Assessing the impact of tourism and related services on the environment in ba be national park, bac kan province

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY VU HONG QUAN ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF TOURISM AND RELATED SERVICES ON THE ENVIRONMENT IN BA BE NATIONAL PARK, BAC KAN PRO

INTRODUCTION

Research rationale

Tourism development remains a top priority for countries, strategic planners, environmentalists, and the tourism industry worldwide While many tourists seek entertainment and relaxation at popular destinations, there is a growing interest in exploring pristine natural areas, high mountains, and regions rich in biodiversity Visitors are increasingly motivated to learn about diverse plant and animal systems and to visit areas with unique climates that promote human well-being National parks serve as ideal locations for ecotourism, offering immersive experiences in protected natural environments that support sustainable tourism growth.

In Vietnam, national parks serve as prime locations for ecotourism development due to their rich natural conditions These parks are also home to numerous ethnic minority communities, making the region culturally diverse The emergence of ecotourism activities can significantly impact the daily lives and living habits of local residents, highlighting the importance of sustainable tourism practices that balance environmental conservation with community well-being.

Ba Be National Park is a recognized National Heritage, ASEAN Heritage, and Vietnam’s third RAMSAR wetland area, highlighting its environmental significance The park features primeval forests on limestone mountains, supporting a diverse range of flora and fauna, with over 600 species across 27 orders, including 66 rare and endemic species listed in the Vietnam and World Red Books Famous tourist attractions within the park include Ba Be Lake, Puong Cave, Dau Dang Waterfall, Tien Pond, An Ma Island, and Ba Goa Island, making it a top destination for nature lovers and explorers.

Numerous studies have explored the impact of tourism activities on local communities and the development of community-based ecotourism in Vietnam’s national parks However, there is a lack of research evaluating how tourism development and associated services affect the natural environment and biodiversity of Ba Be National Park To ensure sustainable tourism growth while conserving the park's environment and landscape, it is crucial to assess both the positive and negative impacts of tourism activities This evaluation helps in leveraging the strengths and addressing the weaknesses of tourism development within Ba Be National Park, supporting its long-term ecological and economic sustainability.

Effective environmental and landscape management of the National Park is essential for sustainable tourism development Protecting the environment within the tourism industry raises awareness among the community and tourists, contributing significantly to landscape conservation Promoting responsible tourism practices helps preserve natural resources while fostering eco-friendly growth in the region Educating visitors and locals about environmental stewardship ensures the long-term protection of the park’s biodiversity and scenic beauty.

Assessing the environmental impact of tourism and related services in Ba Be National Park is essential for sustainable tourism development This evaluation helps balance environmental conservation with economic growth, ensuring that tourism benefits local indigenous communities Sharing tourism revenue with these communities can improve their quality of life while preserving the park’s natural resources Conducting thorough impact assessments is crucial for promoting eco-friendly tourism practices that support both environmental integrity and community well-being.

Research’s objectives

- Assess the positive and negative impacts of tourism activities on the environment and biodiversity in Ba Be National Park

- Propose some solutions to minimize negative impacts from tourism activities on the environment and biodiversity of Ba Be National Park.

Research questions and hypotheses

1 How does tourism activity in Ba Be National Park area affect the natural environment and biodiversity?

2 What specific tourism-related services have the most significant impact on the natural environment and biodiversity within the park?

3 What are the primary drivers contributing to the degradation of the natural environment and biodiversity as a result of tourism in the Ba Be National Park area?

4 How do different types of tourism activities (e.g., hiking, boating, camping) vary in their impact on the natural environment and biodiversity?

5 To what extent do current conservation and management practices mitigate the negative impacts of tourism on the natural environment and biodiversity in Ba Be National Park area?

6 How do visitor perceptions and behaviors influence the interaction between tourism and the natural environment in the park?

1 Increased tourism activity in the Ba Be National Park area will lead to a decline in overall biodiversity due to habitat disturbance and fragmentation

2 Tourist infrastructure development, such as roads and accommodation facilities, will have a direct negative impact on the natural environment and biodiversity within the park

3 Certain tourism-related services, such as motorized boat tours and off-road vehicle excursions, will have a more pronounced detrimental effect on the natural environment compared to low-impact activities like guided nature walks

4 Higher tourist footfall during peak seasons will correlate with increased stress on the natural environment and wildlife populations

5 Effective implementation of conservation strategies, such as ecotourism guidelines and visitor education programs, will help mitigate the adverse impacts of tourism on the natural environment and biodiversity in Ba Be National Park area

6 Visitor awareness and engagement in sustainable tourism practices will positively influence the conservation efforts and reduce the ecological footprint of tourism activities in the park.

Limitations

This study primarily examines the environmental impacts of tourism within Ba Be National Park, deliberately limiting its scope to ecological concerns By focusing exclusively on environmental aspects, the research provides a comprehensive analysis of how tourism affects the park's natural ecosystem The decision to exclude economic, social, and cultural dimensions ensures a clear and in-depth understanding of tourism's environmental consequences in Ba Be National Park.

This study focuses specifically on Ba Be National Park and its immediate surroundings to effectively analyze tourism-driven environmental challenges within a manageable scope The geographical limitation allows for a focused case study, ensuring the research is feasible within available time and resources However, this scope excludes nearby regions that may face similar environmental issues caused by tourism, highlighting the need for broader studies to fully understand the area's ecological impacts.

Our data collection was limited to a specific time period, which may not fully capture long-term environmental degradation trends or seasonal variations in tourism impacts Budget and time constraints also influenced the scope of data gathering techniques, restricting the use of advanced or longitudinal environmental monitoring tools.

Definitions

For the purposes of this study, several key concepts are defined as follows:

Tourism Impact: Refers to the effects, both positive and negative, that tourism activities have on the natural environment, local communities, and ecosystems within

Ba Be National Park In this study, the term specifically focuses on environmental impacts such as pollution, habitat disruption, and resource depletion

Environmental degradation refers to the deterioration of the environment caused by human activities, notably tourism, leading to resource depletion, ecosystem destruction, pollution, and loss of biodiversity Sustainability, in this context, emphasizes the importance of maintaining ecological balance and ensuring responsible practices to prevent further environmental damage and promote long-term environmental health.

Ba Be National Park strives to preserve its unique ecosystems and rich biodiversity, ensuring ecological sustainability while promoting responsible tourism The park's conservation efforts balance environmental protection with visitor experience, supporting economic development without compromising natural resources By maintaining this delicate balance, Ba Be National Park guarantees that future generations can enjoy its stunning landscapes and diverse wildlife.

Biodiversity in Ba Be National Park encompasses a rich variety of plant and animal species, diverse ecosystems, and genetic variation Tourism's impact on this biodiversity is a key concern, as increased visitation can lead to habitat destruction and pollution, threatening the park’s delicate ecological balance Monitoring these effects is essential to preserving the park’s unique biological diversity while promoting sustainable tourism practices.

Ecosystem Management: Defined as the process of managing natural resources and ecosystems in a sustainable manner, this concept is central to the discussion of how

Ba Be National Park’s resources are being managed in the face of increasing tourism pressures

LITERATURE REVIEW

The basic concepts

Tourism is a social, cultural, and economic phenomenon involving the movement of people to new destinations outside their usual environment for personal or professional purposes, serving as a form of active rest in different surroundings According to the World Tourism Organization, tourism encompasses activities like sightseeing, relaxation, entertainment, learning, and exploring tourism resources, often combining multiple objectives The Vietnam Tourism Law defines tourism as activities related to travel outside one's regular residence for less than a year, aimed at meeting various leisure and educational needs Tourism activities include the actions of tourists, tourism businesses, organizations, local communities, and other stakeholders involved in the tourism industry, highlighting its broad economic and social impact.

The environment encompasses both natural elements and human-made materials, which are interconnected and influence each other These environmental components surround humans and play a crucial role in shaping life, production, existence, and development for both humans and nature Conducting Environmental Impact Assessments is essential to understand and manage these interactions effectively.

Environmental impact assessment evaluates the positive and negative potential effects of investment projects, plans, policies, or programs on the environment It considers the interactions between natural, economic, and social conditions before making implementation decisions This process helps identify impact mitigation measures to ensure environmental sustainability and explores innovative techniques to minimize adverse effects.

Researches in the world

Erik Cohen conducted the research “The Impact of Tourism on the Physical

This article examines the environmental impact of tourism, emphasizing the risks associated with mass tourism It highlights critical factors influencing these impacts, including the intensity of site use, ecosystem resilience, and the importance of long-term planning by developers to mitigate environmental damage.

Tourism development is inherently transformational, often expanding outward while intensifying at its core, which can lead to the creation of artificial attractions as natural ones decline Effective environmental protection measures are essential, with a focus on safeguarding the environment from the impacts of tourism, especially in developing countries that are more vulnerable to environmental risks Prioritizing environmental protection from tourism is crucial for sustainable growth and the preservation of natural resources.

In 2013, Ghulam Rabbany et al conducted the research Environmental Effects of

Tourism plays a vital role in the economic development of countries, yet it has a complex and often adverse relationship with the environment The industry’s reliance on natural and man-made environmental quality makes sustainable practices essential, as infrastructure developments like roads, airports, resorts, and other facilities can gradually deplete environmental resources However, tourism also offers opportunities for positive environmental impact by raising awareness and funding conservation efforts for natural areas This article explores the effects of tourism on natural resources, pollution, and the physical environment in national parks, as well as its global environmental impacts—highlighting both the challenges and the potential for tourism to promote environmental conservation.

Another research by author Stefan Gửssling on the issue of Global Environmental

The "Consequences of Tourism" study conducted in 2002 highlights that ecosystems offer vital services to humanity, including supporting life, supplying materials and energy, absorbing waste, and providing culturally valuable assets Maintaining the integrity of ecosystems is essential for sustainable development, yet achieving this remains challenging due to limited knowledge of the temporal and spatial scales at which ecosystems operate Recognizing the importance of ecosystem preservation is crucial to ensuring environmental stability and long-term human well-being.

Protecting ecosystems is essential, as their functions are complex, interacting, and interdependent systems with limits on how much they can be replaced or stressed Human activities play a significant role in driving ecosystem change, potentially reducing their capacity to provide vital ecosystem services Understanding the impact of these activities is crucial to mitigate stress on ecosystems and ensure their ability to sustain continuous benefits for future generations.

Tourist activities significantly impact ecosystems both directly and indirectly Direct impacts include damage to coral reefs through trampling, collecting reef species, or taking souvenirs, which occur locally and immediately harm marine life Indirect impacts involve broader environmental changes, such as increased water temperatures caused by pollution and climate change, further threatening delicate ecosystems like coral reefs.

Recent increases in the frequency and intensity of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomena are likely linked to global climate change driven by human activities, including travel While the ecological impacts of tourism have been well-studied locally, little is known about how these effects accumulate on a global scale Additionally, the non-physical consequences of tourism, which could significantly influence global environmental change, remain under-investigated Travel has been shown to alter perceptions of the environment in ways that may undermine sustainability efforts This study aims to identify how tourism contributes to global environmental change, synthesize existing data and scientific knowledge, estimate the scale of these changes, and evaluate their implications for sustainability.

In 2003, authors D Camarda and L Grassini conducted a research on the

Tourism significantly impacts the environment, with both positive and negative effects on natural and man-made habitats The quality of these environments is essential for a thriving tourism industry, yet the relationship between tourism and the environment is complex Infrastructure development—such as roads, airports, resorts, hotels, and recreational facilities—can cause substantial environmental degradation These activities often lead to the depletion of vital resources, threatening the sustainability of tourism-dependent ecosystems Managing these impacts is crucial to balance tourism growth with environmental preservation.

Tourism can positively impact the environment by promoting awareness of environmental values and supporting conservation efforts It serves as a valuable funding source for protecting natural areas, thereby boosting their ecological and economic significance.

This research examines the impact of tourism on natural resources, environmental pollution, and the physical environment It highlights the global environmental effects of tourism and how the industry influences natural ecosystems Importantly, the study also explores ways in which tourism can contribute to environmental conservation and sustainable development.

Research by Ralf Buckley in 2011 highlights that tourism has significant environmental impacts, ranging from contributing to climate change and ocean pollution to affecting endangered species in protected areas Despite being a large global industry, environmental issues within tourism remain under-studied worldwide The primary challenge in environmental management is the limited adoption by industry rather than technological limitations Additionally, government regulation tends to be more effective than industry-led eco-certification in mitigating tourism's environmental impact.

In developing countries, tourism plays a vital role in supporting conservation efforts by providing necessary political and financial assistance to public protected area management and conservation on private and community lands, which is essential for building climate resilience Conversely, in developed nations, the positive effects of tourism on conservation are often diminished by recreational overuse and political pressures from tourism developers To enhance understanding, further research is needed in both natural and social sciences, focusing on advanced recreation ecology studies and the legal and social frameworks that underpin conservation-oriented tourism.

Richard Butler's research highlights the growing awareness of the environmental impacts of tourism and its influence on destination areas He emphasizes that increasing attention is being directed toward understanding how tourism development affects local ecosystems As the concept of sustainable development gains prominence, tourism is increasingly recognized as a activity that can be aligned with environmental conservation and responsible growth, promoting a balance between economic benefits and ecological preservation.

Effective tourism development requires careful planning that considers the complex nature of the industry Relying on simplistic approaches often leads to environmentally and culturally insensitive growth, as many stakeholders lack the necessary knowledge, responsibility, and long-term vision Since tourism heavily depends on the environment, failure to prioritize sustainable practices can harm the host area's natural resources and community integrity To ensure sustainable tourism growth, it is essential to adopt responsible strategies that promote environmental preservation and respect for local cultures.

A comprehensive understanding of the environment must include both physical and human aspects, alongside nature itself Recognizing the broad scope of human leisure activities, beyond just tourism, is essential for meaningful analysis Critical evaluation of alternative approaches to mass tourism in environmentally sensitive areas reveals that many problems are complex and harder to resolve than they initially appear Effective solutions require a balance of compromise, proactive planning, and management, though successful examples remain rare Enhancing our knowledge of the intricate relationship between tourism and the environment is vital for fostering sustainable, mutually beneficial interactions.

Researches in Viet Nam

In 2018, Tran Thi Huong et al conducted a study on the impacts of eco-tourism in Ban Lac, Chieng Chau commune, Mai Chau district, Hoa Binh province The research showed that eco-tourism development has created jobs and enhanced residents' quality of life However, the study also highlights the need to address environmental and social challenges associated with increased tourism activities Promoting sustainable eco-tourism in Ban Lac can balance economic benefits with responsible environmental management.

Eco-tourism activities in Ban Lac have generated significant economic benefits but also caused negative environmental and social impacts A study assessing these impacts found that tourism produces approximately 201.3 kg of solid waste daily, representing 40.77% of the area's total waste, and generates around 10,055.75 m³ of wastewater annually, significantly affecting surface water quality Water quality analysis revealed that the COD levels exceeded permissible limits by more than ten times, with some samples also showing elevated NH4+ and PO43- parameters, indicating pollution issues Furthermore, the rise in tourism has disrupted local culture and led to community conflicts over resource benefits To promote sustainable eco-tourism and mitigate these negative effects, local authorities should develop long-term strategies such as environmental planning, raising awareness among residents and visitors, and engaging stakeholders in supportive activities.

A 2017 study by Nguyen Trong Nhan highlights that tourism is a key economic sector vital to Phu Quoc district’s development, contributing significantly to GDP growth and job creation The research reveals that tourism has positively impacted the local economy and society by enhancing infrastructure, increasing business opportunities in accommodation, dining, and entertainment, and improving residents’ quality of life However, it also notes that the impacts are diverse, with both positive and negative effects on the environment and community.

Tourism offers the potential to provide a stable income source for industry participants, as those involved tend to have higher average monthly earnings than non-employed individuals However, barriers such as lack of skills, limited information, and unmet requirements prevent many from accessing these opportunities While tourism can boost economic stability, it also poses environmental challenges, including pollution, water resource depletion, and harm to local biodiversity, especially in overexploited natural areas leading to habitat decline for various plant and animal species.

In 2016, Pham Viet Ha conducted a comprehensive study on tourism and ecological environment conservation, highlighting the positive impacts of ecotourism on the economy, society, and the environment The research emphasizes that ecotourism is a rapidly growing and increasingly popular form of tourism worldwide, contributing to sustainable development This study underscores the importance of promoting ecotourism as a means to balance economic growth with ecological preservation and social benefits.

Ecotourism is more than just a trend; it signifies a shift towards greater human awareness of the connection between people and nature By emphasizing environmental preservation and sustainable activities, ecotourism encourages travelers to explore natural areas in ways that benefit local economies, social welfare, and health, while showcasing the unique beauty of the natural world Visitors to ecotourism sites enjoy stunning landscapes and gain insights into local cultures, fostering an organic, harmonious relationship between humans and the environment Moreover, ecotourism promotes environmental responsibility, inspiring the protection of natural resources and the preservation of biodiversity for future generations.

Eco-tourism raises awareness of the importance of environmental preservation, promoting sustainability and conserving natural resources for future generations By offering enriching experiences, it fosters a deeper connection to nature while supporting local communities' economic growth This approach not only provides joy and fulfillment to travelers but also encourages communities to actively participate in environmental protection Ultimately, eco-tourism builds a solid foundation for sustainable development, ensuring the conservation of natural environments for both present and future benefits.

14 growth sustainably Through ecotourism, we can explore the natural beauty while also contributing to the preservation of the planet for future generations [22]

A 2018 study by Vu Thi Minh Phuong explored environmental issues in tourism development in the Central Highlands, highlighting the negative impacts of tourism activities on the region’s ecological environment and indigenous cultures The region hosts over 47 ethnic communities, showcasing a rich tapestry of cultural diversity expressed through customs, languages, and both tangible and intangible cultural heritages This vibrant cultural landscape attracts tourists worldwide, boosting regional tourism While rapid tourism growth has contributed positively to the environment, economy, and social development, it also raises concerns about preserving natural resources and cultural integrity, emphasizing the need for sustainable tourism practices.

Tourism activities in the Central Highlands offer various benefits but also pose significant threats to the region's ecological and natural environments An increase in tourist numbers can cause pollution, resource depletion, and intrusion into sensitive ecological areas, damaging fragile ecosystems Additionally, the exploitation of natural resources for tourism development can lead to reduced biodiversity and disruption of natural habitats, negatively impacting the region's ecological balance.

Tourism can significantly impact local cultures by causing traditional customs to change or fade as they adapt to meet tourist demands The commercialization of local cultural products often leads to the loss of original customs and practices, eroding their authentic identities This cultural transformation may contribute to a disconnect between younger generations and their ancestral traditions, resulting in a cultural gap within the community.

In 2022, Nguyen Thi Thu Ha and Nguyen Van Dinh conducted a study highlighting the crucial role of tourist areas, particularly national tourist areas (NTAs), in Vietnam's tourism development and local economic growth Their research emphasizes that these destinations possess rich, diverse, and attractive resources that significantly contribute to the growth of the tourism industry, while also underscoring the importance of effective environmental management in these areas.

Vietnam's tourism development plan aims to reach 47 nationally targeted areas (NTAs) by 2030, reflecting its ambition to expand its tourism offerings Despite these growth prospects, many tourism attractions face a critical challenge: increasing environmental pollution caused by rapid, uncoordinated tourism development As tourism becomes a vital economic sector supporting other industries, effective management that integrates environmental protection is essential to ensure sustainable growth Without robust policies and strategic planning focused on environmental preservation, tourism destinations risk becoming unattractive and losing their appeal to visitors.

Promoting tourism development aligned with green growth (GG) at tourist areas (TAs) is essential for minimizing the negative impacts of rapid tourism expansion This sustainable approach helps address environmental pollution and prevents the degradation of valuable tourism resources, ensuring long-term tourism sustainability and environmental preservation.

In 2020, Nguyen Thi Hong Vien and colleagues studied environmental management at Na Hang Ecotourism Area in Tuyen Quang Province, highlighting its significant potential for sustainable tourism development They emphasized the necessity of establishing a comprehensive tourism environmental management system to prevent and mitigate negative environmental impacts such as pollution, water resource depletion, and biodiversity loss The research employed document analysis, field surveys, and sociological investigations to assess the current environmental situation and influencing factors The study proposed an administrative environmental management model, with a dedicated department responsible for monitoring and managing environmental protection activities Additionally, developing an environmental management plan with specific measures to control waste, wastewater, and environmentally harmful activities was recommended to ensure the area's sustainable growth.

An essential component of our strategy is educating tourists and the local community about environmental protection through training programs and community activities This approach aims to enhance environmental awareness, promote sustainable tourism, and ensure the preservation of Na Hang’s natural beauty for future generations By fostering a sustainable and harmonious tourism environment, Na Hang will become an attractive destination while safeguarding its natural resources.

Legal basic

- Vietnam Tourism Law No 09/2017/QH14, dated June 19 th , 2017

- The Law on Cultural Heritage dated June 19 th , 2001, and the Law Amending and Supplementing Certain Provisions of the Law on Cultural Heritage dated June 18, 2009

- Law on environmental protection, No 72/2020/QH14, dated November 17 th , 2020, issued by the Vietnam national assembly

- Law on biodiversity, No 20/2008/QH12, dated November 13 th , 2008, issued by the Vietnam national assembly

- Decision No 192/2003/QĐ-TTg dated September 17 th , 2003, issued by the Prime Minister, promulgates the Strategy for Managing the System of Nature Conservation Areas in Vietnam

Decision No 126/QĐ-UBND, issued on January 22nd, 2016, by the People's Committee of Bắc Kạn Province, officially approves the list and valuation of state assets allocated to the Center for Environmental Education and Forest Environmental Services under Ba.

Be National Park, to participate in the joint venture investment project for tourism development at Ba Be Lake

Decision No 03/QĐ-TTGDMT&DVMTR, issued on January 24th, 2016, by the Center for Environmental Education and Forest Environmental Services, officially approves the list and valuation of state assets allocated to the center under Ba Be National Park These assets are designated for participation in a joint venture investment project aimed at developing tourism at Ba Be Lake, supporting sustainable tourism growth in the region.

- Decree No 168/2017/NĐ-CP dated December 31 st , 2017, issued by Vietnam Government, stipulates certain provisions of the Tourism Law

- Decree No 98/2010/NĐ-CP dated September 21 st , 2010, issued by Vietnam Government, provides detailed regulations on the implementation of certain provisions

17 of the Law on Cultural Heritage and the Law Amending and Supplementing Certain Provisions of the Law on Cultural Heritage

Decision No 981/QĐ-UBND, issued by the People's Committee of Bắc Kạn Province on June 6th, 2021, officially approves the development project for Ba Be Tourism Area This initiative aims to transform Ba Be into a recognized national tourism destination from 2022 to 2030, with a strategic vision extending towards 2050, supporting sustainable growth and tourism excellence.

Resolution No 18-NQ/TU, issued on August 12, 2021, by the Provincial Party Committee's Fourth Congress (Term XII), emphasizes the strategic development of tourism in Bắc Kạn Province from 2021 to 2025, with a clear vision toward 2030 This resolution highlights the province's commitment to boosting tourism as a key economic sector, promoting sustainable growth, and enhancing regional competitiveness It outlines specific policies and initiatives aimed at improving infrastructure, attracting investment, and preserving cultural and natural heritage to position Bắc Kạn as a desirable tourist destination in the region.

The relationship between tourism and the environment

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Many cultural heritage sites are deeply connected to their natural surroundings, enhancing their historical significance and visitor appeal For instance, Angkor Wat in Cambodia is surrounded by lush forests that contribute to its mystical ambiance, while Machu Picchu in Peru offers breathtaking views of the Andes Mountains, emphasizing the importance of preserving these natural environments to maintain the sites' beauty and cultural value.

Maintaining high environmental quality is essential for attracting tourists, as the condition of a destination's air, water, and landscapes directly impacts its appeal Pollution and environmental degradation can deter visitors and cause economic losses for local communities reliant on tourism Therefore, environmental health is a vital asset that requires sustainable management and conservation efforts to ensure long-term tourism success and community well-being.

While tourism contributes to economic development and cultural exchange, its rapid growth often exerts substantial pressure on the environment

Tourism-related activities often result in the overconsumption of natural resources like water, energy, and land For example, resorts and hotels situated in water-scarce regions tend to use excessive amounts of freshwater, which can deplete local supplies and negatively impact nearby communities This resource overuse poses significant environmental challenges and highlights the need for sustainable tourism practices.

Infrastructure development, including the construction of roads, airports, and accommodations, often disrupts ecosystems and fragments natural habitats Urban sprawl around popular destinations frequently encroaches on pristine landscapes, resulting in habitat loss for wildlife This ongoing expansion poses significant challenges to environmental conservation efforts.

Tourist influx often leads to increased pollution and waste, including plastics, food scraps, and sewage Ineffective waste management can cause littering, water contamination, and pose serious threats to both marine and terrestrial ecosystems, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable waste disposal practices in popular destinations.

Tourism significantly contributes to greenhouse gas emissions through extensive reliance on air travel, cruise ships, and road transportation High tourist traffic destinations often face elevated air pollution levels, which exacerbate climate change and pose health risks to local communities Implementing sustainable travel practices can help reduce the carbon footprint of tourism and protect environmental and public health.

If left unchecked, these environmental impacts can degrade the very resources that attract tourists, creating a negative feedback loop that undermines the sustainability of the industry

The rapid expansion of tourism presents several sustainability challenges that require coordinated efforts from governments, businesses, and communities

Overtourism in popular destinations leads to overcrowding, putting immense pressure on local infrastructure and upsetting wildlife habitats Iconic sites such as Venice, Machu Picchu, and the Great Wall of China struggle to manage increasing visitor numbers, which can negatively impact the quality of life for residents and threaten the preservation of these cultural landmarks.

- Insufficient Planning: Many regions lack comprehensive policies to regulate tourism growth Poor zoning laws, inadequate waste management, and insufficient environmental monitoring can exacerbate the negative effects of tourism

Overtourism can lead to significant cultural and environmental disruption, as it often alters local customs and traditions Additionally, increased tourism can introduce invasive species and disturb fragile ecosystems, jeopardizing biodiversity Coastal development associated with tourism growth may further harm vital habitats such as mangroves and coral reefs, which are essential for both marine life and natural storm protection.

Climate change poses significant risks to destinations dependent on stable climates, such as ski resorts, beach destinations, and wildlife viewing sites As rising sea levels and extreme weather events become more frequent, they threaten both the natural ecosystems and infrastructure that support these tourism activities Altered weather patterns and climate shifts reduce the attractiveness and viability of these destinations, impacting local economies reliant on climate-sensitive tourism.

Impact of tourism on the environment

Responsible tourism can significantly benefit the environment by promoting conservation efforts and supporting sustainable practices By leveraging its economic advantages and raising awareness among travelers and communities, tourism serves as a powerful catalyst for environmental preservation When managed effectively, tourism fosters environmental awareness, encourages eco-friendly initiatives, and helps fund conservation projects Overall, sustainable tourism has the potential to create positive environmental impacts while providing economic growth and educational opportunities.

Tourism plays a crucial role in funding environmental conservation initiatives, with revenues from entrance fees, taxes, and donations supporting the preservation of natural resources and biodiversity These financial contributions are essential for maintaining protected areas, protecting ecosystems, and promoting sustainable ecological practices worldwide By investing in tourism, communities and governments can effectively fund conservation efforts while offering visitors memorable experiences that highlight the importance of preserving our planet’s natural heritage.

Protected areas like Yellowstone National Park in the U.S and Kruger National Park in South Africa rely heavily on tourism revenue to support vital activities such as habitat restoration, anti-poaching patrols, and scientific research, ensuring the preservation and sustainability of these national parks and reserves.

- Marine Conservation: Fees from activities like scuba diving and snorkeling often contribute to maintaining coral reefs and marine ecosystems For example, marine

20 parks in Southeast Asia allocate tourism revenues to coral restoration and pollution control programs

- Support for Endangered Species: Eco-tourism initiatives frequently channel funds into the protection of endangered species by supporting breeding programs, wildlife sanctuaries, and reforestation projects that expand habitats

Tourism serves as a vital platform for raising awareness and educating the public about environmental challenges and the importance of conservation Eco-tourism and guided tours prioritize learning and advocacy, fostering environmentally conscious behaviors among visitors This approach helps promote sustainable practices and encourages responsible travel to protect natural habitats and biodiversity.

Eco-tourism experiences like guided nature walks, bird-watching tours, and wildlife safaris offer valuable insights into the significance of preserving ecosystems These activities raise awareness about the threats facing various environments and inspire visitors to support conservation efforts, promoting sustainable tourism and environmental protection.

- Visitor Centers and Workshops: Many tourist destinations have education programs, such as interactive exhibits and workshops, that teach about local ecosystems, endangered species, and sustainable living practices

- Global Awareness: Tourism allows individuals from diverse backgrounds to witness environmental challenges firsthand, fostering a global commitment to addressing issues like climate change, deforestation, and pollution

Engaging local communities in tourism fosters environmental stewardship by highlighting the economic benefits of preserving natural surroundings When communities recognize that sustainable practices can boost their livelihoods, they become motivated to protect and conserve their environment actively This sense of ownership and economic incentive nature-based tourism encourages long-term sustainability and empowers locals to lead conservation efforts.

Community-Based Tourism empowers local communities through initiatives like homestays and cultural tours, highlighting the vital link between environmental conservation and livelihoods For example, in Costa Rica, communities benefit economically by preserving lush rainforests that attract eco-tourists, demonstrating how sustainable tourism supports both nature and local economies.

Integrating traditional knowledge into tourism promotes the revival and application of indigenous environmental management practices Indigenous communities hold valuable ecological insights that support sustainable land and resource utilization, enhancing eco-friendly tourism initiatives This approach not only preserves cultural heritage but also contributes to sustainable development and environmental conservation.

- Economic Incentives: By linking conservation efforts to income opportunities, such as guiding services or handicraft sales, tourism creates a financial motive for protecting natural and cultural heritage

Infrastructure Development : Tourism-driven development can lead to improvements in infrastructure that benefit both the environment and local populations Sustainable planning ensures that these developments align with environmental goals

- Waste Management Systems: Tourism revenue often funds better waste collection and recycling facilities, helping to reduce pollution in tourist-heavy areas

- Renewable Energy Projects: Hotels and resorts catering to eco-conscious tourists frequently adopt solar panels, wind turbines, or geothermal systems, reducing reliance on fossil fuels

- Transport and Accessibility: Roads and public transportation systems built for tourists can also benefit local residents Well-planned transportation reduces congestion and promotes cleaner travel options

- Water and Sanitation Facilities: Investments in water purification systems and sewage treatment plants driven by tourism demand can improve water quality for both visitors and local communities

The growing demand for eco-friendly tourism experiences encourages businesses like hotels, tour operators, and local attractions to adopt sustainable practices These companies are increasingly implementing environmentally friendly policies such as reducing energy consumption, minimizing waste, and sourcing local products to meet traveler expectations and promote responsible tourism.

Many tourism providers pursue green certification programs like LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) and Green Globe to showcase their commitment to sustainability These certifications validate efforts to reduce carbon footprints, conserve water, and utilize sustainable materials, highlighting their dedication to environmentally responsible practices in the tourism industry.

- Waste Reduction: Hotels and resorts are increasingly adopting waste reduction strategies, such as eliminating single-use plastics, implementing composting systems, and using biodegradable products

- Local Sourcing: Tourism businesses often source food, materials, and products locally to reduce transportation emissions and support regional economies For example,

22 farm-to-table restaurants highlight local agriculture while reducing the carbon footprint of imported goods

- Conservation Partnerships: Tour operators frequently partner with environmental organizations to support conservation projects, such as reforestation drives, marine clean-up campaigns, and habitat restoration b) Negative impact

Unmanaged or poorly regulated tourism can place considerable strain on natural resources, ecosystems, and local cultures These negative environmental impacts include habitat destruction, pollution, and overuse of water and energy resources, which threaten biodiversity and ecological balance Additionally, unregulated tourism can lead to the degradation of natural landscapes and harm indigenous communities by disrupting their way of life Proper management and regulation are essential to mitigate these adverse effects and ensure sustainable tourism practices that protect the environment for future generations.

Increased tourist activity often results in environmental degradation, including soil erosion, deforestation, and habitat destruction Popular activities like hiking, off-roading, and water sports can disturb delicate ecosystems, causing long-lasting ecological damage Managing tourism responsibly is essential to protect natural environments from these harmful impacts.

High foot traffic from hiking and trekking can lead to soil compaction, which reduces soil fertility and increases the risk of erosion This issue is especially prevalent in sensitive areas like mountain trails and riverbanks, where disturbed soil is more vulnerable to wear and degradation, impacting the local ecosystem.

- Deforestation: Construction of tourism infrastructure, such as hotels, roads, and resorts, often involves clearing forests, leading to habitat destruction and loss of carbon sinks

- Habitat Destruction: Activities like off-roading, camping, and water sports can disrupt natural habitats For instance, coral reefs suffer damage from irresponsible snorkeling, diving, and anchoring of boats

- Long-Lasting Impacts: Ecosystems damaged by unregulated tourism may take years to recover or may never fully regain their original state

Tourism can significantly strain local resources like water and energy, especially in areas where these resources are already scarce This increased demand often results in shortages that adversely affect local communities' livelihoods and overall quality of life Managing resource depletion is crucial to ensure sustainable tourism practices that protect the environment and support community well-being.

Tourists in luxury accommodations often overuse water for activities like drinking, bathing, maintaining swimming pools, and landscaping, which can significantly strain local water resources This excessive consumption is particularly problematic in arid regions such as parts of Africa and the Middle East, where it can lead to water shortages for local communities Responsible water management and sustainable tourism practices are essential to protect these vulnerable areas from water scarcity.

- Energy Consumption: High demand for air conditioning, heating, and lighting in tourist facilities often leads to overconsumption of energy, much of which is derived from non-renewable sources

- Land Scarcity: The development of tourism infrastructure often takes up valuable agricultural or communal land, reducing space available for local needs

METHODS

Material

A comprehensive literature review was conducted, utilizing academic journals, government reports, and prior studies on tourism and environmental impacts This review aimed to build a robust theoretical framework, guiding the study's approach and objectives By critically analyzing existing research, it identified key themes, debates, and gaps in sustainable tourism and environmental conservation The synthesis provided valuable context, ensuring the study is well-informed and aligned with current discourses in sustainable tourism research.

Key stakeholders in Ba Be National Park were engaged through semi-structured interviews to gather qualitative insights into the impacts of tourism and conservation efforts A total of 155 informants participated in the study, representing diverse groups involved in or affected by park activities.

- Local Leaders and Management Board (n = 5): These participants were integral to understanding policy measures, resource allocation, and operational challenges in managing tourism and conservation within the park

- Foreign Tourists (n = 25): Their responses shed light on international expectations, behaviors, and perspectives regarding eco-tourism and the environmental conditions of the park

- Vietnamese Tourists (n = 25): This group provided insights into domestic tourism trends, including preferences, motivations, and attitudes toward environmental sustainability

Engaging with local residents in the residential community was essential for capturing the socio-economic and cultural dimensions of tourism Their active participation provided valuable insights into how tourism affects local livelihoods, community dynamics, and environmental stewardship, highlighting the community’s vital role in sustainable tourism development.

- The interviews employed open-ended questions to facilitate in-depth discussions, allowing for a richer understanding of the diverse viewpoints and experiences associated with tourism development in the region

To supplement the qualitative data, a structured survey was administered to tourists visiting Ba Be National Park The survey was designed to collect quantitative data on several key areas:

- Tourist Behaviors: Data on visit frequency, duration of stay, preferred activities, and spending patterns

- Perceptions of Environmental Impacts: Responses measured attitudes toward the park's ecological health, including awareness of issues such as pollution, habitat disturbance, and resource overuse

- Environmental Awareness: Questions assessed tourists’ understanding of their role in conservation efforts, as well as their willingness to adopt sustainable practices during their visit

The questionnaire was meticulously designed to ensure clarity and relevance, utilizing both closed-ended and Likert-scale questions to facilitate accurate statistical analysis A pilot test with a small sample helped refine the survey, ensuring its reliability and validity before full deployment The collected data provided a strong foundation for quantitative analysis, enabling the identification of key trends and actionable insights to promote sustainable tourism practices.

Methods

3.2.1 Methods of collecting secondary information

Secondary data for research on Ba Be National Park are collected from various reputable sources, including the Ba Be National Park Management Board, Bac Kan Provincial Department of Natural Resources and Environment, and the Bac Kan Provincial Environmental Protection Department Additional information is gathered from the Bac Kan Provincial Environmental Monitoring Center, local department statistics on scientific research topics, relevant magazines and documents related to tourism activities, as well as reports on monitoring data within the area.

On that basis, select, update, process, and evaluate information to match the objectives of the thesis

3.2.2 Methods of collecting primary information

Survey by interview: This study employs the survey-by-interview method to gather primary information from key stakeholders involved in or affected by tourism

27 activities in Ba Be National Park The purpose is to investigate tourism practices and their impacts on the environment and biodiversity within the Park

Interview subjects: Interviews were conducted with a diverse range of stakeholders to ensure comprehensive data collection The key groups surveyed include:

- Management Board: Members of the Ba Be National Park Management Board who oversee park operations

- Local Community: Residents living within the park’s core and buffer zones

- Tourists: Both foreign and Vietnamese visitors to the park

- Business Households: Local entrepreneurs providing services such as accommodation, food, transportation, and tourism-related activities

Interview format: Two main formats were utilized for data collection:

- Direct Discussions: Open-ended interviews were conducted to facilitate in-depth exploration of the subjects’ perspectives, experiences, and suggestions

Structured questionnaire surveys were developed using a combination of closed-ended (multiple-choice) and open-ended questions, ensuring comprehensive data collection The questionnaire design was tailored to each specific subject group, enhancing relevance and effectiveness in capturing accurate and meaningful information.

A random sampling strategy was employed to ensure the survey's representativeness and minimize bias, allowing for the inclusion of diverse perspectives across various demographics and stakeholder groups Due to constraints in time and budget, the survey targeted a total of 155 respondents, ensuring a focused yet comprehensive collection of data.

- 5 respondents: Local leaders and members of the Ba Be National Park Management Board

- 25 respondents: Foreign tourists visiting the park

- 100 respondents: Local community members from both the core and buffer zones

- Geographic scope: Respondents were selected from both the core zone (protected areas within the park) and the buffer zone (surrounding areas where human activities interact with conservation efforts)

The survey was conducted in May 2024, coinciding with the start of the peak tourist season, which enabled researchers to collect data that accurately reflects the period of maximum tourism activity This timing ensured the relevance of the findings to understanding visitor behaviors and tourism trends during the busiest time of the year.

From secondary data, using SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) to evaluate the impacts of tourism activities and related services to the environment of Ba Be National Park

- Identify positive aspects of tourism activities on the environment based on survey responses

- Look for strengths such as increased awareness of environmental conservation among visitors, funding generated for conservation efforts through tourism fees, or the creation of protected areas within the park

- Highlight negative impacts or shortcomings revealed by the survey data

- Identify weaknesses such as habitat degradation, pollution, overcrowding, or unsustainable resource extraction due to tourism activities

- Consider any limitations in the survey design or data collection process that may affect the reliability of the findings

- Explore potential opportunities to mitigate negative impacts and improve sustainable tourism practices

- Look for opportunities such as implementing eco-friendly tourism initiatives, developing educational programs for visitors, or collaborating with local communities for conservation efforts

- Identify emerging trends or technologies that could enhance the park's environmental sustainability

- Identify external factors or risks that could exacerbate the negative impacts of tourism on the environment

- Consider threats such as climate change, invasive species introduction by tourists, natural disasters, or political instability affecting tourism

- Assess the potential consequences of these threats on the park's ecosystem and biodiversity

To promote sustainable tourism and protect Ba Be National Park's environment, it is essential to identify key points within each category, analyze their interrelationships, and develop targeted strategies By leveraging strengths, addressing weaknesses, seizing opportunities, and mitigating threats, this comprehensive approach can inform effective decision-making Ultimately, these strategies will support the preservation of Ba Be National Park while fostering responsible tourism development.

RESULTS

Natural and socioeconomic conditions of the study area

Ba Be district is a mountainous region in Bắc Kạn province, situated between latitudes 22°27' and 22°35' North and longitudes 105°44' and 105°58' East Covering a total natural area of 68,408.50 hectares, it accounts for approximately 14.08% of the province's total land area The district currently consists of 14 communes and one town, making it a vital part of Bắc Kạn's geographical and administrative landscape.

Its borders are as follows:

- To the north, it borders Pác Nặm district and Cao Bằng province

- To the east, it borders Ngân Sơn district

- To the south, it borders Chợ Đồn and Bạch Thông districts

- To the west, it borders Tuyên Quang province

Figure 1: Map of Ba Be district, Bac Kan province

Ba Be district's center, located 54 km north of Bắc Kạn city—the province's cultural, economic, and political hub—benefits from accessible transportation routes The district is traversed by National Highway 279, complemented by provincial roads 258, 253, 257B, and various inter-commune and inter-village roads These infrastructure connections facilitate technology transfer, cultural exchange, and boost agricultural and forestry productivity Overall, this well-developed transportation network plays a crucial role in promoting the sustainable economic and cultural development of Ba Be district now and in the future.

Ba Be Tourism Area, situated in Bắc Kạn province’s Ba Be district, offers exceptional natural landscapes, diverse ecosystems, and rich biodiversity, making it a premier destination for eco-tourism The highlight is Ba Be Lake, a stunning scenic area within Ba Be National Park’s core zone in Nam Mẫu commune, covering approximately 10,048 hectares of protected land This region not only boasts breathtaking scenery but also celebrates the cultural traditions of local ethnic minority communities, providing visitors with a unique blend of natural beauty and cultural heritage.

Figure 2: Location of Ba Be National Park

This region is renowned for its rich biodiversity and exceptional geological and geomorphological significance It features stunning natural landmarks such as Đầu Đẳng Waterfall, Năng River Gorge, Ao Tiên Pond, Puông Cave, and the picturesque An Mạ and Bà Góa Islands Notably, Ba Be Lake stands out as one of the world's few large, pristine freshwater mountain lakes, making this area a must-visit destination for nature enthusiasts.

Ba Be Lake area is renowned for its vibrant cultural scene, showcasing festivals, spiritual, and religious practices that highlight the unique identity of local ethnic minorities The surrounding communes offer abundant tourism resources, including pristine lakes, streams, waterfalls, caves, and historical sites, along with picturesque agricultural landscapes such as terraced rice fields, fruit orchards, and tea gardens with blooming flowers These villages preserve their natural beauty, making the region an attractive destination for eco-tourism and cultural exploration.

The region features rugged terrain with high mountains ranging from 1,400 to 1,600 meters, interspersed with picturesque valleys that host numerous caves, lakes, and streams, creating a stunning and pristine natural landscape Ba Be’s tropical monsoon climate, with an average annual temperature of 21ºC to 23ºC and 1,343 mm of rainfall, offers a cool and refreshing environment ideal for recreational tourism.

The region features a dense network of rivers and streams, with a flow rate of approximately 2 to 2.5 km of watercourse per square kilometer, supporting its rich hydrological system Covering around 500 hectares, Ba Be Lake has an average depth of 15 to 20 meters, serving as a vital water resource This abundant water supply plays a crucial role in supporting both daily life and agricultural activities in the area.

Ba Be boasts a high forest coverage density, with extensive natural forests across all communes that feature native trees and valuable timber species such as Lát, Đinh, Lim, Sến, Táu, and Dẻ The region has also seen an increase in regenerated and planted forests, utilizing tree species that are well-suited to the local terrain and soil conditions, supporting sustainable forest development.

The tourism core zone of Ba Be National Park spans 10,048 hectares across the communes of Thuong Giao, Khang Ninh, Cao Thuong, Quang Khe, Nam Mau, Hoang Tri, and Nam Cường in Chợ Đồn district As the central area of Ba Be National Park and home to the renowned Ba Be Lake, this region is of significant international importance for eco-tourism and natural preservation.

33 biodiversity, housing many rare species listed in Vietnam's Red Book and the IUCN Red List of threatened species

Ba Be National Park is a valuable natural heritage featuring pristine forests on limestone mountains that are home to 417 plant species and 299 vertebrate animals It preserves many rare and precious animal species such as the land phoenix, pheasants, and the black-nosed monkey The park's lake is rich in biodiversity, containing 49 freshwater fish species, including rare species like glass carp, green tilapia, and catfish.

The district is characterized by typical mountainous terrain, averaging 600 meters above sea level, with a gentle slope from the Northeast to the Southwest It features three common types of terrain, highlighting its diverse geographical landscape suitable for various activities and development opportunities.

- Karst terrain: Mainly distributed in the communes of Nam Mẫu, Quảng Khê,

Thượng Giáo and Hoàng Trĩ are mountainous regions featuring limestone mountains over 1,000 meters high, with narrow valleys that create steep, rugged cliffs The area typically ranges in elevation from 600 to 1,000 meters, with slopes exceeding 25°, resulting in a challenging terrain This high mountainous landscape makes agricultural development difficult, impacting local farming potential.

The earth-mountain terrain, primarily located in the southern communes, features elevations ranging from 300 to 400 meters with slopes between 20° and 40° Despite challenging transportation due to stream crossings, this region offers significant potential for forestry development and agroforestry Additionally, it holds promising prospects for fruit tree cultivation, making it a valuable area for agricultural growth and diversification.

Valley terrain, primarily distributed along rivers and streams and situated among high mountains in the central district area, features an average elevation of 200 to 300 meters and spans approximately 10,000 hectares This fertile landscape is ideal for cultivating rice and various crops, forming the agricultural heart of the district’s communes.

Ba Be National Park, situated in the Cho Ra, Ba Be - Cho Đon karst region, is renowned for its distinctive limestone formations The park features Givet limestone dating back to the Middle Devonian period, positioned atop Proterozoic rock layers Additionally, the area is characterized by prominent granite formations, contributing to its rich geological diversity and stunning landscape.

34 formations This limestone has an estimated age of about 200 million years, indicating the ancient nature of the karst landscape, setting it apart from other regions of its kind

Current status of organizational structure, tourism activities, environmental

4.2.1 Ba Be National Park Organizational Structure

Ba Be National Park's organizational structure includes a central Directorate, four specialized functional departments, and two subordinate units: the Forest Inspection Station and the Environmental Education and Forest Services Center, ensuring efficient management and conservation efforts within the park.

The Directorate reports to the People’s Committee of Bắc Kạn Province and is responsible for ensuring the legality of all activities within Ba Be National Park The Forest Inspection Station plays a key role in managing and protecting forest resources, serving as the legal enforcement agency for forest conservation within the park’s boundaries Currently, the Forest Inspection Station operates through 8 inspection stations and 1 ranger unit, supporting effective forest management and safeguarding biodiversity.

Figure 3: Organizational Structure of Ba Be National Park Management Board

4.2.2 Current status of tourism activities in Ba Be National Park

Ba Be has been and is investing in the exploitation and development of several main tourism products such as:

- Ecotourism: Scenic spots like Ba Be Lake, Hua Mạ Cave, etc

- Cultural and historical tourism: Historical and revolutionary sites

- Spiritual cultural tourism: The system of An Mã temples, street pagodas; traditional festivals such as the Ba Be Lồng Tồng Festival

Discover authentic community tourism experiences by exploring the rich folk culture and arts of ethnic groups such as the Tày and Dao communities Visitors can immerse themselves in the unique traditions of Pác Ngòi, Bó Lù, Cốc Tộc, Nà Nghè, Bản Cám, and Nam Mẫu communes, highlighting the vibrant cultural heritage and handcrafted arts of these ethnic groups in a truly immersive way.

- Adventure tourism, climbing, and trekking: Thẳm Phầy Cave, etc

Ba Be tourism area features over 20 stunning attractions, including the iconic Ba Be Lake, Puông Cave, Đầu Đẳng Waterfall, and Tiên Pond Visitors can explore Bà Góa Island, An Mã Temple, Nà Phoòng Cave, Thẳm Khít Cave, and Bản Vàng Waterfall Additionally, the area is surrounded by charming ethnic minority villages within Ba Be National Park, offering a rich cultural experience and breathtaking natural scenery.

- Hua Mạ Cave tourist site (Quảng Khê commune, Ba Be district): Currently, Ba

Be does not have any officially recognized community tourism sites; community tourism activities are currently spontaneous

By the end of August 2020, approximately 60 households had registered to offer homestay tourism services in the region These accommodations are primarily located in the communes of Pác Ngòi, Bó Lù, and Cốc Tộc within Nam Mẫu and Khang Ninh districts The main activities available to visitors include exploring local attractions and experiencing authentic cultural exchanges through homestay experiences.

43 scenic spots of Ba Be Lake, some caves in the Ba Be Lake tourism area, and enjoying Tày ethnic food and their traditional then singing

Table 3: Average Number of Tourists Per Year

Year Total International Tourists Domestic Tourists

(Source: According to data from the Culture and Information Department of Ba Be District)

Figure 4: Average Number of Tourists Per Year

Tourist ticket sales data for Ba Be Lake area indicate a positive growth trend, reflecting increased visitor interest Although these figures represent only ticket sales within this specific region, the actual number of tourists visiting the entire area is likely higher Overall, this data highlights the expanding popularity of Ba Be Lake as a prominent travel destination, supporting ongoing tourism development efforts.

Average Number of Tourists Per Year

International Tourists Domestic Tourists Total

The tourism data from 2016 to 2023 captures the evolution of travel patterns, marked by growth, a pandemic-induced drop, and gradual recovery Between 2016 and

In 2019, tourism experienced a significant increase, with total visits rising from 49,883 to a peak of 85,000, driven by steady growth in both international and domestic travelers International tourist arrivals grew from 5,283 to 15,000, while domestic visitors increased from 44,600 to 70,000, indicating a robust upward trend supported by favorable travel conditions and effective tourism promotion.

The COVID-19 pandemic onset in 2020 caused a significant decline in tourism, with total visits dropping to just 38,000 International tourism was severely impacted, falling to only 3,500 visitors, while domestic visits declined to 34,500 due to restrictions on both local and international travel By 2021, overall visits further decreased to a record low of 20,350, with international visitors almost disappearing at just 300, and domestic tourism declining to 20,050, reflecting the ongoing impact of the pandemic on the tourism industry.

Recovery in tourism commenced in 2022, marked by a significant increase in domestic visits reaching 73,840, while international visits began to rebound with 3,000 arrivals, though still below pre-pandemic levels In 2023, total tourism visits stabilized at 57,142, with domestic tourists accounting for 54,743 and international tourists at 2,399, emphasizing the ongoing dependence on domestic travel for tourism activity.

Outstanding Issues of the Ba Be Tourist Area:

Residential wastewater, along with garbage, is being directly discharged into Ba Be rivers and lakes, causing severe pollution of these vital water sources This pollution has detrimental effects on the environment and the landscape, highlighting the urgent need for improved waste management and water protection measures According to recent surveys, addressing this issue is crucial to preserving the ecological health of Ba Be’s aquatic ecosystems.

A concerning 15% of respondents admit to directly discharging wastewater into rivers and lakes, exacerbating water pollution and damaging ecosystems such as Ba Be Lake Meanwhile, 40% utilize some form of wastewater treatment, indicating limited mitigation efforts and ongoing environmental risks The largest group, comprising 45%, reports their wastewater is treated via basic sewer systems, showcasing a more organized approach to wastewater management However, no respondents fully treat their wastewater through comprehensive systems, highlighting a significant gap in effective wastewater treatment and environmental protection efforts.

The lack of a comprehensive wastewater treatment system in the Ba Be Lake area has led to 45 protection efforts, highlighting the critical need for improved wastewater management Implementing effective treatment solutions is essential to preserve water quality and protect the region's natural beauty Strengthening wastewater infrastructure will support environmental conservation and ensure the long-term sustainability of Ba Be Lake.

Figure 5: Wastewater Treatment in Ba Be Lake

Most transportation vehicles on Ba Be Lake are diesel-powered boats, making up 80% of total usage, which significantly contributes to noise and air pollution due to engine emissions These boats also cause water contamination through oil spills, adversely affecting the lake’s ecosystem In comparison, only 20% of users prefer traditional dugout canoes, underscoring the environmental impact of diesel boats on Ba Be Lake and highlighting the need for sustainable transportation alternatives.

• Over-exploitation of aquatic resources is occurring, including harvesting in spawning areas, continuous fishing, and the use of banned tools such as illegal nets, which impacts biodiversity

• There are still incidents of encroachment on forest land, illegal logging, slash- and-burn farming, and hunting, which adversely affect forest area and biodiversity

The delivery of information services through the global information network, including websites and social media platforms, has been insufficiently prioritized For example, the official website of Ba Be National Park is available in both Vietnamese and English; however, its content remains limited, highlighting the need for enhanced digital communication to effectively promote the park to a broader audience.

Part of the wastewater is treated

Some treatment is done through the basic sewer system

Completely treated through the system

Wastewater Treatment in Ba Be Lake

46 still simple and lacks essential information; the tourism section on the Ba Be District website is minimal, very simple, and lacks information

Directional maps for the entire tourist area and its functional zones are scarce, with only a few locations providing guidance, many of which are damaged The lack of a systematic signage and navigation strategy hinders visitors from easily locating key areas within the site.

Figure 6: Directional maps in Ba Be National Park

• Some directional signs in Vietnamese feature various images and symbols but fail to convey information and lack a map to help tourists identify their location

Impact of tourism activities on the environment of Ba Be National Park

Tourism is a vital source of revenue for local communities, generating income through entrance fees, guided tours, and various services On average, visitors stay 1.5 days each, spending approximately 700,000 VND per day, which significantly boosts household incomes Households involved in tourism activities earn about 20,000,000 VND per month, highlighting the substantial economic impact of the tourism industry on the local economy.

Figure 9: Average Length of Stay of Visitors

• Job Creation: Tourism-related jobs can help reduce poverty in the region by providing employment opportunities in hospitality, guiding, and transportation

Figure 10: Monthly Income for Households Involved in Tourism

1 day 2 days More than 3 days

Average Length of Stay of Visitors

Less than 10 million VND 10 Million - 20 Million More than 20 Million

Monthly Income for Households Involved in Tourism

Figure 11: Tourism's Impact on Job Creation and Quality of Life

Tourism activities significantly boost household incomes, positively impacting the local economy and enhancing residents' quality of life A survey shows that 45% of residents see tourism as a major contributor to job creation in sectors like hospitality, guiding, and transportation, while 30% believe it has a moderate effect, and 5% see minimal impact Additionally, 10% of residents feel tourism has an extensive impact on employment, helping reduce poverty and promote economic growth in the community To ensure sustainable development, effective tourism management and planning are essential to minimize environmental and cultural negative impacts.

Tourists frequently engage in environmental education programs that promote awareness of biodiversity and conservation issues within the park To enhance community understanding of forest management and protection, the Forest Protection Force collaborates with local authorities to regularly disseminate, promote, and communicate government policies and legal regulations to villages in the core and buffer zones, fostering greater environmental consciousness.

Tourism's Impact on Job Creation and Quality of Life

Job Creation Quality of Life Linear (Quality of Life)

50 addition, integrating this awareness into village meetings has also been implemented to promote State policies that support local communities in environmental protection

Figure 12: Awareness of Educational Programs Among Ba Be Park Visitors

In 2023, Ba Be National Park partnered with the Union of Scientific and Technical Associations of Bac Kan Province to launch the project “Exploiting and Utilizing Indigenous Knowledge in Forest Protection and Fire Prevention and Control by Ethnic Minorities,” aimed at conserving biodiversity in the park’s buffer zone This initiative is actively implemented in Na Le village, Quang Khe Commune, as well as Na Luon and Na Slai villages in Hoang Tri Commune The project encourages the participation of local residents from these villages and includes numerous households from surrounding communities, fostering community-based forest conservation efforts.

• Funding for Conservation: Revenue from tourism can be reinvested into conservation efforts, protecting ecosystems and wildlife

• Improved Facilities: Tourism often leads to better infrastructure, such as roads and communication, which can benefit both visitors and local residents

• Community Development: Investment in tourism can lead to improvements in community facilities like schools and healthcare

I don’t know I know but don't participated Yes, I Participated

Awareness of Educational Programs Among Ba Bể Park Visitors

According to Decision 981/QD-UBND by the Bắc Kạn Provincial People's Committee, the development plan aims to transform Ba Be Tourism Area into a designated National Tourist Area from 2022 to 2030, with a vision extending to 2050 This strategic plan includes key investment projects focused on planning and developing tourism infrastructure to enhance accessibility and visitor experience, supporting sustainable tourism growth in the region.

+ Develop a master plan for the construction of Ba Be National Tourist Area and submit it to the Prime Minister for approval

+ Formulate and adjust the detailed zoning plans and construction plans within the tourist area to align with new development objectives while ensuring quality and feasibility

+ Complete the system of signs and directional markers for access and within the tourist area

+ Enhance the accessibility of transportation systems

+ Improve the internal transportation system (roads around the lake and waterways on the lake and rivers)

+ Construct and renovate boat docks

+ Establish a clean water supply system

+ Develop a wastewater drainage and treatment system

+ Install trash bins at concentrated points and along major routes

 Ecosystem conservation work is enhanced:

Effective tourism development in the National Park relies on robust forest management and protection efforts The park has mobilized the Forest Protection Force and contracted specialized teams to ensure comprehensive forest preservation Strategic patrol plans, fire prevention measures, and legal education initiatives are integral to maintaining newly planted forests and contracted protection areas These coordinated efforts consistently support sustainable tourism and environmental conservation within the park.

Table 4: Newly planted forests area

Figure 13: Newly planted forests area Table 5: Contracted forest protection area

Year Protection forest (ha) Special use forest (ha)

Allocated area Contracted group Allocated area Contracted group

Investment Policy for Developing Special Use Forests

Decision No 24/QĐ-TTg, issued by the Prime Minister on June 1, 2021,, outlines policies for the development of special use forests during 2011-2020 The decree emphasizes support for local communities residing within the core and buffer zones of the National Park, promoting sustainable forest management and community involvement This policy aims to balance conservation efforts with the socio-economic development of local populations, ensuring the preservation of vital ecological areas.

• The Ba Be National Park comprises 45 villages that receive support

• Organizing village meetings and signing commitments for forest protection

• Developing and approving a budget plan to provide support of 40 million VND per village

• Preservation of Local Culture: Tourism can promote and preserve local customs and traditions, as visitors often seek authentic cultural experiences

 Impact on biodiversity, ecological environment

Biodiversity is essential for the development of tourism, as visitors are more attracted to areas rich in trees, animals, and natural beauty, making deserts with scarce flora and fauna less desirable The strong connection between biodiversity and the tourism industry highlights that thriving tourism depends on the availability of diverse biological resources Ba Be National Park exemplifies this, as its rich and diverse ecosystem attracts tourists; however, increased tourism can also pose significant threats to its biodiversity and ecological health, emphasizing the need for sustainable tourism practices to preserve these vital natural assets.

Tourism activities in natural environments often generate noise and increased human presence, which can disrupt local ecosystems Excessive tourist numbers in national parks may lead to habitat changes that impact the feeding, resting, and movement patterns of wildlife These disturbances can ultimately reduce biodiversity, highlighting the importance of sustainable tourism practices to protect protected areas.

Many rare and endangered species are currently threatened by illegal hunting driven by the high demand for wildlife food, souvenirs, and specimen trading among tourists This illegal activity is significantly contributing to the decline of biodiversity within the national park The deteriorating state of biodiversity highlights the urgent need for enhanced conservation efforts to protect these vulnerable species and preserve the park's ecological balance.

Ba Be Lake Area Currently, over 120 motorboats are transporting tourists to key attractions such as Ba Be Lake, Puong Cave, Daut Dang Waterfall, Tien Pond, and Ba Goa Island Most of these boats are made of iron, aged, and equipped with simple canopies, relying on diesel fuel for operation These boats can cause environmental harm, as oil spills may affect aquatic ecosystems and water quality Additionally, the noise generated by the engines disrupts the tranquility of the natural landscape and can disturb local wildlife.

54 also frightens many animals along the lake, preventing them from approaching, which explains why fish or shrimp are rarely seen while boating on the lake

Wildlife encounters at Ba Be National Park are generally limited, with many visitors reporting infrequent or no sightings of animals While half of the respondents often see wildlife, a small group mentions rarely or never observing animals, indicating potential areas of low wildlife visibility due to habitat degradation or disturbance Birds are the most commonly observed species, with 40 respondents reporting sightings, whereas encounters with fish, mammals, and reptiles are much less frequent, raising concerns about their ecological health and accessibility within the park Additionally, sightings of amphibians and insects are rare, suggesting some species may be declining or less visible to visitors These patterns point to possible ecological imbalances, such as habitat disruption and environmental stressors, which affect wildlife abundance and visibility at Ba Be National Park.

Figure 14: Frequency of Wildlife Sightings at Ba Be National Park

Frequency of Wildlife Sightings at Ba Be National Park

Very oftenOftenSometimesRarelyNever

Figure 15: Types of Wildlife Encountered at Ba Be National Park

To meet the rising tourist demand at Ba Be National Park, infrastructure development is essential, but it can negatively impact the park's biodiversity Sedimentation from land preparation and construction introduces mud and grease into streams, disrupting aquatic habitats and limiting food sources for aquatic species Additionally, clearing vegetation during construction threatens terrestrial wildlife, while noise pollution disturbs surrounding animals Balancing infrastructure development with conservation efforts is crucial to preserve Ba Be National Park's unique ecosystems.

 Large amounts of solid waste causing environmental pollution

Tourism and daily activities in the Ba Be Lake area are generating significant solid waste, causing localized environmental pollution Common waste items include water bottles, snack packaging, plastic bags, and leftover food, often improperly disposed of by visitors Addressing this waste issue is crucial to preserve the area's natural beauty and protect its ecosystem.

According to surveys conducted at several tourist spots, the specific situation is as follows:

• Buốc Lốm Pier, Khang Ninh Commune: Household waste such as plastic bottles and bags is still scattered and has not been collected or disposed of effectively

Birds Fish Mammals Amphibians Others

Types of Wildlife Encountered at Ba Be National Park

Types of Wildlife Encountered at Ba Be National Park

• North and South Bank Piers, Nam Mẫu Commune: Household waste is concentrated in significant amounts, and the practice of littering and dumping garbage remains prevalent

• Ba Goa Island, Nam Mẫu Commune: Household waste is discarded in rock crevices and has not been collected

• Tien Pond: The problem of litter being carelessly discarded in the rock crevices and on the pond’s banks still exists and has not been addressed

• On the lake's surface: There are many floating bottles, milk cartons, and plastic bags that have not been collected or disposed of

• Hua Mạ Cave, Quảng Khê Commune: Waste continues to be thrown and dumped haphazardly in this area

Figure 16: Main Solid Waste in Ba Be National Park

The pie chart depicts the main types of solid waste in Ba Be National Park, highlighting nylon and plastic as the predominant categories, comprising 46% of the total waste with 22 units Recyclable materials such as paper, carton, and fabric account for 23%, totaling 11 units, indicating substantial recyclable waste Metal waste and ceramics or glass each make up 4%, representing 2 units respectively, whereas food scraps constitute 21% with 10 units of waste.

Main Solid Waste in Ba Be National Park

Nylon, Plastic Ceramics, glass Paper, carton, fabric Metal Food scraps Others

SWOT analysis on the impact of tourism on the environment of Ba Be

This study utilizes the SWOT analysis to assess staff opinions at Ba Be National Park on current management activities The SWOT framework examines strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to provide comprehensive insights Staff evaluations are scored on a scale of 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating stronger agreement or more significant factors This approach helps identify key areas for improvement and strategic development within the park’s management, ensuring data-driven decision-making.

− Strengths: The most outstanding factor receives the highest score of 5, while the lowest is 1

− Weaknesses: The weakest factor is assigned a score of 5, which is understood as a negative score

− Opportunities: The most favorable and feasible opportunity is given a maximum score of 5

− Threats: The factor posing the greatest challenges and threats is assigned a maximum score of 5, also interpreted as a negative score

Based on a comprehensive analysis of each factor within the SWOT matrix and incorporating managers' scoring, spider web diagrams (Radar Charts) were developed to visualize the results clearly (see figures 18, 19, 20, and 21).

Ba Be National Park is a renowned eco-tourism destination, celebrated for its breathtaking natural landscapes, including pristine lakes, dense forests, and unique limestone karsts Its diverse ecosystems support a wide variety of flora and fauna, featuring several rare and endangered species, making it a vital area for biodiversity conservation The park offers valuable educational and research opportunities, fostering a deeper appreciation for nature and promoting sustainable tourism practices among visitors.

Ba Be National Park has implemented comprehensive conservation measures to protect its fragile ecosystems, including safeguarding endangered species and preserving water resources Efforts to prevent illegal activities like poaching are central to its conservation strategy Infrastructure improvements, such as well-maintained trails, visitor centers, and educational signage, guide tourists responsibly and help minimize human impact on the environment These ongoing conservation practices demonstrate Ba Be National Park's commitment to environmental preservation and sustainable tourism.

60 reflect a strong commitment to maintaining the park’s natural resources, allowing for continued enjoyment by visitors and safeguarding the ecosystem for future generations

The dedicated staff at Ba Be National Park are essential to effective resource management, combining expertise in local biodiversity, environmental management, and sustainable tourism practices Their comprehensive knowledge enables responsible guiding and educational interactions that boost visitor understanding of conservation efforts This professionalism enhances the park’s reputation and ensures a sustainable balance between tourism development and environmental preservation.

Ba Be National Park greatly benefits from strong collaboration with local communities, which promotes responsible tourism and improves the socioeconomic conditions of residents Engaging communities in tourism activities creates employment opportunities and integrates local knowledge and cultural heritage into the visitor experience This partnership encourages a sense of shared responsibility for environmental conservation, with community members actively involved in protecting their natural surroundings.

The park has implemented comprehensive tourism management strategies to balance visitor enjoyment with conservation efforts, including policies to limit visitor numbers during peak seasons, establish no-entry zones, and designate specific trails Eco-friendly practices such as promoting electric vehicles and bicycles, along with installing waste management stations, are designed to reduce pollution and preserve the park’s natural beauty These measures ensure that tourism remains sustainable, protecting the park’s ecosystems for future generations.

Figure 18: The strengths of the impact of tourism and related services on the environment of Ba Be National Park

Ba Be National Park faces significant resource limitations, including insufficient funding and equipment, which hinder effective conservation efforts Financial constraints prevent the park from adequately supporting vital programs such as ecosystem monitoring, species protection, and habitat maintenance This lack of resources impacts the park’s capacity to maintain facilities, conduct scientific research, and adopt advanced technologies for environmental protection Consequently, these challenges hinder the park’s ability to achieve its comprehensive conservation goals and ensure the preservation of its unique biodiversity.

Limited staffing and high workloads during peak tourist seasons hinder effective park monitoring, increasing the risk of oversight in critical zones New staff often lack training in modern conservation methods and visitor management, reducing overall efficiency These staffing challenges make it difficult to enforce park regulations consistently, potentially compromising conservation efforts and visitor safety.

The park’s infrastructure, including trails, rest areas, and waste management facilities, requires ongoing maintenance to meet visitor demand During peak times, inadequate facilities lead to increased litter and environmental stress in popular areas Outdated waste disposal systems often cannot handle the volume of waste generated by tourists, resulting in pollution and negatively impacting the visitor experience Regular maintenance and facility upgrades are essential for preserving the park’s natural beauty, ensuring visitor satisfaction, and reducing ecological impact.

Managing visitor flow during peak seasons is essential to prevent overcrowding, which can lead to soil erosion, noise pollution, and harm to wildlife Limited entry control systems increase the risk of overuse in certain areas, exacerbating environmental impacts Without strict enforcement of visitor guidelines, issues such as littering and damage to natural habitats become more prevalent Addressing these visitor management challenges is critical to safeguarding the environment, preventing long-term degradation, and ensuring a positive experience for all visitors.

Ba Be National Park's current educational outreach efforts are inadequate in effectively informing visitors about responsible tourism practices Without comprehensive programs to raise awareness about conservation, visitors may unintentionally harm the environment through their actions Clear communication of environmental guidelines—such as staying on designated trails, minimizing waste, and respecting wildlife—is essential to prevent irresponsible behavior Implementing effective awareness programs can significantly enhance visitor understanding and promote sustainable, conservation-minded tourism, ensuring the protection of the park’s natural resources.

Figure 19: The Weakness of the impact of tourism and related services on the environment of Ba Be National Park

Ba Be National Park has significant potential to develop eco-tourism initiatives that enhance both conservation efforts and visitor experience Eco-tourism activities like guided nature walks, bird-watching tours, and environmental workshops provide tourists with immersive experiences while generating revenue for conservation projects Promoting eco-tourism can attract environmentally conscious visitors who adhere to sustainable practices, establishing a model for sustainable tourism that other regions can follow.

Ba Be National Park has a valuable opportunity to develop educational programs that promote environmental awareness through visitor centers, guided tours, and interactive displays These initiatives can effectively educate tourists about biodiversity conservation, the challenges facing the environment, and the importance of sustainable practices Enhancing visitor experiences with eco-education encourages more environmentally conscious behaviors Moreover, forming partnerships with schools, universities, and conservation organizations can expand the park's impact on environmental education, fostering a broader awareness and commitment to conservation efforts.

Ba Be National Park has opportunities to secure sustainable funding through various channels, such as eco-tourism activities, grants, and partnerships with

Diversifying funding sources through partnerships with 64 environmental NGOs helps the park reduce its reliance on seasonal tourism income, ensuring financial stability These additional revenue streams can be reinvested in vital conservation programs, staff training, and infrastructure enhancements By strengthening its financial foundation, the park enhances its capacity for effective resource management and sustainable preservation efforts long-term.

4 Community Engagement and Local Business Support:

Proposing solutions for management and environmental protection of national

4.5.1 Solutions on mechanisms and policies

- Strengthen Legal Framework: Update and enforce existing environmental protection laws and regulations specific to national parks to enhance conservation efforts

- Incentives for Sustainable Practices: Introduce financial incentives for local communities and businesses that adopt eco-friendly practices, including waste management and resource conservation

- Collaborative Governance: Establish collaborative management models involving local communities, NGOs, and government agencies to enhance decision- making processes and ensure stakeholder engagement

- Regular Policy Review: Implement a system for regular review and adjustment of policies based on changing environmental conditions and community feedback 4.5.2 Solutions for tourist area management

- Zoning Regulations: Develop and enforce zoning regulations to manage tourist access and activities, protecting sensitive areas from overuse

- Visitor Management Systems: Implement reservation systems or entry fees to control visitor numbers, particularly in high-traffic areas during peak seasons

- Sustainable Infrastructure Development: Design and construct eco-friendly facilities, such as composting toilets and solar-powered visitor centers, to minimize the ecological footprint

- Guided Tours and Interpretative Programs: Promote guided tours that educate visitors about the park’s ecology and conservation efforts, fostering respect and understanding for the environment

4.5.3 Human resource training and development solutions

- Capacity Building Programs: Provide training for park staff and local community members on best practices in conservation, sustainable tourism, and visitor management

- Community Involvement in Training: Encourage local communities to participate in training programs, enhancing their role in park management and conservation efforts

- Certification Programs: Develop certification programs for local guides and businesses that adhere to sustainable tourism practices, enhancing their marketability and environmental stewardship

- Collaboration with Educational Institutions: Partner with universities and research institutions to provide ongoing education and training on environmental protection and management

- Remote Sensing and GIS: Utilize remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for monitoring changes in land use, biodiversity, and environmental health within the park

- Mobile Apps for Visitors: Develop mobile applications that provide information on park regulations, trail conditions, and educational resources, enhancing visitor experience while promoting responsible behavior

- E-Management Systems: Adopt electronic management systems for tracking visitor data, managing reservations, and assessing the impact of tourism on the national park's environment

The 3R Waste Classification Method—Reduce, Reuse, Recycle—is an effective strategy for minimizing landfill waste and decreasing dependence on raw materials Recycling significantly reduces energy consumption compared to manufacturing with virgin materials, supporting sustainable resource use Commonly recycled materials include glass, paper, aluminum, steel, plastic, fabric, and tar, derived from both consumer waste and industrial processes Implementing recycling is essential to modern waste management, promoting environmental conservation and resource efficiency.

Microbial technology plays a crucial role in waste management by encouraging source segregation, where inert waste such as ceramic fragments and broken bricks are directed to landfills, while organic waste is composted using biological agents to produce eco-friendly fertilizers Utilizing bacteria in composting processes not only reduces landfill volume but also transforms organic waste into valuable nutrients, promoting sustainable environmental practices Implementing microbial methods enhances waste sorting efficiency and supports eco-conscious waste reduction strategies.

Lactobacillus and Saccharomyces can rapidly break down organic compounds, shortening the composting time Recyclable materials such as plastic and cardboard can be collected and sold to material recycling companies

- Handling Oil and Grease Waste from Tourist Boats: To reduce oil and grease pollution from boats, switching from diesel engines to gasoline engines can be

In areas heavily contaminated by oil pollution, implementing biological technology offers an effective remediation solution Products like Enretech-1 are designed to absorb oil while harnessing natural microorganisms that biodegrade it, transforming harmful substances into safer compounds These microorganisms, when applied under appropriate conditions, thrive and actively consume the oil, making biological treatment a sustainable and efficient method for environmental cleanup.

4.5.5 Solutions to minimize negative impacts on the environment

- Environmental Awareness Campaigns: Conduct campaigns to educate visitors on the importance of preserving natural resources and following Leave No Trace principles

- Waste Reduction Initiatives: Implement measures to reduce single-use plastics and promote recycling within the park and surrounding communities

- Wildlife Protection Measures: Establish wildlife corridors and buffers to protect sensitive habitats from the impacts of tourism and human activity

- Restoration Projects: Invest in ecological restoration projects to rehabilitate degraded areas and enhance biodiversity within the park

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION