in that, in order that, so that, such that, given that

other: as if, as though, even if, even though, in case

Here are examples:

As far as farmers are concerned tree planting has not been integrated into their work patterns or land management

You can use my car as long as you drive carefully

Providing that she studies hard, she will pass her exams

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It sounds as if they are having a big party

I will get there even if I have walked all day

He was speaking quietly so that I could not hear even a little thing

1.2.3 Correlative subordinators

A few subordinators have special relationships to the forms in the superordinate structures They are subordinators which used in pairs They are not complex subordinators because the semantic relationship is reinforced by an adverb (often then, yet, SO)

For example:

Although he hurt her, yet he still was her closest friend

He stopped to exercise, and then went on his work

2 Syntactic features of coordinating conjunction “and”

Only the syntactic features of coordinating conjunction “and” in English are discussed and exemplified in this paper, just because the features of the equivalent coordinating conjunction to that in Vietnamese, “va”, are not very clear and mixed as well as inserted in the characteristics to sub-classify words into groups They are lexical words and function words (thyc ti, hw tit), Naturally, coordinating conjunction “va” in Vietnamese belongs to the function word group and has the fully syntactic features of this (as mentioned in part V.1 above) Vietnamese authors do not focus much on the syntactic features of each class in the function word group but the general features for the two main classes of the word group

Consequently, this paper will exploit the syntactic features of coordinating conjunction

“and” only in English as English grammarians has put their much energy and effort to

it Inevitably, the syntactic features of coordinating conjunction “and” are not true for all other coordinators or items that resemble coordinators in some respects This, perhaps, is known as one of the differences between English and Vietnamese grammar

in general

This paper will now consider the syntactic features of coordinating conjunction “and” that is restricted in the role as clause—linker because the role of it as word-linker and phrase-linker would take my special attention to a future analysis later in Chapter III —

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Some special notes of using coordinating conjunction “and” in English As a result, the syntactic features of “and” analyzed below are only true if this coordinator is a clause-linker

2.1 Restricted to initial position

“And” is restricted to initial position in the clause when it plays the role of a clause coordinator That means there is no exception for “and” to be appeared non-initially in

the second clause like other conjunctions such as though, as, that, etc

John was playing chess, and Mary was watching television (1)

John was playing chess, Mary and was watching television (2).* Notably, we see that (2) is not acceptable in grammar It is an incorrect grammar sentence due to the misuse of the coordinating conjunction “and” regarding to its position

2.2 Coordinated clause sequentially fixed

Clauses beginning with “and” are sequentially fixed in relation to the previous clauses For this reason, they cannot be transposed without producing any unacceptable sentences or at least changing the relationship of the clauses

She sent in her application and waited by the phone for the response (1)

And (she) waited by the phone for the response, she sent in her application (2).*

It is clear that (2) is absolutely different to (1) in meaning In (1) the “waited by the Phone for the response” clause is the chronological result of the “She sent in her application” clause There must have first clause “She sent in her application” then following by the second one “waited by the phone for the response” As a result, if the sequence is changed as (2), it creates a different or even, an incorrect sentence

Presumably related to the fixed position of the clause, there has the fact that when clauses are connected by the coordinator “and”, a pronoun in the first clause cannot have cataphoric (relevant) references to a noun in the second one:

She was unhappy, and Mary stayed the whole evening

In this example, “she” cannot refer to “Mary” It is possible to say:

She was unhappy, and the girl / the idiot / the foolish girl stayed the whole evening

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2.3 Not preceded by conjunction

Not any conjunction is allowed to precede “and” in clause (On the other hand, subordinators as well as conjuncts can be preceded by another conjunctions) In contrast, “and” can precede “yet”, ‘because”, “so that” and other conjunctions

E.g.: He was unhappy about it, and yet he did all he was told to

He saved money so that he could buy a car and so that he would have enough money for his old age

2.4, Ellipsis of subject

Coordinating conjunction “and” allows ellipsis of the subject of the clause they introduce if the subject is co-referential with that of the preceding linked clause:

She turned off the light and (she) went out

This feature also applies, though somewhat less frequently, to “or” and “but” However, it does not apply to “for”, “so that” nor other conjunctions (both coordinators and subordinators)

We can have:

She didn’t say anything about it because he was new and because he looked unwell

cannot: She didn’t say anything about it because he was new and because

(he) looked unwell.*

2.5 Linking of subordinate clauses

As well as linking two main clauses, “and” can link subordinate clauses Here are examples:

She asked to be signed, because she was tired and (because) she saw no prospect of promotion, and (because) she wanted to relax

In this case, the second and subsequent subordinator (because) may be ellipted “Or” and “but” can be added into this feature as well

2.6 Linking of more than two clauses

More than two clauses can be linked by tool of “and”, and when this is done all but the final instance of these two conjunctions can be ellipted For example, the sentence:

I watched TV, she cleaned the house, and he repaired the bike

can be interpreted as:

I watched television, and she cleaned the house, and he repaired the bike

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The analysis of coordinating conjunction “and” in English and “và” in Vietnamese

Another example:

Attend all the lectures, write full name on them, and read the

prescribed books, or you will be in trouble at the final examination

> Attend all the lectures, (and) write full name on them, and read the prescribed books, or you will be in trouble at the final examination Some of the clauses may be linked by “and” and “or”, or some may be linked by

“and” and others by “or” In such circumstances, all the coordinators but the final are usually omitted when the same coordinator links more than two clauses

In summary, according to “English Contemporary of Grammar” (Alexander L.G.), the six mentioned features of “and”, also “or”, have provided the basis for the six criteria used in establishing the matrix of “coordination-subordination gradient” Coordinating conjunction “and” in English satisfies all the criteria followed:

1 It is immobile in front of its clause

2 A clause beginning with it is sequentially fixed in relation to the previous clause and hence cannot be moved to a position in front of that clause

3 It does not allow a conjunction to precede it

4 It allows ellipsis of the subject of the clause if the subject is co-referential with

that of the preceding linked clause

5 It can link subordinate clauses

6 It can link more than two clauses and when it does all but the final instance of the linking items can be omitted

These six basic syntactic features of coordinating conjunction “and” would help to distinguish this first important coordinator with other coordinators such as “or”,

“but”, “for”, etc Those other coordinators are lack of one or more than one of these six features Sometimes, only under certain conditions does one of the six mentioned criteria satisfy Thus, the six criteria applied to other coordinators not “and” are not always fulfilled

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PART Il DEVELOPMENT

Chapter I: Ellipsis

I The nature of ellipsis

The device of ellipsis often involves to coordination, therefore, it is better to deal with this phenomena first for more understanding of coordinating conjunction “and” in English in later sections of this paper

Ellipsis is not to be confused with the concept of deletion To take a simple example:

John wants Mary to read (1) John wants to read (2) Firstly, (1) is different to (2) in semantic implication if having a look into the object of the action “wants”

Secondly, it is clear that (2) requires us to understand that John is the subject of “to read’ Our knowledge that John is the subject reflects an important semantic implication of the type of construction exemplified in (2) But for all this, “John” is not ellipted, since the insertion of “John” produces an unacceptable sentence:

John wants John to read.*

Ellipsis is the most commonly abbreviating device that reduces redundancy A major use of ellipsis is the avoidance of repetition, or some ways, like substitution, instead of

As we all know, ellipsis in coordination is a means of avoiding repetition But the ellipted items need not be identical in all respects with the realized items on which the ellipsis is dependent There are three types of identity found in elliptical coordinated clauses:

(1): The ellipted and realized items are identical lexical items and are co-referential:

I like chocolate, but (I) hate ice-cream

Here, the two instances of “/’ are identical lexical items and are co-referential as discussed

(2): The ellipted and realized items are identical lexical items and refer to manifestations of the same type:

She will go to Paris and he might (go to Paris), too

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(3): The ellipted and realized items are identical lexical ones but have different

grammatical forms:

He has complained, and he will (complain) again

IL Classification of ellipsis

As far as this paper is concerned, ellipsis can depend on linguistic context or not

1 Ellipsis depends on the linguistic context

With the ellipsis depends on the linguistic context, focus will be done in the following fields:

1, Subject only

It is natural and common to do ellipsis for the subjects of coordinated clauses if they are identical Here are examples:

Tom read the book and (Tom) watched the film

He closed the door and (he) went to bed

Iam washing and (I am) drying the apples

In these cases, both the full forms and the pro-forms would be less common, particularly the former If identical auxiliaries are present, then the pro-forms are as normal as ellipsis, however:

Tom has read the book or he has watched the film

Tom has read the book or (Tom) has watched the film

Ellipsis is more normal with different auxiliaries:

Tom closed the door and (Tom) will go to bed

Tom closed the door and (he) will go to bed

Naturally, the most normal of all is the ellipsis of both subject and auxiliaries

I have washed the apples, dried them, and put them into the fridge (I have washed the apples, I have dried them, and I have put them into the fridge.)

She is watching television and answering the phone

(She is watching television and she is answering the phone.)

Here, ellipsis only happens in clauses subsequent to the first ones It is notable that we cannot have the full forms or the pro-forms in the ellipted sentences if the auxiliaries are ellipted Let’s see the example:

He must have broken in and he stolen the treasures.*

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This is not a correct sentence due to the lack of auxiliaries subsequent to the form of subject in the second clause It must be “He must have broken in and he must have Stolen the treasures.”

1.2.Whole of predication

Sometimes, we can leave out the whole predication of a sentence or clause If the

predication is ellipted completely, there is a choice between having the realized items

in the first clause or in the last

Eg Mary will go to Paris and Tom will (go to Paris)

Mary will (go to Paris), and Tom will go to Paris

It is more common to have ellipsis of predication in the first clause, however When the predication is ellipted completely, the subject can also be ellipted, but only in clauses subsequent to the first:

They can take the examination, and (they) certainly should (take the examination), but (they) probably won’t (take the examination) Bob is playing for the school, and Alan may be (playing for the school)

He can ask for help, and he will (ask for help)

Occasionally, one or more of the auxiliaries is also ellipted, provided that the ellipted auxiliaries are identical with the realized ones:

The document could have (been signed), and (the document) should have been signed

He could (be punished), and (he) should be punished

1.3.Ellipsis of the first part of the predication

In this part, there are four cases that will be thoroughly discussed to exemplify what part of the predication is ellipted The ellipted first part of predication can be one of the four: lexical verb, verb (including auxiliary), verb and subject complement, verb and object If the first part of the predication, including the lexical verb, is ellipted, the realized items are in the first clause and the ellipsis is in clauses subsequent to the first

a Lexical verb only:

This ellipsis is not common, and sometimes, people find it unacceptable if identical auxiliaries are retained

E.gi: She has written to her parents and he may (write) to his sister

Mary was happy and Lexica (was) miserable

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b Verb, including auxiliary:

We can omit the verb and, of course, often the subsequent auxiliary Here are the

examples:

He has written a poem and she (has written) a short story

Paul was talking to his friends and Ellen (was talking) to her friends

c Verb and subject complement:

John was the winner in 1982 and Paul (was the winner) in 1986

d Verb and object:

Mary will clean the house tomorrow and Daisy (will clean the house) the next day

Noticeably, in certain contexts, whether the subject and verb are ellipted or the verb and object are ellipted For example, the sentence:

Bob will interview some candidates this morning and Peter this afternoon

can be converted as having either of these two kinds of ellipsis:

Bob will interview some candidates this morning and (he will interview) Peter this afternoon

Bob will interview some candidates this morning and Peter (will interview some candidates) this morning

1.4.Ellipsis of direct object or subject complement

If the direct object is ellipted, the realized items must be in the last clauses:

I washed (the apples), Lam dried (the apples), and Vu peeled the apples

If the subject complement is ellipted, it is likely for ellipsis to depend on the verb in the last clause:

John has recently become (a very hardworking worker), and his brother always was a very hardworking worker

1.5.Ellipsis of adverbial

It is true that the adverbial is used to extend the meaning to the clauses that it is attached Therefore, it seems rather strange to say that the adverbial is ellipted This is particularly true when the adverbials are initially positioned because these adverbials

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the analysis of coordinating conjunction “and” in English and “va" in Vietnamese

1.6.Ellipsis of head of noun phrase

In English, the head of the noun phrase can be ellipted, usually with the realized head

in the first clauses:

T wanted a black skirt, but they gave me a white (skirt)

My father likes Italian food and my mother likes English (food)

There are various functions that the ellipted noun phrase can have in clause In these examples, the ellipted noun phrases are object (skirt/ food) Occasionally, there is head

of the noun phrase that plays the role as a subject Here are the examples:

Alan chose the blue hat, but the red (hat) suited her better (1) Old (men) and young men were both invited (2)

Notice that the noun phrase needs not have the same function in both clauses here We see, in the first example, “the blue hat” is the object and “the red hat” is the subject of the clause

It is better to normally use the substitute “one/ ones” for this kind of ellipsis if the head

of the noun phrase is a count noun As a result, (1) can be interpreted as “Alan chose the blue hat, but the red one suited her better.” without any changes of the meaning

Ellipsis of the head of the noun phrase can occur with modifiers other than adjectives For example, in:

The company has workers from Northern and from Southern

“workers” is ellipted before “from Southern”

The ellipsis can also occur with numerals, and the ellipted head of the noun phrase cannot have the same number as the realized head one, whether the ellipsis is in the first conjoin or the second one

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Big: I have already read two (stories) or three stories of Magatha Chrities

There are three (eggs) or more eggs in the fridge

An article realized in the first conjoin of a noun phrase is often ellipted in the second conjoin:

The apples and (the) oranges are all fresh

The house and (the) garden are both beautiful

A young boy and (a young) girl are dancing

Besides, other determiners (that/ those/ my/ some/ other ) can be ellipted in the second conjoin and they can also co-occur with ellipsis of a modifier:

That young boy and (that young) girl are dancing

That big house and (that big) garden are both beautiful

Those Chinese apples and (those Chinese) oranges are all fresh 1.7.Ellipsis of complement of prepositional phrase

The complement of prepositional phrase can be ellipted, with the complement realized

in the second clause

E.g:; I am fed up with (cooking), but my sister likes cooking

He was standing in (the street) and she was going across the street She will go by train to (Hanoi), but she will fly back from Hanoi

2 Ellipsis not dependent on linguistic context

There are some types of ellipsis not dependent on the adjacent linguistic context, but on the situational context It can be seen in declarative and interrogative sentence or others like determiners, operators and pronouns (in headlines, titles, personal letters, familiar styles, notes, telegrams, etc )

Here are examples:

(You must) do it now!

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Chapter II: Coordinating conjunction “and”

I The concept of conjunction

Intially, it is necessary to emphasize that conjunctions are function words Therefore, all characteristics of function words are applied to conjunctions They provide mortars

(fectors), which cohere the text closer Also, conjunctions are members of closed

systems That means conjunction is a system of limited number of members, and new members cannot easily be added Moreover, function words are generally invariable, therefore, conjunctions are invariable, too They regularly have a very simple structure and cannot be decomposed into smaller meaning-carrying units Most important, despite the small number, function words, which the typical representative is conjunction, have the high frequency In other words, they are frequent and tend to oceur in any text

So, what is conjunction? What does conjunction mean according to grammarians? How

to distinguish it with other kind of words?

Most grammarians argue that a conjunction is a connector or a linker of words, phrases

or clauses It is true not only in English but also in Vietnamese grammar Quirk, R., in his book named “A Grammar of Contemporary English”, explains conjunction as a function word that links words, phrases and clauses It combines simple units to complex ones According to the “Oxford Advanced Learners’ dictionary of current English” (1995: 243), conjunction is “a word that joins words, phrases or sentences, e.g and, or, but.” All English grammarians or English grammar books also point out the linking feature of conjunction

Here are examples:

+) Hemingway and Fiztgerald are among the American expatriates of the between-the-wars era

+) It is hard to say whether Vu Trong Phung or Ngo Tat To is the more interesting cultural author of his day

+) John lost a fortune in the stock market, but he seems able to live quite comfortably

+) She did not get the job though she had all the necessary qualifications +) He drives carefully and slowly

+) L often spend holidays in Italy, and so does she

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The analysis of coordinating conjunction “and” in English and “vé" in Vietnamese

In Vietnamese, conjunctions seem not to be very different from those in English Corjunctions in Vietnamese also do the duty of a connector or a linker Vietnamese granmarians name conjunctions “lién ne, “két tr? or “quan hé tit’, “tir noi”, etc .Some famous Vietnamese grammarians, including Diép Quang Ban, Hoang Van

Thing, Cao Xuân Hạo, Nguyễn Tài Cẩn, Bùi Đức Tịnh, Nguyễn Hữu Quỳnh, Lê Biên,

+++ egard conjunction as a word that used to link words, phrases or sentences Simply, conjunction in Vietnamese is called “/ién ti” and used to link words in one clause or link clauses in one sentence (Lién tir la tiéng ding dé lién kết những tiếng trong cùng

một mệnh để hay những mệnh đề trong cùng một câu, Bùi Đức Tịnh, 2003: 122)

Author Hoang Van Thung explains conjunction more thorough and detailed He bases

on general semantic concept to classify words to define conjunctions In his words, a conjunction is said to show the relationships between notions and objects that are mentioned in the statements (Kết ừ biểu thị J nghĩa về quan hệ giữa các khái niệm và doi wong duoc phản ánh.) Considering to the combination potentiality and syntactic features of words, conjunctions in Vietnamese are realized as words used to connect words, phrases, clauses or sentences and paragraphs that having syntactic relation (Két

từ được ding nói kết các từ, các kết hợp từ, các câu và đoạn văn có quan hệ cú pháp: Diệp Quang Ban, 2003: 132)

Eg.: + Người đời ghét hay thương đều có lý do cải

(People all have reasons for the things they love or hate.)

+ Hà cười, hai con mắt dài và nheo lại (Triệu Bôn)

(Ha smiled She closed her long eyes slightly.) + Giá mà các đồng chí ấy nghe lời tôi thì có thể mọi chuyện đã khác (Võ Quảng)

(Uf they had followed my advice, everything would have been like that.)

+ Tất cả những điều anh vừa nói đều đáng quý, nhưng tôi không chỉ sống vì những điều ấy

(All you have said are valuable, however, I do not live on them much.) + Tôi yêu anh vì những nguyên nhân sâu xa hơn

(ï love you for the diƒferent reasons.)

Notably, as far as I am concerned, some Vietnamese authors can use the name “quan

hệ 0`” to indicate the group of words which do the function of the conjunctions in Vietnamese grammatical system In fact, it is not totally true that all words called

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The analysis of coordinating conjunction “and” in English and “va in Vietnamese

“quan hé tir” in Vietnamese are exactly “conjunctions” as they really mean in English and as to be investigated in this paper More specific, words named “quan hé tr” in Vietnamese do not all function to link elements of words, phrases or sentences There are some words do the function of a preposition as in English such as bang, 6, tai, do,

vi, also be placed in the word group “quan hé tir”

To many European languages, especially English, group of words named

“conjunctions” as Vietnamese grammarians have classified are often divided into two main distinctive categories: preposition and conjunction Nevertheless, it is not exactly same in Vietnamese grammar Many uncompleted arguments and a lot of researches have lead Vietnamese grammarians to a conclusion that it is not completely important and nec!

purposes

IL Classification of conjunction

English and Vietnamese authors not only have the same ideas about the concept of conjunctions but also have the similar way to sub-classify this group of words They both divide conjunctions into two main subclasses They are coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions In Vietnamese grammarians’ words, coordinating conjunction is “kết từ / liên từ đẳng lập” and subordinating conjunction is “kết từ / liên

từ chính phụ” English and Vietnamese grammarians also pay their attention to a small sub-cl

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1 Coordinating conjunctions or coordinators

1.1.Simple coordinators

Coordinating conjunctions, or coordinators, are used to build coordinate structures,

both phrases and clauses (D Bibber, 1985: 79) The term coordinating conjunctions, or more simply—coordinators, is used by Quirk, R to refer to the explicit indicators of coordination (A Contemporary of English Grammar, 1986: 550) Coordinators link elements which have the same syntactic role They may join single words, or may join groups of words, but they must always join similar elements, or same level elements

The main coordinators in English are and, or, but, nor, neither, either, so, Sor “And”

and “or” are the central coordinators from which “but” differs in some respects “Nor”

is not a pure coordinator because it sometimes preceded by another coordinator as well

as contains a negative feature which introduces some syntactic differences from pure simple coordinators like "and", "or", "but"

Here are the examples:

He had no money, and he had to pay the rent

We can take a taxi or wait for a bus

He jumped off the 6" floor but still survived

It is likely to have a demonstration, so the police are convened

I study hard for the belief that I will get the high marks

I did not say a word with him after the quarrel, nor did he

We can see that, “and” and “or” are the conjunctions that have the most frequent distribution.“But” is less and chiefly connect clauses “Nor” is the negative counterpart

of “or” and often used after negative clauses and has the lowest frequency

Perhaps, in Vietnamese, it is quite more complicated to say about the coordinating conjunctions than in English This kind of word dedicates no grammatical dependence between elements or units that are connected Also, it shows no deeply attachment to any elements or units in the coordinate complex combination

Vietnamese is an isolating language and has a rich vocabulary system Therefore, the number of its coordinating conjunctions may double those of English The main Vietnamese coordinators are: và, với , cùng, hay, hoặc, hoặc là, rồi , còn, hình như, thì, cũng, như, chứ, thà (Diệp Quang Ban, Hoàng Văn Thung, 2002:141-144)

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The analysis of coordinating conjunction “and” in English and "và " in Vietnamese

B8 + Anh uống thêm rồi nói tiếp

(He drank a little more and then said.) +Khi moi ngudi con dang mo mang trong gidc ngủ thì nghe tiéng ai do hét lên

(When all family were sleeping, someone screamed.) + Thế bây giờ chị định như thế nào đây? Tôi lấy xe của chị hay là chị trả tiền cho tôi?

(What do you want now? Will I take your bike or will you pay me?) + Các ông nhắc tôi mới nhớ, chứ bao nhiêu chuyện xảy ra, tôi đã dần quên mất điều ấy rồi (Phùng Quán)

(Only when you reminded did I remember A lot of things have happened and I seem to forget it day by day.)

It is clearer in Vietnamese to know about the meaning of the coordinators and situations in which they are used They are distinguished and put into smaller groups with specific meaning Below, the paper will discuss more about these coordinators in detail Vietnamese coordinating conjunctions can suggest:

1 Addition: va, với, cùng, cùng với

These coordinators express the addition to the first elements or units of the second (or more) one

+) Anh Nhâm và tôi đã đi được quá nửa quãng đường (Triệu Bôn) (Nham and I have gone more than haft of the road.)

+) Vay mà ba với con tưởng má đến mai mới về (Đinh Quang Nhã)

(Dad and I thought you would return tomorrow.)

2 Possibility or alternative: hay, hoặc, hay là, hoặc là

All these above coordinators suggest the alternative or the choice of two things or two possibilities

E.gs +) Tôi hoặc là anh sẽ phải đối mặt với cô ta

(You or I should have to meet her again.) +) Chi dang ké chuyén hay là chị muốn làm tôi rối trí?

(4re you telling story or making me get confused?)

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3 Contrast or exception: n/umg, nhung ma, song, chit, cing nine, thé ma

Each of those coordinators can be used to express the contrast that is unexpected in light of the first elements or to connect the two elements with the meaning of “with the exception of” (and then the second word takes over as the subject) Let’s see these examples:

+) Tôi cố đuổi theo anh ta nhưng không kịp

( tried my best to follow him but I could not.) +) Cô chìa tay ra cho anh nắm, cẩn trọng, rõ ràng, như người ta cho nhau cái gì chứ không phải là cái bắt tay (Vũ Thị Thường)

(Carefully and slowly, she extended her hands to him as if she offered him something, not the handshake.)

4 Comparison and contrast: con

This coordinator indicates the comparative-contrastive relationship between elements

Trong nhà này, người ta sống đã quen thế: vợ con chỉ được quyền

nghe, còn ông có quyền nói (Nguyễn Kiên)

(That is the rule in this family: no one but he has the right to complaint.)

5 Comparison and similarity: cing nhw

The comparative-similar relationship between elements are reflected by the coordinator

“cting nhu” in Vietnamese grammar as followed:

Thầy mẹ anh cũng như thầy mẹ em đều đã biết chuyện hai đứa minh

và đồng ý (Hồ Phương)

(Both your parents and mine knew our relation and did not disapprove.)

1.2.Correlative coordinators

Having some characteristics of coordinating conjunctions, that is, to connect elements

of the same levels, however, correlative coordinating conjunctions in English are always used in pairs Like coordinating conjunctions, they are also closed sets of words There is a corresponding complex form to each simple coordinator "Both",

"either", and "neither" are used as the first in a correlative pair with "and", “or” and

"nor" respectively These anticipatory elements are optional They are not themselves coordinators, since another coordinator can precede them and they cannot be used alone to bind the separate elements together

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Eig: Neither Tom nor Jane had slept last night, but they looked fresh anyway

They were both friendly and kind-hearted at first

You can either do your homework now or you can delay it till tomorrow

Here, I will pay my attention to each of these English correlatives in order to give a thorough knowledge to readers

a Both and

The correlative "both and" appears to be admissible in clause coordination unless there is a kind of ellipsis If the predications in the two clauses are directly linked, it is usual to use this correlative in pairs And, as can be seen from examples below, the position of the correlative “both” is optional It can stand after subject, auxiliary or even in front of the subject

For example: She both washed the dishes and cleaned the house

She will both wash the dishes and clean the house

Both Mary and Tom washed the dishes

a Not only but also

They are a common correlatives The frequency of these correlatives is high in English E.g.: They not only broke into his house and stole his treasures but they

also hit him unconscious

Mary not only likes reading novel but she also likes writing story The meaning or content of the clauses with "not only but also" is felt to be very surprising The second clause with “but”, often reinforced by “also”, is felt to be the more surprising Placing "not only" initially with consequent subject-operator inversion does a more dramatic effect Thus, the two above sentences are more emphasized with

“not only” at the beginning of the sentences:

Not only did they break into his house and steal his treasures, but they also hit him unconscious

Not only Mary likes reading novel but she also likes writing story

c Either or

The correlative "either or" (and "whether or", the corresponding pair in indirect question) are used to express the possibility of the realization of all but one of the alternatives The addition of “either” to the first element is more explicit in excluding the combination of both alternatives compared to using only “or”

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You can sleep here or you can go to the hotel

= You can either sleep here or you can go to the hotel

However, a third clause can be added to allow both alternatives, even when either is

used:

You can either make the tea yourself, or you can take a soft drink,

or you can do both

d, Neither nor

"Neither nor" often constitutes a correlative pair which contributes the negative meaning to the element without using negative particle not in each element (often clause) For example, the two clauses:

David does not love Jane and does not want to marry her

can be rewritten with “neither nor” with the same meaning:

David neither loves Jane nor wants to marry her

Here, the use of correlative pairs emphasizes that the negation appears to both clauses Partially, one of the pair can be used in inversion clauses (often "nor") The "nor" usual form would be:

Neither he nor his competitor wanted to loose the race

Vietnamese The only exception is "tha chtr" (tha rang cht, tha rang (kh6ng) chit

(không), thà rằng còn hon) that indicate the exceptional relationship or excluding relationship (Diép Quang Ban, 2002:144)

+ Tôi thà chết còn hơn phải ngửa tay xin anh

(I would rather die than ask you for a favour.) + Tôi thà không có bạn chứ không đời nào tha thứ cho hắn ta

(prefer not having any friends to forgiving him)

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+ Chúng ta thà hi sinh tất cả chứ nhất định không chịu mắt nước, nhất định không chịu làm nô lệ (Hồ Chí Minh)

(We would rather die than loose our independence and be slaves)

To some extent, Vietnamese coordinating conjunctions are not classified in detail like

in English for the reason that the way of using pair-coordinators in Vietnamese is not frequent and loved Therefore, coordinating conjunctions in Vietnamese seem to be simpler in classification than those of English

2 Subordinating conjunctions or subordinators

2.1 Simple subordinators

To O Bibber’s view, subordinating conjunctions, or subordinators, are words which introduce (mainly finite) dependent clauses (Longman Grammar of spoken and written English, 1999: 85) Quirk, R uses this term for the “explicit indicators of subordination” (A comprehensive Grammar of English, 1986:550) The subordinators involve the linking of units or elements of the different levels Here are examples:

As it was a national holiday, all the shops were closed

She is always borrowing me money though she is full of money

He wrote his diary in code so that / in order that his wife would not

be able to read it

I will tell you as soon as I find the answer

They would have come if they had known it was your wedding

Subordinators fall into three major subclasses:

1 The great majority of subordinators introduce adverbial clauses: after, as,

because, if, since, although, though, whether, when, while, etc

E.g.: After he had rung off, I remembered who he was

She has changed a lot since she started working in this company

I was learning by heart while my brother was singing

2 Three subordinators introduce degree clauses: as, than, that

Eps It was the best concert as ever before

A small sample of his behavior is better than nothing at all

His personality was subdued that it seemed to fit in with anything he did

3 Three subordinators introduce complement clauses (or nominal clauses): if, that, whether

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Eig; I am glad that I found you again

I would do it whether he likes it or not

She was afraid of what happened if her husband suddenly turned back The subordinators in (1) and (2) indicate the meaning relationship between the dependent clause and the superordinate structure relating time, reason, condition comparison or more The subordinators in (3) have little meaning apart from marking structural dependency and are often classified as complementizers

*Kết từ chính phụ” or “Liên từ chính phy” is term that used by Vietnamese grammarians to tell about subordinating conjunction in Vietnamese It is used to denote the subordinating relationship between the content of the two clauses (Két tir chính phụ chỉ ý nghĩa quan hệ chính phụ, Diệp Quang Ban, 2002: 133) The secondary elements is cohered to the principal elements by subordinators Consequently, subordinators tend to go along with the secondary elements, except correlative subordinators Some simple subordinating conjunctions in Vietnamese are: rằng, dé,

để cho, vì, bởi vì, dẫu rằng, ty rằng, tuy, mặc đù, nếu, ví như, giá, giá như, tại, bởi

+ Anh ta biết chắc rằng tôi sẽ đồng ý

(He knew for sure that I would agree with him)

+ Hắn ta học để kiếm tiền, làm cũng để kiếm tiền

(He learns for money, works also just for money)

+ Tôi làm tắt cả những điều này cũng chỉ bởi vì tôi yêu em

(AIL I have done is (just) because I love you)

+Tuy rang lúc này chúng ta chưa có thời gian để gặp nhau nhưng

lòng tôi vẫn luôn luôn nhớ tới anh

(Although we do not have time to meet each other, I always miss you.)

2.2 Correlative subordinators

In English, there are a few subordinators that have special relationships to the forms in the superordinate structures A simple subordinator and a correlating form to this subordinator (often, then, yet, so ) are cooperated to express the relationship between the clauses

For example: If we bought that house, then we would have to spend years saving money

Although he is rich, he does not throw away / give up his old car yet

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The analysis of coordinating conjunction “and” in English and "và in Vietnamese

As can be easily seen in these examples above, the adverbs “then”, "yet", “so” are used to reinforce the semantic relationships between clauses Generally, these adverbs can be omitted, except in the type with inversion of the subject

Another kind of correlative subordinator is found in clauses following by a degree element in the superordinate structure: as/so as, more/-er / less than, so/ such that

E8 You are not so / as cold as you look, are you?

The belief is so fragile at this stage and it’s time that Government would have to do something more

Unlike coordinating conjunctions, there are a great number of correlative subordinating conjunctions in Vietnamese They are pair subordinators which can be used both in front of the principal and secondary elements (clauses) to make the connection between them

a Tuy /dit/ mac dau nhung: to suggest the concede relationship or contrastive E.g.: + Tuy anh ấy bị hỏng cả hai mất nhưng anh ấy vẫn sống rất lạc quan

(Although he is blind, he lives cheerful and optimistically.)

+ Mặc đù nhà rất xa nhưng bao giờ chị ấy cũng đến lớp đúng giờ

(She always goes to class in time though she lives far from school) + Cô ta tuy không xinh đẹp nhưng có tắm lòng nhân hậu bao dung (She is not beautiful but warm- hearted)

b Nếu / giá / hé /mién / gid sit (la) thi Ad / ma: to suggest the condition- result relationship:

+ Hễ ông Hòa đến thì anh gọi tôi dậy (Nguyễn Nhật Anh)

(Please wake me up if Hoa comes)

+ Nếu anh ấy biết được rằng cô ấy yêu anh nhiều đến thế nào thì anh

ấy đã không bỏ đi như vay

(If he had known how much she loved him, he would not have gone away)

c Vì do “bởi / tại nên /cho nên / mà: to suggest the cause- result relationship For example: + Vì trời mưa nên đường lầy lội

(The reads are so muddy because of the rain)

+ Tại tôi chiều con quá nên tôi đã đánh mất con tôi

(Because I spoilt it much, I lost my son)

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The analysis of coordinating conjunction “and” in English and “va in Viemamese

The Vietnamese correlative subordinating conjunctions are high in frequency and often used in conversation, news, fiction, and sometimes, academic prose They are of some help to a better purpose to users Statement’s purpose is apparently clearer and more explicit Thus, correlative subordinators are known to be very important in Vietnamese grammar

IH Coordinating conjunction “ and”

Coordinating conjunction “and” has the full features of conjunctions of which the main and important feature of a coordinating conjunctions is to connect words, phrases

or clauses of the same part of speech In other words, “and” links two elements or units of the same levels It is considered to be the most common coordinator in all It plays the important role in syntax

Eee We were waiting for a representative to come and tell us what to do

After an hour and a half, nobody came

Being a beautiful girl and a tactful person, she has succeeded since she was very young

According to the statistics released by D Bibber and his co-coordinators, the distribution of the coordinating conjunction “and” is surprising The comparatively low frequency in conversation is notable, as it is often said that speech and writing characterized by coordination and subordination respectively In fact, the frequency of all coordinator except “bur? is relatively low in conversation In contrast, subordinators are more frequent in conversation than in news, fiction or academic prose In addition, “and” can be used as phrase-level connector as well as a clause- level connector There has been an assumption that the frequency of “and” in phrase- level is higher than that in phrase-level It is also affirmed by many other grammarians Not only in English but in Vietnamese as well does coordinating conjunction “and” serve very different (of course, important) grammatical roles In Vietnamese,

‘,

coordinator “and” is expressed by such different words like “va”, “v

“cùng với”,

“cùng” to suggest lots of relationships that will be discussed later in this paper

E.g.: + Tôi với Lan là đôi bạn thân từ thủa hàn vi

(Lan and I have been friends since we were very young)

+ Tập luyện thé dục thể thao và ăn uống điều độ là những biện pháp hiệu quả nhất giúp giảm béo

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+ May tan va mua tanh dan

(The dark clouds melted away and the rain stopped.)

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Tiêu đề	The analysis of coordinating conjunction 'And' in English and 'Va' in Vietnamese
Tác giả	Thị Nguyệt Quỳnh
Người hướng dẫn	Đặng Đình Thiện, M.Ed.
Trường học	Hanoi University of Foreign Studies
Chuyên ngành	English
Thể loại	Graduation paper
Năm xuất bản	2004
Thành phố	Hanoi

Định dạng
Số trang	68
Dung lượng	17,82 MB