THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY ONWUZURUIKE VICTORY NMESOMA KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICES ON SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AMONG PEOPLE IN THAI NGUYEN CITY
INTRODUCTION
Research Objectives
This article assesses the current knowledge and behavioral levels of residents in Thai Nguyen City concerning solid waste management It evaluates residents’ understanding of key practices such as waste segregation, recycling, composting, and proper disposal methods Additionally, the study identifies specific knowledge gaps and misconceptions that may impede the adoption of effective waste management practices, aiming to promote sustainable environmental habits within the community.
Understanding residents' attitudes towards solid waste management is essential, focusing on their awareness of environmental and health impacts Factors such as cultural beliefs, social norms, and perceived benefits or barriers significantly influence their perceptions and participation Assessing the level of commitment and willingness among residents helps identify how receptive the community is to adopting more sustainable waste management practices, ultimately supporting the development of effective, community-driven solutions.
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- Describe the types and nature of solid wastes produced in Thai Nguyen City;
- To analyze how the respondents' Knowledge, Attitude, and Positive Practices relate to each other in the context of solid waste management
- How do socio-economic factors (income level, occupation, etc.) influence residents' practices related to solid waste management?
- Does Thai Nguyen City have any plans or programs related to solid waste management, and how effectively are they promoting best practices to residents?
Based on the objectives of the study, the following hypotheses were formulated: H1 Extensive expertise in solid waste management; a Positive outlook on solid waste management
H2 The households chose to carry out appropriate disposal of their solid waste;
H3 The income and educational achievement of the participants are directly linked to their level of Knowledge, Attitude, and Positive Practices in Solid Waste Management., and
H4 The participants exhibit a positive association between: a Knowledge and Attitude
4 b Knowledge and Positive Practices c Attitude and Positive Practices
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"Waste" encompasses any material, whether solid, liquid, or gas, that is no longer needed by the body or the system that generated it and needs to be disposed of
Domestic solid waste (DSW), also known as domestic waste, is the waste produced from residential areas as a result of day-to-day activities often referred to as
Hypotheses
Based on the objectives of the study, the following hypotheses were formulated: H1 Extensive expertise in solid waste management; a Positive outlook on solid waste management
H2 The households chose to carry out appropriate disposal of their solid waste;
H3 The income and educational achievement of the participants are directly linked to their level of Knowledge, Attitude, and Positive Practices in Solid Waste Management., and
H4 The participants exhibit a positive association between: a Knowledge and Attitude
4 b Knowledge and Positive Practices c Attitude and Positive Practices
This study successfully achieved its primary objectives by assessing respondents' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding solid waste management However, it overlooked important variables that influence these aspects, such as the underlying factors affecting respondents' understanding and behaviors toward waste management Understanding these influencing factors is crucial for developing effective strategies to improve solid waste management practices.
"Waste" encompasses any material, whether solid, liquid, or gas, that is no longer needed by the body or the system that generated it and needs to be disposed of
Domestic solid waste (DSW), also known as domestic waste, is the waste produced from residential areas as a result of day-to-day activities often referred to as
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Sources of Household Waste
Population growth, socioeconomic development, and changing consumption habits in both urban and rural areas are driving an increase in household waste The main sources of trash production include residential activities, shopping, and daily consumption, highlighting the need for effective waste management strategies to address escalating environmental challenges.
- Commercial centers, offices, schools, and public buildings;
- Industrial activities such as agriculture and construction
- Medical facilities such as hospitals and clinic
Figure 1 (Tran Hieu Nhue, “solid waste management’’)
2.2.1 Classification of Household solid waste
There are two main waste classifications according to the degree of hazard
Hazardous waste: waste comprising materials or compounds with any of the following qualities examples: poisonous, infectious, combustible, explosive, radioactive, or other dangerous properties
Non-hazardous waste: Waste that doesn't contain components or compounds that pose a risk to the environment or public health is classified as non-hazardous waste
- Domestic waste: The term "domestic waste" refers to waste produced by private, public, and home activities
- Industrial waste: The term "industrial waste" refers to waste that is produced by businesses, craft communities, industries, services, or other activities
- Agricultural waste: This is the quantity of waste produced by farming, harvesting crops, raising livestock, manufacturing dairy products, slaughterhouses, and other related activities
- Construction waste: Debris from demolition and construction projects, including dirt, sand, bricks, tiles, and broken concrete referred described as building waste altogether
Medical waste consists of refuse generated from various medical activities such as hospitals, clinics, nursing homes, research labs, veterinary practices, and preventive healthcare facilities Common types include sharps, contaminated packaging, tissues, food waste, and other disposable items used in medical and domestic settings Proper management of medical waste is essential to prevent health hazards and ensure environmental safety.
Cotton, bandages soaked in blood or liquid, used needles, outdated medication bottles, and other potentially infectious medical waste Waste originating from other sources, including services, trade, etc
The typical characteristics of household waste are as follows:
- Components have a high organic origin (56% - 65%) Their composition is mainly organic compounds, especially cellulose and lignin, about 40 - 50%, of many cases make up 70-80%
- Mixed sand, gravel rubble, broken bricks, pieces of porcelain
2.2.3 Effects of waste (HSW) on the environment and public health
Effects of solid waste on air environment
Solid waste with high nitrogen and organic content decomposes to produce hazardous atmospheric compounds such as methane (CH4), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon dioxide (CO2), methanol (CH3OH), amino acid derivatives, and phenol These emissions significantly contribute to air pollution, which is a growing environmental concern worldwide Proper waste management is essential to reduce the release of these harmful pollutants and mitigate their impact on the atmosphere.
9 issue in urban and industrial areas, negatively impacting living and working conditions and lowering the standard of living
Solid waste dumping along rivers, lakes, and ponds leads to water contamination through runoff and rain, which carry decomposed waste into aquatic environments, harming groundwater and surface water quality Over time, garbage mounds obstruct water flow, clog drains, reduce the size of ponds and lakes, and diminish their natural self-cleaning capacity, ultimately destroying aquatic ecosystems This pollution not only damages aquatic life but also increases the risk of waterborne diseases such as cholera, dysentery, diarrhea, and typhoid, posing serious health risks to local communities Proper waste management is essential to protect water sources and maintain a healthy aquatic environment.
Effects of solid waste on the soil environment
Waste contains hazardous chemical, poisonous, and radioactive components that interact with organic materials, releasing harmful chemicals, water (H2O), methane (CH4), and other gases, polluting the soil and contaminating groundwater Over time, this leads to soil hardening, loss of porosity, and deterioration, fueling the proliferation of pests and diseases According to Pervez (Alam & Kafeel Ahmade, 2013), improper solid waste disposal causes soil degradation, resulting in barren, non-arable land contaminated with heavy metals like lead, copper, zinc, chromium, and excess nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus beyond safe thresholds Unscientific waste handling releases toxins into the environment, destroying beneficial soil species and reducing biodiversity Additionally, plastic bags, which take 50–60 years to decompose, form barriers in the soil, hindering nutrient absorption and further damaging soil health.
10 synthesis and breakdown, decreasing soil fertility and acidity and lowering crop yields
Effects of solid waste on public health
Waste-related environmental pollution severely impacts public health by introducing heavy metals and organic debris into the body through contaminated food, water, and air from landfills This exposure is linked to approximately 22 types of human diseases, including cancer, respiratory and ENT disorders, gastrointestinal issues, pneumonia, and malaria Notably, 15.25% of the population living near waste sites experience higher rates of cancer According to WHO (2009), contaminated water causes inflammatory and surgical illnesses in a quarter of women worldwide.
Effects of solid waste on urban landscape
Solid waste significantly impacts the urban environment by accumulating trash in public areas, reflecting poorly on civilized living standards The excessive waste disrupts natural systems, affecting soil stratigraphy, surface water, and groundwater, thereby upsetting ecological balance This pollution diminishes urban aesthetic appeal and compromises public health, ultimately lowering residents' quality of life Proper waste management is essential to maintain a clean, healthy, and sustainable urban environment.
Effects on socio-economic development
Inefficient management of hazardous solid waste (HSW) leads to significant negative impacts on socioeconomic development, including financial losses that extend beyond cleanup costs, such as medical expenses and harm to industries like tourism and fishing Additionally, poor waste management can trigger social unrest and conflicts, especially around waste treatment facilities Conversely, harnessing the benefits of recycling and waste reuse can serve as a catalyst for economic growth and bolster the environmental sector.
- Effect on the growth of the economy:
The price of managing solid waste is rising
Annually, towns must pay hundreds for HSW management tasks, such as collecting MSW at generated sources and on the street, which will cost thousands of billions of dongs
The increasing volume of solid waste, driven by population growth and higher demand for disposable products, has led to higher management costs Ho Chi Minh City allocates approximately 1,100–1,200 billion VND annually for solid waste treatment, primarily through landfilling (accounting for 69% by volume) Additionally, the city dedicates around 900–1,200 billion VND each year to street cleaning, rubbish collection, transportation, and waste disposal activities such as burial and river waste retrieval.
Solid waste pollution, especially plastic debris in beach resorts, significantly contributes to environmental contamination Improper collection and treatment of hazardous solid waste (HSW), particularly near coastal beaches, residential areas, restaurants, and hotels, exacerbate this issue Limited awareness among residents and visitors about environmental protection leads to careless disposal of food and trash on beaches, negatively impacting the ecosystem and limiting tourism potential.
- Impact on society: Causing conflicts and social disputes
Social turmoil and conflicts over solid waste management have been persistent issues, often centered on storage, transportation, disposal, and burial practices Recent protests in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City highlight residents’ concerns about pollution from hazardous solid waste treatment facilities These disputes emphasize the urgent need for sustainable waste management solutions to address environmental and public health concerns.
Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries
Waste Management Problems and solutions
Escalating Waste Generation: Municipal solid waste is expected to rise from 2.1 billion tonnes in 2023 to 3.8 billion tonnes in 2050, signaling the increase in the
12 amount of waste generated globally This growth is putting significant pressure on existing waste management systems in many developing countries ( UNEP,2024)
Poor waste management poses serious risks to both health and the environment Open-air trash burning, a common practice in many underdeveloped countries, releases toxic chemicals that can lead to respiratory problems and other health issues Implementing proper waste disposal methods is essential to protect public health and reduce environmental pollution.
Poor waste management incurs substantial economic costs, with the 2020 global direct expenses estimated at USD 252 billion When accounting for hidden costs such as pollution and health impacts, the total economic burden rises to USD 361 billion, and without decisive action, it could escalate to USD 640.3 billion by 2050 (UNEP, 2024).
Developing nations are actively implementing policies to address waste management challenges For instance, the Indian government introduced a ban on single-use plastics in 2022 to reduce plastic pollution Additionally, India has established Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) frameworks for e-waste and packaging materials, promoting responsible waste disposal and recycling practices These measures reflect a growing commitment among developing countries to enforce effective waste management policies.
Community engagement and education are vital for promoting proper waste disposal and recycling practices By raising awareness and changing public behaviors through targeted education, we can significantly reduce waste generation Encouraging sustainable habits fosters a cleaner environment and supports long-term environmental conservation.
Investing in technological innovations is crucial for advancing waste management solutions, particularly through improvements in waste-to-energy technologies and recycling infrastructure Enhanced investment in the tech sector can drive the development of more efficient waste management systems For example, some regions are exploring incineration technology to optimize waste management processes and increase their effectiveness (News.com.au, 2024).
Taxil City in Pakistan faces severe waste management challenges driven by rapid urbanization and industrialization Poor funding and ineffective management contribute to environmental degradation, as over 54,850 tons of waste are produced daily in urban areas, with less than half being collected This results in land and water pollution, outbreaks of infectious diseases, damage to drainage systems, and a threat to local biodiversity (Ejaz & Janjua, 2012) Effective waste management is essential to prevent further environmental harm and protect public health.
A study by Fei-Baffoe, Nyankson, and Miah (2014) identified key obstacles to efficient solid waste management in Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis, including inadequate funding for waste collection services The research revealed that high-income residents paid $1.46 per month, middle-class residents paid $1.17, and low-income residents contributed less, highlighting financial limitations hindering sustainable waste management.
Effective waste management faces several challenges, including a shortage of trained staff, which hampers service quality Additionally, insufficient tools and equipment hinder efficient garbage collection efforts Moreover, a lack of political will within municipalities leads to lax law enforcement, ultimately impacting the overall effectiveness of waste management services Addressing these issues is crucial for improving waste management outcomes.
Recent studies reveal that resource allocation—such as funding, labor, and technical support—fails to match the rapidly increasing waste generation rates Insufficient waste collection and disposal practices lead to significant environmental pollution, adversely affecting human health and hindering economic growth Effective waste management strategies are essential to address these challenges and promote sustainable development.
Current status of household waste in Vietnam The generation of household waste in some
The generation of household waste in some regions of Vietnam
As of 2023, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment estimates that
60,000 tons of municipal solid trash are generated per day in the country Sixty percent of this quantity comes from urban areas; alone Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City
14 generate between 7,000 and 9,000 tons of municipal rubbish per day Furthermore, Vietnam has more than 1,200 landfills—a 120-percent increase from 2019—and about 1,700 solid waste treatment facilities, including 470 incinerators
In terms of industrial garbage, about 12,200 facilities in Vietnam's industrial zones generate 550,000 tons of hazardous waste and over 4.2 million tons of solid waste yearly (Tien Phong online ,2024)
Regarding the method of trash treatment, landfilling accounts for about 71% of all waste
Vietnam currently has three operational waste-to-energy plants, including the Soc Son Waste-to-Energy Plant in Hanoi with a capacity of 4,000 tons per day, and the High-Tech Energy Recovery Solid Waste Treatment Plant in Bac Ninh Province, capable of processing 180 tons per day These facilities are part of a broader initiative to enhance waste management and energy recovery efforts across the country, with 15 additional plants under construction to support Vietnam’s sustainable development goals.
In 2024, data from the Ministry of Natural Resources indicates that expanding this system will significantly reduce landfill waste and promote the development of renewable energy sources, contributing to a more sustainable future.
2.4.1 Management and treatment of Household waste in Vietnam
Handling household garbage remains a significant challenge in Vietnam, especially in major cities like Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Da Nang, and Hai Phong, due to increasing waste generated from rising living standards and urbanization Despite a national waste collection rate of approximately 71%, urban areas only collect less than 20%, while rural areas collect between 10% and 20%, highlighting inefficiencies in waste management Hazardous waste accounts for about 60–70% of collected household waste, though it constitutes a larger proportion of industrial waste at 85–90% Currently, the state budget primarily funds waste collection, but this has not incentivized increased participation from the private sector or local communities The socialization of waste collection activities remains low, with individuals largely unaware of or unwilling to financially contribute to waste management services, hampering efforts to improve environmental health in urban Vietnam.
There is currently no organized system in place for the province-wide collection and transportation of solid waste in the small city region A public works
Establishing 15 dedicated factory or cleaning crews is essential to efficiently gather household and industrial waste in core areas, tailored to the urgent needs of districts and local communities These teams should focus on daily waste collection, ensuring prompt and consistent waste management to maintain cleanliness and public health across all zones.
In urban areas, the Urban Environment Company (URENCO) primarily manages municipal waste collection and disposal, supported by various private organizations To minimize daytime heat and traffic congestion, street cleaning and domestic waste collection are typically carried out at night, ensuring efficient and safe urban sanitation.
According to URENCO, Hanoi's waste management generates over 2,000 tons of garbage daily, with up to 40% potentially recoverable through proper organic waste sorting At the Cau Dien waste treatment plant, the company currently processes 100 tons of organic waste each day for fertilizer production Experts estimate that properly implementing the 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) model could save Hanoi approximately 4 billion VND in waste treatment costs every month.
Landfilling remains the primary method of waste treatment nationwide According to monitoring programs across three regions and reports from provincial and city departments of science, technology, and the environment, building sanitary landfills is a key focus area Currently, 32 out of 64 provinces and localities are investing in the development of sanitary landfill projects to improve waste management infrastructure.
The company has invested in and developed 13 urban districts, demonstrating a strong commitment to urban infrastructure Notably, the Nam Son Garbage Treatment Complex in Hanoi and the Hue City landfill operate under strict environmental standards, setting a benchmark for eco-friendly waste management In contrast, modern landfills like Go Cat in Ho Chi Minh City, despite advanced facilities, face challenges with cleanliness and operational efficiency.
Reusing trash recycling technology is currently a relatively small and disorganized, unplanned, and underdeveloped field The trash is only partially
Efforts to convert waste into sanitary humus and microbial fertilizer are underway, promoting sustainable recycling practices However, small-scale waste recycling operations often rely on outdated equipment due to limited resources Low-income workers typically collect scraps, and some individuals scavenge items to sell to small recycling companies, highlighting the need for improved infrastructure and support to enhance efficiency and environmental impact.
Several plastic casting and recycling villages, with an estimated recycling rate of only 13 to 15 percent, face significant environmental challenges Notably, villages in Bac Ninh, Minh Khai, and Chi Dao in Hung Yen are struggling with severe pollution problems While over 15% of Hanoi's waste is collected and repurposed, landfills nearby pose health risks by potentially harboring infections, diseases, and tetanus, affecting local communities.
Some typical treatment methods in Vietnam Technology of treatment by burial
Landfilling is the process of storing waste in soil-covered landfills designed for waste management This method relies on the anaerobic decomposition of organic and perishable materials, which break down into nutrient-rich end products such as organic acids, nitrogen compounds, ammonium, carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) Proper landfilling not only helps in waste containment but also facilitates the natural breakdown of waste into valuable organic nutrients, supporting environmental sustainability.
Many cities rely on landfills as a standard method for waste disposal; however, most of these sites function as open-air dumping grounds that severely pollute the environment, including soil, air, surface, and groundwater These landfills often fail to meet essential environmental cleanliness standards, posing significant ecological risks Notably, the Nam Son Dump in Hanoi and Thuy Phuong landfill in Hue are among the few that initially adopted and implemented strict environmental safety and cleanliness standards to minimize environmental impact.
The size of a landfill is primarily determined by the urban population and the annual waste generation, influencing whether it is classified as large, medium, or small Larger landfills are required for cities with higher waste production and longer reuse periods, which result in increased garbage volumes Additionally, the type and composition of waste significantly affect the amount of land needed for landfilling, as different materials require varying management and containment approaches Proper landfill site selection is crucial to avoid environmental damage and ensure sustainable waste management practices.
Effective environmental management of landfills requires considering safety distances from urban centers, residential areas, cultural sites, tourist attractions, underground water sources, and major roads to protect public health and the environment These safety distances should be balanced to avoid excessive travel costs, ensuring landfills are not placed too far from urban and industrial zones It is essential to avoid locating landfills in regions with significant groundwater reserves or limestone formations to prevent groundwater contamination and preserve natural water resources Proper planning and adherence to environmental safety standards are crucial for sustainable waste management.
Waste treatment by incineration involves the high-temperature oxidation of garbage, making it an effective method for disposing of organic hazardous waste This process is suitable for managing materials such as rubber, plastic, oil residues, solvents, pesticides, and medical waste, helping to reduce environmental pollution and ensure safe waste disposal Incineration plays a crucial role in treating hazardous waste to protect the environment and public health.
People’s Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices about Solid Wastes
Studies have identified significant knowledge gaps in Vietnam’s urban areas like Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, with only a small percentage of households able to correctly describe composting procedures or the lifecycle of recyclables, despite general awareness of garbage collection schedules (FiiGroup, 2023) This highlights the need to develop practical, actionable waste management knowledge alongside awareness campaigns Attitudes play a crucial role in shaping behaviors; for example, a study in Ethiopia found that 59% of participants held positive views about solid waste management (SWM) and believed in personal responsibility for cleanliness (PLOS ONE, 2023) However, positive perceptions often coexist with apathy or reluctance to act Similarly, a 2023 study in Maseru, Lesotho, revealed that while residents recognized the importance of SWM for environmental protection, many doubted the effectiveness of existing systems due to visible uncollected trash that eroded trust in government agencies (ResearchGate, 2023).
Cultural perspectives on waste management play a crucial role in Vietnam, with rural households often disposing of organic waste improperly by burning it or discarding it into waterways due to the belief that it is safe In contrast, urban areas tend to support formal garbage collection systems more strongly, driven by heightened awareness of the unpleasant odors and visual pollution caused by improperly managed waste Understanding these cultural differences is essential for developing effective waste management strategies across Vietnam.
Knowing the effects solid waste management has on the environment and human health is the first step towards understanding it While 82% of households in Gelemso town,
A 2023 study (PLOS ONE) revealed that only 31% of Ethiopians were aware of the health concerns related to improper solid waste disposal, highlighting a significant gap in understanding environmental issues This underscores the need for targeted educational campaigns that emphasize the health and environmental risks associated with waste mismanagement In contrast, 85% of residents in metropolitan areas recognized the importance of trash segregation, reflecting higher awareness levels similar to those in Southeast Asian urban centers However, this knowledge was often superficial, focusing mainly on recycling without offering a comprehensive understanding of waste management procedures or their long-term benefits, which limits the motivation for sustained behavioral change (ResearchGate, 2023).
PART III METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN
Material
• Conducting interviews with a questionnaire, paper, and pen
• Taking real photos using a phone
• Using a laptop for data collection, calculation, and document analysis
Methods
Figure 2 Method of collecting information by surveying residents (Survey, 2024)
In this field study, 120 respondents—including students, business owners, private, and government workers—were administered questionnaires in person to gather insights on household solid waste management The survey focused on residents' knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to household waste, as well as the current state of waste collection services in Thai Nguyen The questionnaire was adapted from Jahan (2021), ensuring relevance and reliability in assessing waste management behaviors.
In the interview, both yes or no questions and multiple-choice questions are used To make the question simple for people to understand and provide ideas for
20 an answer, Close and Open-ended questions are also used to allow respondents to express their ideas on the topic at hand
The structure of the question section consists of four parts:
• Part I Respondents’ Personal Information (7 Questions)
• Part II Knowledge of Households towards Solid Waste Management (10
• Part III Attitude of Households towards Solid Waste Management (10 questions)
• Part IV Households’ Practice in Solid Waste Management (10 questions)
This article emphasizes the importance of sourcing information from reputable academic sources such as books, reports, and journals to ensure accurate and comprehensive insights It highlights the need to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to solid waste management among populations, identifying key challenges and areas for improvement Additionally, the use of the internet as a valuable tool for gathering supplementary materials enhances the depth and quality of the report, providing diverse perspectives and up-to-date data on waste management issues.
Selection of study Area
Figure 3 ( Geographical Map of Thai Nguyen City)
Thai Nguyen, a city in northern Vietnam situated on the eastern bank of the Cau River, is notable for its proximity to iron ore deposits and a metallurgical manufacturing center The region's climate, with temperatures ranging from 73 to 82 °F (23 to 28 °C) and adequate rainfall, creates suitable conditions for cultivating coffee, particularly Arabica and Robusta species Arabica coffee thrives at higher elevations (600–2,000 meters) with a dry spell of 2-3 months and annual rainfall of 60 to 80 inches, while Robusta, more resilient, can grow at lower elevations from sea level up to 600 meters Coffee cultivation primarily involves large-scale commercial farming of evergreen shrubs from Africa, where the seeds, or beans, are harvested, roasted, and processed for consumption.
Arabica (C arabica) coffee is primarily cultivated in Latin America and is known for its smooth, flavorful, and aromatic qualities In contrast, Robusta (C canephora) is mainly grown in Africa and is valued for its resilience and lower production cost Robusta contains twice as much caffeine as Arabica, making it the preferred choice for budget-friendly commercial coffee brands Both Arabica and Robusta are also cultivated in countries such as India, Indonesia, and other regions in Asia, offering diverse options for coffee enthusiasts worldwide.
22 varieties, forms, and types, with environmental factors and cultivation practices contributing to this variability
Survey participants representing the household were required to be the head of the household or, if unavailable, the individual responsible for managing the household’s solid waste This ensures accurate data collection by involving the primary decision-maker or waste management coordinator in each household Including only these roles helps maintain consistency and reliability in household representation for the study.
A random sampling method was employed by selecting respondents from a numbered list of households through a lottery draw The sample size for each commune or ward was then calculated using specific formulas to ensure accurate and representative data collection, adhering to standard research protocols.
Interviews were conducted with all 120 households (Table 2) regarding their socioeconomic profile, various types of waste produced, solid waste management practices, attitudes, and knowledge
Table 1 Population, Household Number, and Sample Size of the Residents in Thai Nguyen city
Thai Nguyen city Population Household
Source: (General Statistics Office of Vietnam 2018)
Method of Analysis and Data Presentation
Data analysis was employed to gather essential data, including socioeconomic characteristics, types of household solid waste generated, complied and imputed using computer by word and excel 16
Survey and interview data collected from local residents were compiled into a comprehensive table, which was then transformed into an easy-to-understand chart This visual representation facilitated thorough analysis of the data, allowing for clear evaluation of each item Using both the statistical table and the accompanying graph, stakeholders can draw informed conclusions and identify key insights effectively.
As for households' knowledge, attitudes, and practices in solid waste Management, Significant associations between continuous variables (KAP) were examined in linear regression
Gather comprehensive information on the socioeconomic and natural conditions impacting waste management in Thai Nguyen City Collect publicly available data related to the collection, transportation, and disposal of household garbage, utilizing documents provided by the Environmental Protection Agency of Thai Nguyen City This data offers valuable insights into the current waste management practices and environmental impact within the region.
Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Information found in books, newspapers, scientific publications, conferences, the internet, and other sources is also used
The study evaluated residential waste discharge levels in Thai Nguyen City and among environmental sanitation department garbage collectors through surveys involving 120 households To determine the rate of solid waste generation from homes, specific survey stages were utilized to facilitate accurate sampling and data collection.
Step 1 : Obtain the essential details
Compile general information on the population areas, including the number of residences, population, and administrative map
Step 2: Decide on the location for the sample
A total of 120 households were surveyed across Hoàng Văn Thụ Ward, with 58 households selected, as well as 26 households in Phan Đình Phùng and Quyết Thắng communes, and 10 households in Tân Thịnh Key informant surveys and interviews were utilized to monitor questionnaire responses effectively (Refer to Appendix 1 for detailed data).
Each morning, trash bags are distributed to surveyed households, followed by weighing their waste the next day This process is repeated three times a month over two months to ensure accurate data collection The use of precise scale measurements allows for the calculation of the average daily household waste volume and the per-person waste generation rate, providing valuable insights into household waste habits.
3.4.3 Synthetic and Process Data Method
An in-depth analysis has been conducted by aggregating data on the region’s natural conditions, economy, and society to evaluate the strengths and challenges associated with domestic waste management This comprehensive approach helps identify key factors influencing waste management effectiveness, enabling targeted improvements Understanding the interplay between environmental, economic, and social aspects is essential for developing sustainable waste management solutions that address regional needs.
Data collected from the household survey are analyzed, calculated and statistically processed
Method of statistical analysis, data processing, to analyze the factors that influence, assess the status of collection, transportation and disposal of garbage in Thai Nguyen City
Regarding the study's approach and scope, the researcher will also confer with the following specialists:
University teachers and research advisers; Sanitation department employees who are directly in charge of gathering and handling household waste.
Conceptual Framework
This study's conceptual framework, illustrated in Figure 4, integrates key ideologies from existing literature It considers household socio-economic characteristics, the types of solid waste generated, and residents' knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to solid waste management.
The socio-economic characteristics of households, including age, gender, household size, civil status, educational attainment, source of income, and estimated monthly income, were analyzed based on Kumar and Nandini's 2013 study These variables were used to assess and compare respondents' knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward solid waste management Specifically, household size, source of income, and monthly income were key factors in examining their correlation with the types and quantities of solid waste generated.
Household size significantly impacts waste generation, with larger households typically producing more waste The source of household income also influences the types of solid waste generated, as different income levels are associated with varying consumption patterns Additionally, individuals with higher incomes tend to produce greater amounts of waste, highlighting the correlation between income levels and waste production.
Solid waste in Thai Nguyen City varies based on content and potential hazards, with household waste classifications playing a crucial role (LeBlanc, 2016) Understanding these waste types is essential for assessing residents' knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to proper disposal methods Proper disposal tailored to each waste type helps reduce environmental pollution and promotes sustainable waste management practices in the community.
This study examined how household knowledge and perceptions influence solid waste management practices in Thai Nguyen City Household knowledge was categorized into levels such as always true, sometimes true, don't know/no idea, rarely true, and never true, while attitudes were measured as strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, and strongly disagree based on specific statements The analysis aimed to understand the impact of these factors on residents' waste management behaviors, highlighting the importance of awareness and attitudes in promoting effective waste practices within the community.
Conversely, the solid waste management practices will center on the actions carried out by households, including 3R (reduce, reuse, and recycle), segregation,
26 composting, burning, etc., regarding their solid waste disposal These practices were classified into negative and positive categories
The framework suggests that socioeconomic factors significantly influence a household's solid waste production and management practices It evaluates the household's familiarity with and approach to solid waste management (SWM), highlighting how socio-economic traits shape household behaviors in waste handling Additionally, the socio-economic characteristics of a household may affect both the amount of waste generated and the strategies employed for proper waste management, emphasizing the interconnectedness of economic status and SWM behaviors.
Figure 4 Conceptual Framework for the Assessment of the Household’s
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices in Solid Waste Management of the Selected
Residents in Thai Nguyen City
RESULTS
Socio-Economic Characteristics of the 120 Thai Nguyen City Households
The respondents' socio-economic traits were divided into gender, age, household size, occupation, and projected monthly income including their educational level
The survey data revealed that 55.83% of respondents were female, indicating a female-majority sample, with males comprising 44.17%, as detailed in Table 4 The average age of participants was 39 years, with the largest age group being 31 to 40 years old at 33.33%, followed by those aged 30 and below at 31.67%, highlighting a young adult demographic. -**Sponsor**Need help refining your article and ensuring it's SEO-friendly? [Soku AI](https://pollinations.ai/redirect-nexad/NtYxdXvP?user_id=983577) can help you streamline your content creation process Soku AI understands audience psychology and Meta's algorithm requirements, which could help your content rank higher The survey data reveals that most respondents were female (55.83%), with an average age of 39, and a significant portion (33.33%) were between 31 and 40 years old, while 31.67% were 30 or younger Let Soku AI rewrite your content, providing important sentences that capture the meaning of coherent paragraphs, all while complying with SEO rules.
The data shows that individuals aged 41 to 50 comprise the largest group responsible for household solid waste management, accounting for 24.17% (29 out of 120) Those aged 51 to 60 make up 7.5% (9 out of 120), while the smallest group consists of seniors aged 61 and above, representing just 2.5% (3 out of 120) These findings indicate a balanced distribution of both younger and older individuals involved in solid waste management responsibilities within households.
The study found that waste production correlates with household size, with the majority of households comprising 4 to 6 members, accounting for 53.33% (64 out of 120) Households with 1 to 3 residents made up 38.33% (46 out of 120), while those with 7 to 9 members represented 6.67% (8 out of 120) Only a small percentage, 1.67% (2 out of 120), had more than 10 residents, indicating that larger households tend to generate more waste.
The study assumes that an individual's education level reflects their knowledge According to Table 2, the majority of participants (43.03%) had completed secondary school, while 34.16% possessed a bachelor's degree Additionally, a smaller percentage of participants (15.83%) were students, highlighting diverse educational backgrounds among the study population.
29 small number had only completed primary school (5.83%; 7 out of 120) The smallest proportion had no education and had not attended school (0.83%; 1 out of 120)
Household solid waste composition varies depending on income sources, with small business owners such as grocery stores, cafes, and restaurants producing more non-biodegradable waste like cardboard and plastic, while fishermen and fish sellers generate both liquid and solid waste, including fish heads, bones, blood, and oils According to survey data, 32.5% of respondents (39 out of 120) are primarily business owners; students and fishermen/fishery workers comprise 21.67% (26 out of 120), followed by private sector employees like hospital and hotel staff at 17.5% (21 out of 120) Government workers account for 15.83% (19 out of 120), with the remaining 12.5% (15 out of 120) being self-employed individuals.
The average monthly income of the participants was VND 3,833 According to Table 4, most participants reported monthly incomes above 6,000,000 VND (34.17%;
A significant portion of participants, 41 out of 120, are involved in business activities rather than pursuing bachelor’s degrees, and mostly live in households consisting of 4 to 6 members Additionally, the most common income range reported among participants is 1.5 to 2.5 million VND, accounting for 30.83% or 37 individuals.
120), followed by incomes ranging from 3,000,000 to 5,000,000 VND (28.33% ; 34 out of 120) Conversely, the fewest participants reported incomes of less than 1,000,000 VND (6.67%; 8 out of 120)
Table 2 Frequency and percentage distribution of the socio-economic characteristics of the 120 respondents in Thai Nguyen City
4.1.1 Respondents Rating on Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices towards
Households are classified into five key groups based on their primary role or occupation: students, who are led by individuals focused on education; business households, engaged in commercial enterprises or entrepreneurial activities; government jobs households, with members employed in public sector roles; private jobs households, consisting of members working in private companies or organizations; and others, which include retirees, homemakers, or those in informal employment.
Most individuals across all categories exhibited high levels of knowledge, with the majority expressing agreement or strong agreement Notably, private job households showed the highest proportion of strong agreement, totaling 15 households Additionally, disagreement responses remained consistently low across all categories, indicating a strong overall understanding within the surveyed groups.
2 Attitude: Similar patterns were noted, showing a strong level of agreement in all groups Private Jobs recorded the peak of "Strongly Agree" responses (15 households), suggesting that respondents from the private sector exhibited the most positive attitudes Disagree responses were slightly more prevalent than in the Knowledge category, particularly among Students and Others, with 3 households, respectively
3 Practices: The responses indicated lower levels of agreement when compared to Knowledge and Attitude, with a notable number of agree responses (44 households in total) Students and Others reported the highest rates of Disagree (9 households each), revealing difficulties in implementing appropriate practices despite having strong knowledge and positive attitudes
4 General KAP: The combined results of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices present an overall balanced view The highest "Strongly Agree" responses were reported for Private Jobs (14 households), while Disagree responses remained relatively consistent across groups, averaging 3-6 households per category
Table 3 Average Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Respondents regarding Solid Waste Management
Figure 5 Average knowledge of respondents regarding solid waste management
Knowledge_Agree Knowledge_Strongly Agree Knowledge_Disagree
Figure 6 Average Attitude of respondents regarding solid Waste Management
Figure 7 Average Practices of respondents regarding solid waste Management
Attitude_Agree Attitude_Strongly Agree Attitude_Disagree
Practices_Agree Practices_Strongly Agree Practices_Disagree
Figure 8 General KAP of respondents regarding solid waste Management
4.1.2 Household Solid Wastes Found in 120 Households in Thai Nguyen City
This section presents the different types of household solid waste found
Organic waste constitutes the largest proportion of solid waste, making up 96.67% of the total, primarily comprising food scraps and biodegradable materials This high percentage highlights the consistent production of food waste and organic matter in everyday household consumption, emphasizing the importance of effective waste management and recycling strategies for organic waste reduction.
Plastics are the second most common type of waste, accounting for 86.67% of total waste disposal, highlighting their widespread use in packaging, household products, and daily consumables Additionally, paper, carton, and linen waste are also significant, making up 80.83%, primarily from paper-based packaging, old newspapers, and other paper products commonly used in homes This high volume of waste reflects the extensive reliance on disposable items in daily life.
Approximately 56.67% of waste consists of metals like cans, tins, and aluminum, indicating moderate production driven by the widespread use of canned foods, beverages, and metal-packaged products Glass and ceramics waste make up only 7.50% of household waste, highlighting their durability, reusability, and lower consumption rates compared to other materials The "Others" category accounts for just 1.67%, reflecting a minimal contribution to overall waste types.
General_KAP_Agree General_KAP_Strongly Agree General_KAP_Disagree
36 encompasses any types of waste not classified in the above categories, involving less commonly disposed of miscellaneous items, as shown in Table 4
Table 4 Frequency and percentage distribution of the types of household solid wastes in Thai Nguyen City, 2024
Figure 9 Types of Solid Waste Generated in 120 households in Thai Nguyen
Table 5 Waste components produced per day in 120 Households in Thai Nguyen
NO Types of Garbage Amount
According to the data, organic matter makes up the majority of solid waste in
Thai Nguyen City accounts for 29.29% of the total waste, primarily consisting of vegetables, leftovers, and agricultural trash The main sources of organic waste are homes, neighborhoods, dormitories, and markets, contributing significantly to waste generation Meanwhile, the "Others" category makes up the smallest portion at only 0.51% A detailed chart illustrates the composition of waste in the area, highlighting the predominance of organic materials in the overall waste profile.
Figure 10 Waste Components in Thai Nguyen City (unit%)
The waste composition reveals 6 main groups, with organic matter being the highest at 29% due to the densely populated residential area As a result, there is a large amount of organic waste
Assessing Household Practices on Solid Waste Disposal
Based on the survey findings regarding waste management in Thai Nguyen City, it was discovered that out of 120 responses received, the breakdown is as follows:
44 votes: Option for garbage collection
9 votes: Resort to burning and burying
According to survey data, 7% of households (9 out of 120) engage in burning and burying waste; however, these households still pay for environmental cleaning services and rely on sanitation workers for waste disposal They typically burn only specific waste types such as paper, leaves, and garden waste, while disposing of other waste through conventional methods This highlights a mixed waste management approach among these households, emphasizing the importance of proper waste disposal practices for environmental protection.
Below is a table illustrating the various methods used by residents to manage their household solid waste
Table 7 Total percentage of the Respondents practice on solid waste treatment
Figure 12 Total practices of waste disposal of the 120 households in Thai Nguyen City
According to the chart, 22.5% of households practice the 3R method (Reuse, Reduce, Recycle) for waste management Reuse involves selling scrap waste or using leftovers for livestock
Waste Collection is a fundamental approach for managing household solid waste, representing 36.7%, despite households generating 396 kg/day of waste, only around
309 kg/day is collected The survey revealed that 7.5% of households burn their waste, 30.8% segregate it, and only 2.5% compost organic waste for gardening
4.2.1 Household’s Knowledge in waste separation at source, collection, and treatment of Household solid waste
Table 10 Statistical Assessment of Household’s Knowledge of Household Solid Waste Management and Environmental Issues
Over 80% of households (combining 'Rarely' and 'Never') lack consistent waste separation practices, highlighting a significant gap in awareness and implementation Only 19% of households ('Often' and 'Occasionally') show a moderate to strong understanding of waste separation, underscoring the urgent need for improved waste management education and awareness campaigns These findings reveal a critical deficiency in proper waste separation habits among households, calling for targeted efforts to promote sustainable waste practices.
42 focused educational and awareness initiatives to enhance household behavior in this domain
Table 8 HOUSEHOLD KNOWLEDGE IN WASTE SEPARATION
Figure 13 Household Knowledge in Waste Separation
Table 9 HOUSEHOLD KNOWLEDGE IN WASTE COLLECTION
Knowledge waste Separation often occassionally Rarely Never
Figure 14.Household knowledge in Waste Collection
A significant 69% of households frequently demonstrate a solid understanding of waste collection, indicating a high level of awareness in this area However, 31% of households, including those who occasionally, rarely, or never exhibit knowledge, highlight the need for improved outreach and educational efforts This higher awareness in waste collection contrasts with waste separation, where most households infrequently or never possess sufficient knowledge, pointing to potential focus areas for environmental education initiatives.
Table 10 HOUSEHOLD KNOWLEDGE IN WASTE TREATMENT
Figure 15.Household knowledge in waste treatment
A substantial 32% of households demonstrate infrequent knowledge of waste treatment, indicating limited awareness and application of proper waste management practices at home Nearly half of the households (Categories 3 and 4 combined) rarely or never engage in waste treatment, highlighting a significant gap in understanding and practice Approximately 22% of households have regular knowledge of waste treatment, while 28% do so somewhat regularly, underscoring the need for improvement despite some encouraging signs In contrast to waste collection, where 69% of households exhibit frequent awareness, waste treatment participation remains relatively low, emphasizing the urgent need for awareness campaigns and practical measures to boost household involvement Efforts should focus on motivating those who seldom or never practice waste treatment to become more consistent by providing clear guidance, emphasizing environmental benefits, and offering accessible resources or community support.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
Discussion
This research explores the socio-economic characteristics of households, including gender, age, household size, educational background, occupation, and estimated monthly income It also analyzes various categories of household solid waste, levels of knowledge and attitudes towards waste management, and current waste disposal practices Additionally, the study assesses households' understanding of solid waste management and environmental issues to inform sustainable waste management strategies.
The socio-economic characteristics of households reveal key insights into their economic and social status Among 120 respondents, over half (55.83%) were female, and the majority were aged between 31 and 40 years, with an average age of 33.33 years Most households comprised 4 to 6 members, indicating family size trends Educational attainment showed that 43.3% of respondents were secondary school graduates, while 34.12% held Bachelor's degrees, reflecting a relatively educated population Additionally, 32.5% of respondents were business owners earning a monthly income exceeding 6,000,000 VND, highlighting the income distribution within the community.
According to Table 5, the average knowledge score for solid waste management is 87.84 ± 16.8, reflecting a generally strong understanding of waste management practices among respondents However, the standard deviation of 16.8 highlights variability in knowledge levels, indicating differing degrees of understanding across individuals This data underscores the need for targeted educational interventions to address gaps in waste management knowledge.
According to the assessment of respondent performance, 73.4% of households demonstrated a satisfactory level of knowledge, indicating that the majority possess adequate understanding However, 26.6% of households were identified as needing improvement, highlighting the necessity for targeted education and awareness initiatives This data underscores the importance of ongoing outreach efforts to enhance understanding among the remaining households and promote overall community awareness.
The average attitude score toward solid waste management is 87.04 ± 11.5, reflecting a generally positive outlook on proper waste practices The relatively low standard deviation of 11.5 indicates consistent attitudes among respondents, likely due to a widespread awareness of waste management importance This suggests that most individuals share a similar perception of the value of effective waste disposal, highlighting the overall positive community attitude.
46 perceived importance of proper waste management in the community
According to the data, 71.0% of respondents demonstrated a satisfactory attitude toward solid waste management, indicating widespread approval and awareness However, 29.0% of respondents were identified as needing improvement, highlighting the necessity for targeted interventions Strengthening public engagement and education can help shift these households toward a more proactive approach, ultimately enhancing the effectiveness of waste management programs Promoting positive attitudes within communities is essential for the successful implementation of sustainable waste disposal practices.
The average score for waste management practices is 72.50 ± 24.7, which is significantly lower than the scores for knowledge and attitude, indicating a gap between awareness and action Despite respondents demonstrating adequate knowledge and a positive attitude toward waste management, actual practices remain inconsistent, as reflected by the high standard deviation of 24.7 Only 43.1% of respondents exhibit satisfactory waste management practices, highlighting that a majority, 56.9%, need improvement in implementing proper waste management behaviors.
The significant gap between knowledge, attitude, and actual practices highlights challenges in converting awareness and positive intentions into effective action, often due to barriers like insufficient infrastructure or socio-economic constraints Despite these challenges, the community demonstrates a relatively high engagement with solid waste management, evidenced by an overall average KAP score of 82.46 ± 12.8 across three domains However, while 55.0% of households meet satisfactory standards, 45.0% still require further improvement to enhance waste management practices.
Over half of the respondents demonstrate adequate knowledge, attitude, and practices related to waste management; however, a significant portion still faces challenges, especially in practical waste disposal Therefore, future interventions should focus on enhancing practical waste management behaviors by providing targeted resources, training, and infrastructure This approach aims to improve adherence to proper waste disposal protocols and promote sustainable waste management practices.
The amount of garbage produced daily was found to be 396 kg/day, exceeding the anticipated 300 kg/day Survey results indicate that only 24.2% of respondents
In Thai Nguyen City, approximately 400 kg of household solid waste is generated daily, but only 36.6% is collected, amounting to about 309 kg per day A significant majority of residents (47%) actively engage in learning about and managing solid waste to protect the environment, while 4% show no concern for this issue Analyzing residents’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices reveals a critical need to improve waste collection rates and promote greater environmental awareness Enhancing community participation in solid waste management is essential for creating sustainable environmental practices in the city.
Conclusion
This study found that household solid waste primarily consists of biodegradable materials, with organic wastes making up 96.67% Plastics account for 86.67%, while recyclable wastes such as paper, cartons, and linen constitute 80.83% Metal items like cans, tin, and aluminum comprise 56.67%, and glass and ceramics represent 7.50% Other miscellaneous waste types make up only 1.67%, highlighting the predominance of biodegradable and recyclable waste in household refuse.
Based on the research findings, the following conclusions can be drawn:
The collection of household waste in Thai Nguyen City has significantly improved over the years, with efficient and fair waste management practices Most residents actively participate in environmental awareness initiatives organized by local authorities, demonstrating a high level of community engagement Overall, the public's environmental consciousness remains strong, supporting the city’s efforts toward sustainable waste management and a cleaner urban environment.
The practical assessment highlights ongoing deficiencies in waste management and treatment, primarily due to the lack of source sorting This practice complicates proper waste disposal and leads to the mixing of all waste types in landfills Consequently, this mix adversely affects biological composting processes, undermining efforts to produce quality fertilizer.
Thirdly, several solutions to reduce the impact of domestic waste have been identified
It is essential to implement both management and technological approaches Authorities need to strengthen regulations regarding domestic waste management.
Recommendation
Here are some reworded suggestions to help Thai Nguyen City effectively manage household garbage:
1 Constructing a separate sanitary waste landfill is recommended for easier and more efficient management
2 Implementing a toll collection system can enhance revenue generation, balance management investment, and establish the necessary technological and material framework for garbage collection, disposal, and handling
3 Enhancing the skills and professional qualifications of employees and authorities responsible for the environment is essential Building strong communication channels with the town's People's Committee and village authorities will facilitate waste management operations
4 Promoting educational campaigns and providing instructions can increase public awareness of environmental hygiene and waste sorting
When analyzing improvements in household knowledge, attitudes, and practices, it is essential to consider various influencing factors Motivators such as regulations, environmental awareness, and significant waste-related incidents play a crucial role in shaping respondents' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors toward waste management Understanding these factors can help develop targeted strategies to enhance community engagement and promote sustainable waste practices.
Establishing the connection between respondents' knowledge, mindset, and environmentally conscious behaviors is essential for promoting effective and sustainable solid waste management Addressing these factors highlights the importance of fostering awareness and positive attitudes toward waste management practices, a critical aspect that was overlooked in the original report Enhancing understanding and behavioral change can lead to more environmentally responsible actions and improved waste management systems.
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4 Education level: A, No education (illiterate) B, Primary school
C, Secondary school D, Bachelor degree E, others
6 Average household’s monthly income: A, less than 1,000,000 B, 1.5 to
7 Occupation: A, Government employee B, Business C, Self- employed D, employed in Private sectors E, Other (specify)
Part II Knowledge of Households towards Solid Waste Management
Please, choose one of the alternatives by put “√” in the given tables
1 Currently, is there any domestic waste collection in the area?
2 Do you classify solid waste?
3 Waste papers, plastic bags, pieces of metal, wood, and cloth are recyclable?
4 Is the environment in your local polluted?
5 Can solid waste be sorted and sold to recycling companies?
6 Compost or organic fertilizer can be prepared from solid waste?
7 Can the amount of solid waste be reduced by reusing it at the household level?
8 Illegal dumping of solid waste causes diarrhea, typhoid, and cholera
9 Sorting solid waste at the home level helps Solid waste
10 Improper dumping of solid wastes can eventually lead to pollution of rivers, lakes and wells
Part III Attitude of Households towards Solid Waste Management (SWM)
Please, mark X for your answer
The Attitude of Households towards
Solid Waste Management Strongly agree
1 Solid waste is anything without value
2 Solid waste is one of the environmental problems that need immediate attention
3 Solid waste can be reduced, reused, and recycled (3Rs)
4 Every household should have responsibility for the proper collection and disposal of solid wastes
5 Proper SWM is important for creating a healthy environment
6 The government should conduct regular supervision and control the illegal dumping of solid waste
7 Selling plastic waste for recycling is the best way to manage solid wastes
8 Incineration is the effective disposal mechanism for household solid waste management
9 Delay in household solid waste disposal causes of many difficulties
10 Respiratory distress, diarrhea and many other diseases arise due to improper waste management
Part IV Households’ Practice on Solid Waste Management
1 Estimated how many kg of synthetic waste does your family produces per day?
2 Currently, is there any domestic waste collection in the area?
3 How often is household waste collected?
4 Do you classify solid waste?
5 How do you get information about environmental sanitation?
From community Local radio station
6 What is your waste disposal habit?
7 Which of the following types of waste do you usually classify?
Organic waste such as leftovers, spoiled vegetables
Recyclable waste: paper boxes, plastic, metal, glass
Remaining solid waste: clothes, shoes, nylon, sand
Hazardous solid waste: batteries, light bulbs, glass
bottles and jars, chemical shells
Bulky solid waste: large tree branches, mattresses, beds,
8 How do you collect and treat the daily domestic waste?
Gather in front of the house until collected by the sanitation department
9 Have you ever been interested in information about management, waste treatment, and the environment?
10 What solid Waste does your household generate?
Paper, Cardboard, linen, carton, etc
Figure 16 Image Of Waste Collector
Figure 17 The gathering place for Household waste in Phan Dinh Phung
Figure 18 Trash is being collected daily in front of the Resident’s House
Figure 19 Image of the process of interviewing residents
Figure 20 Image of the interview during the survey
Number of people in a family
27 Duong Thi bich Thuy Female 2.4 4 0.60
106 Dao Thi Thanh Huyen Female 2.4 3 0.80
Socio-economic characteristics with each location
GENDER Hoang van Thu (nX)