Midterm essay econometrics – group 5 analyzing the impact of sleep and caffeine on ftu2 student's learning achievement

Therefore, the purpose of current research is to investigate the impact of sleep deprivation and caffeine intake on academic performance among HCMC Foreign Trade University students... T

FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY

HO CHI MINH CITY CAMPUS

MIDTERM ESSAY ECONOMETRICS — GROUP 5

ANALYZING THE IMPACT OF SLEEP AND CAFFEINE

ON FTU2 STUDENT'S LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT

Student: Chu Hai Duong 1911115095

Van Boi Han 1911115133 Phu Minh Khang 1911115200

Lé Kim Khanh 1911115207

Vũ Uyên Nhi 1911115364 K58CLC3

Ho Chi Minh City, June 2021

CONTENT

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ABSTRACT Background

Sleep deprivation is prevalent among college students, even though it is a basic need However, the elements that induce sleep deprivation and how they impair students’ capacity to study are yet uncertain The goal of this study is to find out how common drowsiness and sleep deprivation are among Foreign Trade University students, as well as what variables contribute to inadequate sleep and how sleep affects academic performance Materials and methods

This is cross-sectional research done at random among students in Foreign Trade University Ho Chi Minh Each was asked to fill out a self-administered questionnaire regarding their lifestyle, sleeping patterns, and academic performance (GPA) throughout the previous three months of education The PSQI (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) was developed to assess the quality and consistency of sleep

Results

From a total of 100 respondents, 74% of study participants may be suffering from sleep deprivation (obtained less than 7-8 hours recommendation of sleep) Students whose GPAs are higher, however, reported experiencing a sufficient sleep duration (more than 7 hours) Conclusion

Sleep deprivation is common at the Foreign Trade University in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, and has been linked to poor academic performance In this group, interruptions

in sleep length are also associated with an increased risk of sleep difficulties

Therefore, the purpose of current research is to investigate the impact of sleep deprivation and caffeine intake on academic performance among HCMC Foreign Trade University students

(1) https://www.britannica.com/science/sleep

(2) https://www.education.ninds.nih.gov/brochures/Brain-Basics-Sleep-6-10- 08-pdf-508.pdf (page 4)

on the topic:

Therefore, the purpose of current research is to investigate the impact of sleep deprivation and caffeine intake on academic performance among HCMC Foreign Trade University students

(1) https://www.britannica.com/science/sleep

(2) https://www.education.ninds.nih.gov/brochures/Brain-Basics-Sleep-6-10- 08-pdf-508.pdf (page 4)

on the topic:

Motivation for learning However, the result shows that there is no difference in academic performance in terms of gender and permanent residence

a link between sleep deprivation and GPA

According to A Souza and S Traslavia's (2013) study, 994 undergraduate students from four universities in Chile's Magallanes Region investigated the links between different types of stimulant beverages and poor sleep quality Short sleep may also contribute to the frequent use of drugs and alcohol as sleep aids and stimulants to boost daytime alertness, according to researchers Stimulants (coffee, caffeine shots, and energy drinks) have become more popular in recent years Participants who reported drinking energy drinks (including Red Bull, Dark Dog, Battery, Red Devil, Shark, and Turbo Energy) had the highest prevalence of poor sleep quality Participants who drank coffee, yerba mate, or cola had lower prevalence estimates Although this link did not achieve statistical significance, those who reported drinking three or more stimulant beverages per week had a higher prevalence of poor sleep quality (data not shown) Around 18.5 percent

of participants said they drank energy drinks as a result of sleep loss, while another 27.3 percent said they drank energy drinks to meet a general need for energy and another 29.5

percent said they used energy drinks to study Approximately 11.3 percent of those polled said they mixed energy drinks with alcohol at parties

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/sd/2013/9 10104/ (page 3 — 8)

Insaf Altun of Kocaeli University's High School of Health's Department of Fundamentals in Nursing (2012) conducted a study on the elements that contribute to university students’ poor sleep experiences A descriptive survey of 256 university students

in Turkey was undertaken at random Following their research, they came to the conclusion that the most common self-reported cause of bad sleep experiences amongst university students were exposure psychological problems (67.2%), stress (64.8%), exposure to tobacco smoke in the sleeping room (63,7%), pain (62,9%), having family problems (62,5%), being patient (55,1%), air quality of the room (55,1%), strenuous physical activity

(53,9%), fatigue (53,5%), sadness (53,1%), noise that caused by other people in the room (52.0%), room scents (sweat, perfume, humidity, naphthalene, etc.) (53.1%), depression

(51, 6 %), anxiety, and tension (51, 1%)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmce/articles/PMC3634295/#

Erwiza*, Sri Kartike, Gimin (2019) explored the factors that influence concentration and critical thinking on student learning achievement that have both direct and indirect impact on economic subjects in Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 1 Pekanbaru (MAN 1 Pekanbaru) They focused on 95 students and considering the results, the non-physical school environment had an effect on learning achievement directly by 24.2% and indirectly had

an effect of 12% Learning interest influences students's performance directly by 27.1% and indirectly by 8.8% Learning concentration directly affects learning achievement by 19.5% Critical thinking directly influences learning outcomes by 27.3%

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1 OLX moTh9FF9)9xvpILqvFelVO0S9AeL4i/view (page 208 — 214)

1 Introduction

Sleep could bea reversible state of reduced response to external stimuli, amid complex and predictable physiological changes These changes include coordination, spontaneous and internally generated brain activity, as well as fluctuations in hormone levels and relaxation of muscle tissue (1) Sleep appears necessary for our nervous systems to function properly Yet, many college students don't reach these recommendations and get plenty of sleep but 6 hours per night Consequently, lack of sleep leaves us drowsy and unable to concentrate the following day It also ends up in impaired memory and _ physical performance and reduced ability to hold out math calculations Caffeine can effectively control our mental state Although it is beneficial to restore lower wakefulness levels and offset cognitive task performance decline caused by sleep deprivation, caffeine will adversely affect future sleep This requires careful consideration of the risks associated with sleep deprivation and caffeine intake, especially among students On average, a sufficient 7-8 hours of sleep would be considered enough for many people and has been

related to good academic performance (2, 3, 4, 5)

Academic performance refers to the short- or long-term educational achievements of college students These goals are expressed in terms of your Cumulative Grade Point Average (GPA) and your classroom learning outcomes The Cumulative Grade Point Average is calculated by dividing the total average of credits earned by the total number of hours attempted Existing research shows that high-dose caffeine has the ability to reverse the alertness and mood changes caused by lack of sleep and there is a correlation between sleep time and academic performance: those who sleep a lot (more than 8 hours) have a higher GPA than students with shorter sleep times (less than 5 hours) (6, 7)

In this cross-sectional study, the current hypothesis is whether your academic performance is affected by lack of sleep and caffeine Many different factors can interfere with a student's sleep However, the factors that lead to insufficient sleep that we must consider are: the regularity of the sleep, the interruption of sleep at night, the average duration of sleep per day and the intake of caffeinated beverages

2

1 Introduction

Sleep could bea reversible state of reduced response to external stimuli, amid complex and predictable physiological changes These changes include coordination, spontaneous and internally generated brain activity, as well as fluctuations in hormone levels and relaxation of muscle tissue (1) Sleep appears necessary for our nervous systems to function properly Yet, many college students don't reach these recommendations and get plenty of sleep but 6 hours per night Consequently, lack of sleep leaves us drowsy and unable to concentrate the following day It also ends up in impaired memory and _ physical performance and reduced ability to hold out math calculations Caffeine can effectively control our mental state Although it is beneficial to restore lower wakefulness levels and offset cognitive task performance decline caused by sleep deprivation, caffeine will adversely affect future sleep This requires careful consideration of the risks associated with sleep deprivation and caffeine intake, especially among students On average, a sufficient 7-8 hours of sleep would be considered enough for many people and has been

related to good academic performance (2, 3, 4, 5)

Academic performance refers to the short- or long-term educational achievements of college students These goals are expressed in terms of your Cumulative Grade Point Average (GPA) and your classroom learning outcomes The Cumulative Grade Point Average is calculated by dividing the total average of credits earned by the total number of hours attempted Existing research shows that high-dose caffeine has the ability to reverse the alertness and mood changes caused by lack of sleep and there is a correlation between sleep time and academic performance: those who sleep a lot (more than 8 hours) have a higher GPA than students with shorter sleep times (less than 5 hours) (6, 7)

In this cross-sectional study, the current hypothesis is whether your academic performance is affected by lack of sleep and caffeine Many different factors can interfere with a student's sleep However, the factors that lead to insufficient sleep that we must consider are: the regularity of the sleep, the interruption of sleep at night, the average duration of sleep per day and the intake of caffeinated beverages

2

percent said they used energy drinks to study Approximately 11.3 percent of those polled said they mixed energy drinks with alcohol at parties

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/sd/2013/9 10104/ (page 3 — 8)

Insaf Altun of Kocaeli University's High School of Health's Department of Fundamentals in Nursing (2012) conducted a study on the elements that contribute to university students’ poor sleep experiences A descriptive survey of 256 university students

in Turkey was undertaken at random Following their research, they came to the conclusion that the most common self-reported cause of bad sleep experiences amongst university students were exposure psychological problems (67.2%), stress (64.8%), exposure to tobacco smoke in the sleeping room (63,7%), pain (62,9%), having family problems (62,5%), being patient (55,1%), air quality of the room (55,1%), strenuous physical activity

(53,9%), fatigue (53,5%), sadness (53,1%), noise that caused by other people in the room (52.0%), room scents (sweat, perfume, humidity, naphthalene, etc.) (53.1%), depression

(51, 6 %), anxiety, and tension (51, 1%)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmce/articles/PMC3634295/#

Erwiza*, Sri Kartike, Gimin (2019) explored the factors that influence concentration and critical thinking on student learning achievement that have both direct and indirect impact on economic subjects in Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 1 Pekanbaru (MAN 1 Pekanbaru) They focused on 95 students and considering the results, the non-physical school environment had an effect on learning achievement directly by 24.2% and indirectly had

an effect of 12% Learning interest influences students's performance directly by 27.1% and indirectly by 8.8% Learning concentration directly affects learning achievement by 19.5% Critical thinking directly influences learning outcomes by 27.3%

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1 OLX moTh9FF9)9xvpILqvFelVO0S9AeL4i/view (page 208 — 214)

Therefore, the purpose of current research is to investigate the impact of sleep deprivation and caffeine intake on academic performance among HCMC Foreign Trade University students

(1) https://www.britannica.com/science/sleep

(2) https://www.education.ninds.nih.gov/brochures/Brain-Basics-Sleep-6-10- 08-pdf-508.pdf (page 4)

on the topic:

Vo Thi Tam (2010) investigated the overall level of performance of nearly 4000 students at the University of Economics in Ho Chi Minh City Learning motivation, learning persistence, competition, impression of the institution, and learning methods, according to her, account for almost half of the changes in academic achievements Three

of them have a positive relationship with educational outcomes Learning approaches (B=.511), learning perseverance (B=.119), and university impression (B=.116) are listed in descending order The other two factors, learning motivation and competitiveness, have no discernible impact on learning outcomes

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1 BQhEhZW Ta8slI318srduU 19CtODvH3Tij/view

(page 80-83)

Dung, Oanh and Hai (2017) using multiple regression models identified four key characteristics that influence learning outcomes of Business Administration majors at Vietnam National University of Forestry Similarly, the study reveals that learning methods are the most important factors, with those who devote extra time to self-study using computers, the Internet, and other resources being more likely to succeed academically

https://drive.google.com/file/d/laV6PUW4B KPyILe01r5N6FCLm5Gwy3SS4/view (page 89-92)

1 Introduction

Sleep could bea reversible state of reduced response to external stimuli, amid complex and predictable physiological changes These changes include coordination, spontaneous and internally generated brain activity, as well as fluctuations in hormone levels and relaxation of muscle tissue (1) Sleep appears necessary for our nervous systems to function properly Yet, many college students don't reach these recommendations and get plenty of sleep but 6 hours per night Consequently, lack of sleep leaves us drowsy and unable to concentrate the following day It also ends up in impaired memory and _ physical performance and reduced ability to hold out math calculations Caffeine can effectively control our mental state Although it is beneficial to restore lower wakefulness levels and offset cognitive task performance decline caused by sleep deprivation, caffeine will adversely affect future sleep This requires careful consideration of the risks associated with sleep deprivation and caffeine intake, especially among students On average, a sufficient 7-8 hours of sleep would be considered enough for many people and has been

related to good academic performance (2, 3, 4, 5)

Academic performance refers to the short- or long-term educational achievements of college students These goals are expressed in terms of your Cumulative Grade Point Average (GPA) and your classroom learning outcomes The Cumulative Grade Point Average is calculated by dividing the total average of credits earned by the total number of hours attempted Existing research shows that high-dose caffeine has the ability to reverse the alertness and mood changes caused by lack of sleep and there is a correlation between sleep time and academic performance: those who sleep a lot (more than 8 hours) have a higher GPA than students with shorter sleep times (less than 5 hours) (6, 7)

In this cross-sectional study, the current hypothesis is whether your academic performance is affected by lack of sleep and caffeine Many different factors can interfere with a student's sleep However, the factors that lead to insufficient sleep that we must consider are: the regularity of the sleep, the interruption of sleep at night, the average duration of sleep per day and the intake of caffeinated beverages

2

Van Viet and Thu Phuong (2017) carried out 7 factors that affect the learning outcomes of students at the University of Information Technology in Ho Chi Minh City including: study interest, social pressure, infrastructure, intellectual capacity, peer pressure, scholarship and family motivation Specifically, the strongest impact on students’ learning results is the study interest (B = 0.216); the second factor is infrastructure (B = 0.198); the third factor is social pressure (B=0.177); the fourth factor is peer pressure (B = 0.174); the fifth is Intellectual capacity (B = 0.162); the sixth is the scholarship (B = 0.142) and the last

https://drive.google.com/file/d/loztx VehZIkn YSMhEBeD7IknszRTE9w2T/view

(page 76 — 80)

Hoang Hung and Thanh Tam (2020) researched the overall level of performance among more than surveys of 500 students of different majors and courses of Hanoi University of Industry According to them, factors including Learning motivation and

percent said they used energy drinks to study Approximately 11.3 percent of those polled said they mixed energy drinks with alcohol at parties

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/sd/2013/9 10104/ (page 3 — 8)

Insaf Altun of Kocaeli University's High School of Health's Department of Fundamentals in Nursing (2012) conducted a study on the elements that contribute to university students’ poor sleep experiences A descriptive survey of 256 university students

in Turkey was undertaken at random Following their research, they came to the conclusion that the most common self-reported cause of bad sleep experiences amongst university students were exposure psychological problems (67.2%), stress (64.8%), exposure to tobacco smoke in the sleeping room (63,7%), pain (62,9%), having family problems (62,5%), being patient (55,1%), air quality of the room (55,1%), strenuous physical activity

(53,9%), fatigue (53,5%), sadness (53,1%), noise that caused by other people in the room (52.0%), room scents (sweat, perfume, humidity, naphthalene, etc.) (53.1%), depression

(51, 6 %), anxiety, and tension (51, 1%)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmce/articles/PMC3634295/#

Erwiza*, Sri Kartike, Gimin (2019) explored the factors that influence concentration and critical thinking on student learning achievement that have both direct and indirect impact on economic subjects in Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 1 Pekanbaru (MAN 1 Pekanbaru) They focused on 95 students and considering the results, the non-physical school environment had an effect on learning achievement directly by 24.2% and indirectly had

an effect of 12% Learning interest influences students's performance directly by 27.1% and indirectly by 8.8% Learning concentration directly affects learning achievement by 19.5% Critical thinking directly influences learning outcomes by 27.3%

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1 OLX moTh9FF9)9xvpILqvFelVO0S9AeL4i/view (page 208 — 214)

Alya Atieah Al Ghamdi (2013) did research about the relationship between the sleep deprivation and academic performance of students in college of nursing at King Saud University A descriptive survey was conducted randomly on 114 university students After investigating and researching, they come to conclude that the association between insufficient sleep duration lifestyle and lower university grades are understandable because students who score B sleep less than usual, they spend more time than intermediate students

who score A level on research or final exams

The model we employ to estimate sleep-related factors of Foreign Trade University students' GPA in HCMC is as follows:

In(GPA) = fo + BiSLPOS + BoSLPINTRPT + B3SLPLENGTH + BaCAFFEINE + u* Description of variables:

GPA: GPA of students in Foreign Trade University in HCMC

SLPOS: Sleep regularity

SLPINTRPT: Existence of interruptions during sleep over

SLPLENGTH: Average length of sleep

CAFFEINE: Consumption of caffeinated beverage 2 hours before sleep

percent said they used energy drinks to study Approximately 11.3 percent of those polled said they mixed energy drinks with alcohol at parties

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/sd/2013/9 10104/ (page 3 — 8)

Insaf Altun of Kocaeli University's High School of Health's Department of Fundamentals in Nursing (2012) conducted a study on the elements that contribute to university students’ poor sleep experiences A descriptive survey of 256 university students

in Turkey was undertaken at random Following their research, they came to the conclusion that the most common self-reported cause of bad sleep experiences amongst university students were exposure psychological problems (67.2%), stress (64.8%), exposure to tobacco smoke in the sleeping room (63,7%), pain (62,9%), having family problems (62,5%), being patient (55,1%), air quality of the room (55,1%), strenuous physical activity

(53,9%), fatigue (53,5%), sadness (53,1%), noise that caused by other people in the room (52.0%), room scents (sweat, perfume, humidity, naphthalene, etc.) (53.1%), depression

(51, 6 %), anxiety, and tension (51, 1%)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmce/articles/PMC3634295/#

Erwiza*, Sri Kartike, Gimin (2019) explored the factors that influence concentration and critical thinking on student learning achievement that have both direct and indirect impact on economic subjects in Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 1 Pekanbaru (MAN 1 Pekanbaru) They focused on 95 students and considering the results, the non-physical school environment had an effect on learning achievement directly by 24.2% and indirectly had

an effect of 12% Learning interest influences students's performance directly by 27.1% and indirectly by 8.8% Learning concentration directly affects learning achievement by 19.5% Critical thinking directly influences learning outcomes by 27.3%

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1 OLX moTh9FF9)9xvpILqvFelVO0S9AeL4i/view (page 208 — 214)

Motivation for learning However, the result shows that there is no difference in academic performance in terms of gender and permanent residence

a link between sleep deprivation and GPA

According to A Souza and S Traslavia's (2013) study, 994 undergraduate students from four universities in Chile's Magallanes Region investigated the links between different types of stimulant beverages and poor sleep quality Short sleep may also contribute to the frequent use of drugs and alcohol as sleep aids and stimulants to boost daytime alertness, according to researchers Stimulants (coffee, caffeine shots, and energy drinks) have become more popular in recent years Participants who reported drinking energy drinks (including Red Bull, Dark Dog, Battery, Red Devil, Shark, and Turbo Energy) had the highest prevalence of poor sleep quality Participants who drank coffee, yerba mate, or cola had lower prevalence estimates Although this link did not achieve statistical significance, those who reported drinking three or more stimulant beverages per week had a higher prevalence of poor sleep quality (data not shown) Around 18.5 percent

of participants said they drank energy drinks as a result of sleep loss, while another 27.3 percent said they drank energy drinks to meet a general need for energy and another 29.5

Motivation for learning However, the result shows that there is no difference in academic performance in terms of gender and permanent residence

a link between sleep deprivation and GPA

According to A Souza and S Traslavia's (2013) study, 994 undergraduate students from four universities in Chile's Magallanes Region investigated the links between different types of stimulant beverages and poor sleep quality Short sleep may also contribute to the frequent use of drugs and alcohol as sleep aids and stimulants to boost daytime alertness, according to researchers Stimulants (coffee, caffeine shots, and energy drinks) have become more popular in recent years Participants who reported drinking energy drinks (including Red Bull, Dark Dog, Battery, Red Devil, Shark, and Turbo Energy) had the highest prevalence of poor sleep quality Participants who drank coffee, yerba mate, or cola had lower prevalence estimates Although this link did not achieve statistical significance, those who reported drinking three or more stimulant beverages per week had a higher prevalence of poor sleep quality (data not shown) Around 18.5 percent

of participants said they drank energy drinks as a result of sleep loss, while another 27.3 percent said they drank energy drinks to meet a general need for energy and another 29.5

Van Viet and Thu Phuong (2017) carried out 7 factors that affect the learning outcomes of students at the University of Information Technology in Ho Chi Minh City including: study interest, social pressure, infrastructure, intellectual capacity, peer pressure, scholarship and family motivation Specifically, the strongest impact on students’ learning results is the study interest (B = 0.216); the second factor is infrastructure (B = 0.198); the third factor is social pressure (B=0.177); the fourth factor is peer pressure (B = 0.174); the fifth is Intellectual capacity (B = 0.162); the sixth is the scholarship (B = 0.142) and the last

https://drive.google.com/file/d/loztx VehZIkn YSMhEBeD7IknszRTE9w2T/view

(page 76 — 80)

Hoang Hung and Thanh Tam (2020) researched the overall level of performance among more than surveys of 500 students of different majors and courses of Hanoi University of Industry According to them, factors including Learning motivation and

percent said they used energy drinks to study Approximately 11.3 percent of those polled said they mixed energy drinks with alcohol at parties

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/sd/2013/9 10104/ (page 3 — 8)

Insaf Altun of Kocaeli University's High School of Health's Department of Fundamentals in Nursing (2012) conducted a study on the elements that contribute to university students’ poor sleep experiences A descriptive survey of 256 university students

in Turkey was undertaken at random Following their research, they came to the conclusion that the most common self-reported cause of bad sleep experiences amongst university students were exposure psychological problems (67.2%), stress (64.8%), exposure to tobacco smoke in the sleeping room (63,7%), pain (62,9%), having family problems (62,5%), being patient (55,1%), air quality of the room (55,1%), strenuous physical activity

(53,9%), fatigue (53,5%), sadness (53,1%), noise that caused by other people in the room (52.0%), room scents (sweat, perfume, humidity, naphthalene, etc.) (53.1%), depression

(51, 6 %), anxiety, and tension (51, 1%)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmce/articles/PMC3634295/#

Erwiza*, Sri Kartike, Gimin (2019) explored the factors that influence concentration and critical thinking on student learning achievement that have both direct and indirect impact on economic subjects in Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 1 Pekanbaru (MAN 1 Pekanbaru) They focused on 95 students and considering the results, the non-physical school environment had an effect on learning achievement directly by 24.2% and indirectly had

an effect of 12% Learning interest influences students's performance directly by 27.1% and indirectly by 8.8% Learning concentration directly affects learning achievement by 19.5% Critical thinking directly influences learning outcomes by 27.3%

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1 OLX moTh9FF9)9xvpILqvFelVO0S9AeL4i/view (page 208 — 214)

Motivation for learning However, the result shows that there is no difference in academic performance in terms of gender and permanent residence

a link between sleep deprivation and GPA

According to A Souza and S Traslavia's (2013) study, 994 undergraduate students from four universities in Chile's Magallanes Region investigated the links between different types of stimulant beverages and poor sleep quality Short sleep may also contribute to the frequent use of drugs and alcohol as sleep aids and stimulants to boost daytime alertness, according to researchers Stimulants (coffee, caffeine shots, and energy drinks) have become more popular in recent years Participants who reported drinking energy drinks (including Red Bull, Dark Dog, Battery, Red Devil, Shark, and Turbo Energy) had the highest prevalence of poor sleep quality Participants who drank coffee, yerba mate, or cola had lower prevalence estimates Although this link did not achieve statistical significance, those who reported drinking three or more stimulant beverages per week had a higher prevalence of poor sleep quality (data not shown) Around 18.5 percent

of participants said they drank energy drinks as a result of sleep loss, while another 27.3 percent said they drank energy drinks to meet a general need for energy and another 29.5

Van Viet and Thu Phuong (2017) carried out 7 factors that affect the learning outcomes of students at the University of Information Technology in Ho Chi Minh City including: study interest, social pressure, infrastructure, intellectual capacity, peer pressure, scholarship and family motivation Specifically, the strongest impact on students’ learning results is the study interest (B = 0.216); the second factor is infrastructure (B = 0.198); the third factor is social pressure (B=0.177); the fourth factor is peer pressure (B = 0.174); the fifth is Intellectual capacity (B = 0.162); the sixth is the scholarship (B = 0.142) and the last

https://drive.google.com/file/d/loztx VehZIkn YSMhEBeD7IknszRTE9w2T/view

(page 76 — 80)

Hoang Hung and Thanh Tam (2020) researched the overall level of performance among more than surveys of 500 students of different majors and courses of Hanoi University of Industry According to them, factors including Learning motivation and

1 Introduction

Sleep could bea reversible state of reduced response to external stimuli, amid complex and predictable physiological changes These changes include coordination, spontaneous and internally generated brain activity, as well as fluctuations in hormone levels and relaxation of muscle tissue (1) Sleep appears necessary for our nervous systems to function properly Yet, many college students don't reach these recommendations and get plenty of sleep but 6 hours per night Consequently, lack of sleep leaves us drowsy and unable to concentrate the following day It also ends up in impaired memory and _ physical performance and reduced ability to hold out math calculations Caffeine can effectively control our mental state Although it is beneficial to restore lower wakefulness levels and offset cognitive task performance decline caused by sleep deprivation, caffeine will adversely affect future sleep This requires careful consideration of the risks associated with sleep deprivation and caffeine intake, especially among students On average, a sufficient 7-8 hours of sleep would be considered enough for many people and has been

related to good academic performance (2, 3, 4, 5)

Academic performance refers to the short- or long-term educational achievements of college students These goals are expressed in terms of your Cumulative Grade Point Average (GPA) and your classroom learning outcomes The Cumulative Grade Point Average is calculated by dividing the total average of credits earned by the total number of hours attempted Existing research shows that high-dose caffeine has the ability to reverse the alertness and mood changes caused by lack of sleep and there is a correlation between sleep time and academic performance: those who sleep a lot (more than 8 hours) have a higher GPA than students with shorter sleep times (less than 5 hours) (6, 7)

In this cross-sectional study, the current hypothesis is whether your academic performance is affected by lack of sleep and caffeine Many different factors can interfere with a student's sleep However, the factors that lead to insufficient sleep that we must consider are: the regularity of the sleep, the interruption of sleep at night, the average duration of sleep per day and the intake of caffeinated beverages

2

Therefore, the purpose of current research is to investigate the impact of sleep deprivation and caffeine intake on academic performance among HCMC Foreign Trade University students

(1) https://www.britannica.com/science/sleep

(2) https://www.education.ninds.nih.gov/brochures/Brain-Basics-Sleep-6-10- 08-pdf-508.pdf (page 4)

on the topic:

1 Introduction

Sleep could bea reversible state of reduced response to external stimuli, amid complex and predictable physiological changes These changes include coordination, spontaneous and internally generated brain activity, as well as fluctuations in hormone levels and relaxation of muscle tissue (1) Sleep appears necessary for our nervous systems to function properly Yet, many college students don't reach these recommendations and get plenty of sleep but 6 hours per night Consequently, lack of sleep leaves us drowsy and unable to concentrate the following day It also ends up in impaired memory and _ physical performance and reduced ability to hold out math calculations Caffeine can effectively control our mental state Although it is beneficial to restore lower wakefulness levels and offset cognitive task performance decline caused by sleep deprivation, caffeine will adversely affect future sleep This requires careful consideration of the risks associated with sleep deprivation and caffeine intake, especially among students On average, a sufficient 7-8 hours of sleep would be considered enough for many people and has been

related to good academic performance (2, 3, 4, 5)

Academic performance refers to the short- or long-term educational achievements of college students These goals are expressed in terms of your Cumulative Grade Point Average (GPA) and your classroom learning outcomes The Cumulative Grade Point Average is calculated by dividing the total average of credits earned by the total number of hours attempted Existing research shows that high-dose caffeine has the ability to reverse the alertness and mood changes caused by lack of sleep and there is a correlation between sleep time and academic performance: those who sleep a lot (more than 8 hours) have a higher GPA than students with shorter sleep times (less than 5 hours) (6, 7)

In this cross-sectional study, the current hypothesis is whether your academic performance is affected by lack of sleep and caffeine Many different factors can interfere with a student's sleep However, the factors that lead to insufficient sleep that we must consider are: the regularity of the sleep, the interruption of sleep at night, the average duration of sleep per day and the intake of caffeinated beverages

2

Van Viet and Thu Phuong (2017) carried out 7 factors that affect the learning outcomes of students at the University of Information Technology in Ho Chi Minh City including: study interest, social pressure, infrastructure, intellectual capacity, peer pressure, scholarship and family motivation Specifically, the strongest impact on students’ learning results is the study interest (B = 0.216); the second factor is infrastructure (B = 0.198); the third factor is social pressure (B=0.177); the fourth factor is peer pressure (B = 0.174); the fifth is Intellectual capacity (B = 0.162); the sixth is the scholarship (B = 0.142) and the last

https://drive.google.com/file/d/loztx VehZIkn YSMhEBeD7IknszRTE9w2T/view

(page 76 — 80)

Hoang Hung and Thanh Tam (2020) researched the overall level of performance among more than surveys of 500 students of different majors and courses of Hanoi University of Industry According to them, factors including Learning motivation and

1 Introduction

Sleep could bea reversible state of reduced response to external stimuli, amid complex and predictable physiological changes These changes include coordination, spontaneous and internally generated brain activity, as well as fluctuations in hormone levels and relaxation of muscle tissue (1) Sleep appears necessary for our nervous systems to function properly Yet, many college students don't reach these recommendations and get plenty of sleep but 6 hours per night Consequently, lack of sleep leaves us drowsy and unable to concentrate the following day It also ends up in impaired memory and _ physical performance and reduced ability to hold out math calculations Caffeine can effectively control our mental state Although it is beneficial to restore lower wakefulness levels and offset cognitive task performance decline caused by sleep deprivation, caffeine will adversely affect future sleep This requires careful consideration of the risks associated with sleep deprivation and caffeine intake, especially among students On average, a sufficient 7-8 hours of sleep would be considered enough for many people and has been

related to good academic performance (2, 3, 4, 5)

Academic performance refers to the short- or long-term educational achievements of college students These goals are expressed in terms of your Cumulative Grade Point Average (GPA) and your classroom learning outcomes The Cumulative Grade Point Average is calculated by dividing the total average of credits earned by the total number of hours attempted Existing research shows that high-dose caffeine has the ability to reverse the alertness and mood changes caused by lack of sleep and there is a correlation between sleep time and academic performance: those who sleep a lot (more than 8 hours) have a higher GPA than students with shorter sleep times (less than 5 hours) (6, 7)

In this cross-sectional study, the current hypothesis is whether your academic performance is affected by lack of sleep and caffeine Many different factors can interfere with a student's sleep However, the factors that lead to insufficient sleep that we must consider are: the regularity of the sleep, the interruption of sleep at night, the average duration of sleep per day and the intake of caffeinated beverages

2

1 Introduction

Sleep could bea reversible state of reduced response to external stimuli, amid complex and predictable physiological changes These changes include coordination, spontaneous and internally generated brain activity, as well as fluctuations in hormone levels and relaxation of muscle tissue (1) Sleep appears necessary for our nervous systems to function properly Yet, many college students don't reach these recommendations and get plenty of sleep but 6 hours per night Consequently, lack of sleep leaves us drowsy and unable to concentrate the following day It also ends up in impaired memory and _ physical performance and reduced ability to hold out math calculations Caffeine can effectively control our mental state Although it is beneficial to restore lower wakefulness levels and offset cognitive task performance decline caused by sleep deprivation, caffeine will adversely affect future sleep This requires careful consideration of the risks associated with sleep deprivation and caffeine intake, especially among students On average, a sufficient 7-8 hours of sleep would be considered enough for many people and has been

related to good academic performance (2, 3, 4, 5)

Academic performance refers to the short- or long-term educational achievements of college students These goals are expressed in terms of your Cumulative Grade Point Average (GPA) and your classroom learning outcomes The Cumulative Grade Point Average is calculated by dividing the total average of credits earned by the total number of hours attempted Existing research shows that high-dose caffeine has the ability to reverse the alertness and mood changes caused by lack of sleep and there is a correlation between sleep time and academic performance: those who sleep a lot (more than 8 hours) have a higher GPA than students with shorter sleep times (less than 5 hours) (6, 7)

In this cross-sectional study, the current hypothesis is whether your academic performance is affected by lack of sleep and caffeine Many different factors can interfere with a student's sleep However, the factors that lead to insufficient sleep that we must consider are: the regularity of the sleep, the interruption of sleep at night, the average duration of sleep per day and the intake of caffeinated beverages

2

Vo Thi Tam (2010) investigated the overall level of performance of nearly 4000 students at the University of Economics in Ho Chi Minh City Learning motivation, learning persistence, competition, impression of the institution, and learning methods, according to her, account for almost half of the changes in academic achievements Three

of them have a positive relationship with educational outcomes Learning approaches (B=.511), learning perseverance (B=.119), and university impression (B=.116) are listed in descending order The other two factors, learning motivation and competitiveness, have no discernible impact on learning outcomes

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1 BQhEhZW Ta8slI318srduU 19CtODvH3Tij/view

(page 80-83)

Dung, Oanh and Hai (2017) using multiple regression models identified four key characteristics that influence learning outcomes of Business Administration majors at Vietnam National University of Forestry Similarly, the study reveals that learning methods are the most important factors, with those who devote extra time to self-study using computers, the Internet, and other resources being more likely to succeed academically

https://drive.google.com/file/d/laV6PUW4B KPyILe01r5N6FCLm5Gwy3SS4/view (page 89-92)

Alya Atieah Al Ghamdi (2013) did research about the relationship between the sleep deprivation and academic performance of students in college of nursing at King Saud University A descriptive survey was conducted randomly on 114 university students After investigating and researching, they come to conclude that the association between insufficient sleep duration lifestyle and lower university grades are understandable because students who score B sleep less than usual, they spend more time than intermediate students

who score A level on research or final exams

The model we employ to estimate sleep-related factors of Foreign Trade University students' GPA in HCMC is as follows:

In(GPA) = fo + BiSLPOS + BoSLPINTRPT + B3SLPLENGTH + BaCAFFEINE + u* Description of variables:

GPA: GPA of students in Foreign Trade University in HCMC

SLPOS: Sleep regularity

SLPINTRPT: Existence of interruptions during sleep over

SLPLENGTH: Average length of sleep

CAFFEINE: Consumption of caffeinated beverage 2 hours before sleep

percent said they used energy drinks to study Approximately 11.3 percent of those polled said they mixed energy drinks with alcohol at parties

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/sd/2013/9 10104/ (page 3 — 8)

Insaf Altun of Kocaeli University's High School of Health's Department of Fundamentals in Nursing (2012) conducted a study on the elements that contribute to university students’ poor sleep experiences A descriptive survey of 256 university students

in Turkey was undertaken at random Following their research, they came to the conclusion that the most common self-reported cause of bad sleep experiences amongst university students were exposure psychological problems (67.2%), stress (64.8%), exposure to tobacco smoke in the sleeping room (63,7%), pain (62,9%), having family problems (62,5%), being patient (55,1%), air quality of the room (55,1%), strenuous physical activity

(53,9%), fatigue (53,5%), sadness (53,1%), noise that caused by other people in the room (52.0%), room scents (sweat, perfume, humidity, naphthalene, etc.) (53.1%), depression

(51, 6 %), anxiety, and tension (51, 1%)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmce/articles/PMC3634295/#

Erwiza*, Sri Kartike, Gimin (2019) explored the factors that influence concentration and critical thinking on student learning achievement that have both direct and indirect impact on economic subjects in Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 1 Pekanbaru (MAN 1 Pekanbaru) They focused on 95 students and considering the results, the non-physical school environment had an effect on learning achievement directly by 24.2% and indirectly had

an effect of 12% Learning interest influences students's performance directly by 27.1% and indirectly by 8.8% Learning concentration directly affects learning achievement by 19.5% Critical thinking directly influences learning outcomes by 27.3%

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1 OLX moTh9FF9)9xvpILqvFelVO0S9AeL4i/view (page 208 — 214)

Van Viet and Thu Phuong (2017) carried out 7 factors that affect the learning outcomes of students at the University of Information Technology in Ho Chi Minh City including: study interest, social pressure, infrastructure, intellectual capacity, peer pressure, scholarship and family motivation Specifically, the strongest impact on students’ learning results is the study interest (B = 0.216); the second factor is infrastructure (B = 0.198); the third factor is social pressure (B=0.177); the fourth factor is peer pressure (B = 0.174); the fifth is Intellectual capacity (B = 0.162); the sixth is the scholarship (B = 0.142) and the last

https://drive.google.com/file/d/loztx VehZIkn YSMhEBeD7IknszRTE9w2T/view

(page 76 — 80)

Hoang Hung and Thanh Tam (2020) researched the overall level of performance among more than surveys of 500 students of different majors and courses of Hanoi University of Industry According to them, factors including Learning motivation and

Van Viet and Thu Phuong (2017) carried out 7 factors that affect the learning outcomes of students at the University of Information Technology in Ho Chi Minh City including: study interest, social pressure, infrastructure, intellectual capacity, peer pressure, scholarship and family motivation Specifically, the strongest impact on students’ learning results is the study interest (B = 0.216); the second factor is infrastructure (B = 0.198); the third factor is social pressure (B=0.177); the fourth factor is peer pressure (B = 0.174); the fifth is Intellectual capacity (B = 0.162); the sixth is the scholarship (B = 0.142) and the last

https://drive.google.com/file/d/loztx VehZIkn YSMhEBeD7IknszRTE9w2T/view

(page 76 — 80)

Hoang Hung and Thanh Tam (2020) researched the overall level of performance among more than surveys of 500 students of different majors and courses of Hanoi University of Industry According to them, factors including Learning motivation and

Alya Atieah Al Ghamdi (2013) did research about the relationship between the sleep deprivation and academic performance of students in college of nursing at King Saud University A descriptive survey was conducted randomly on 114 university students After investigating and researching, they come to conclude that the association between insufficient sleep duration lifestyle and lower university grades are understandable because students who score B sleep less than usual, they spend more time than intermediate students

who score A level on research or final exams

The model we employ to estimate sleep-related factors of Foreign Trade University students' GPA in HCMC is as follows:

In(GPA) = fo + BiSLPOS + BoSLPINTRPT + B3SLPLENGTH + BaCAFFEINE + u* Description of variables:

GPA: GPA of students in Foreign Trade University in HCMC

SLPOS: Sleep regularity

SLPINTRPT: Existence of interruptions during sleep over

SLPLENGTH: Average length of sleep

CAFFEINE: Consumption of caffeinated beverage 2 hours before sleep

Van Viet and Thu Phuong (2017) carried out 7 factors that affect the learning outcomes of students at the University of Information Technology in Ho Chi Minh City including: study interest, social pressure, infrastructure, intellectual capacity, peer pressure, scholarship and family motivation Specifically, the strongest impact on students’ learning results is the study interest (B = 0.216); the second factor is infrastructure (B = 0.198); the third factor is social pressure (B=0.177); the fourth factor is peer pressure (B = 0.174); the fifth is Intellectual capacity (B = 0.162); the sixth is the scholarship (B = 0.142) and the last

https://drive.google.com/file/d/loztx VehZIkn YSMhEBeD7IknszRTE9w2T/view

(page 76 — 80)

Hoang Hung and Thanh Tam (2020) researched the overall level of performance among more than surveys of 500 students of different majors and courses of Hanoi University of Industry According to them, factors including Learning motivation and

1 Introduction

Sleep could bea reversible state of reduced response to external stimuli, amid complex and predictable physiological changes These changes include coordination, spontaneous and internally generated brain activity, as well as fluctuations in hormone levels and relaxation of muscle tissue (1) Sleep appears necessary for our nervous systems to function properly Yet, many college students don't reach these recommendations and get plenty of sleep but 6 hours per night Consequently, lack of sleep leaves us drowsy and unable to concentrate the following day It also ends up in impaired memory and _ physical performance and reduced ability to hold out math calculations Caffeine can effectively control our mental state Although it is beneficial to restore lower wakefulness levels and offset cognitive task performance decline caused by sleep deprivation, caffeine will adversely affect future sleep This requires careful consideration of the risks associated with sleep deprivation and caffeine intake, especially among students On average, a sufficient 7-8 hours of sleep would be considered enough for many people and has been

related to good academic performance (2, 3, 4, 5)

Academic performance refers to the short- or long-term educational achievements of college students These goals are expressed in terms of your Cumulative Grade Point Average (GPA) and your classroom learning outcomes The Cumulative Grade Point Average is calculated by dividing the total average of credits earned by the total number of hours attempted Existing research shows that high-dose caffeine has the ability to reverse the alertness and mood changes caused by lack of sleep and there is a correlation between sleep time and academic performance: those who sleep a lot (more than 8 hours) have a higher GPA than students with shorter sleep times (less than 5 hours) (6, 7)

In this cross-sectional study, the current hypothesis is whether your academic performance is affected by lack of sleep and caffeine Many different factors can interfere with a student's sleep However, the factors that lead to insufficient sleep that we must consider are: the regularity of the sleep, the interruption of sleep at night, the average duration of sleep per day and the intake of caffeinated beverages

2