Luận văn substitution as a grammatical cohesive device in english narrative in comparision with its translation into vietnamese

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOL UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INFERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST- GRADUATE STUDIES NONG VAN HAI SUBSTITUTION AS A GRAMMATICAL COHESIVE DEVICE IN

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOL

UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INFERNATIONAL STUDIES

FACULTY OF POST- GRADUATE STUDIES

NONG VAN HAI

SUBSTITUTION AS A GRAMMATICAL COHESIVE

DEVICE IN ENGLISH NARRATIVE IN COMPARISON

WITH ITS TRANSLATION INTO VIETNAMESE

(Phép thể như phương tiện liên kết ngũ phap trong vantran

thuật tiếng Anh so sánh với bản dịch sang tiếng Việt)

M.A Minur programme thesis

Field: English Linguistics Code: 60.22.15

HANOI, 2011

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI

UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

FACTLTY OF POST- GRADUATE STUMES

NONG VAN HAL

SUBSTITUTION AS A GRAMMATICAL COHESIVE

DEVICE IN ENGLISH NARRATIVE IN COMPARISON

WITTLITS TRANSLATION INTO VIETNAMESE

(Phép thế như phương tiện liên kết ngữ pháp trong văn

trần thuật tiếng Anh so sánh với ban dich sang tiếng Việt)

M.A Minor nrogrammc thesis

Field: English Linguistics Cade: 60.22.15

Supervisor: Dr DUONG THI NU

TIANOI, 2011

PART B: DEVELOPMENT CIIAPTER }: TIIEORETICAL BACKGROUND

1.1 Discourse

1.1.1 The Concept of Discourse

There are different ways of understanding and defining discowse Halliday (1985) defines “Discourse is a multidimensional process” According to Crystal (1992) discourse is seen as “a continuous stretch of language larger than a

sentence, often constituting a coherent unit such as a sermon, argument, joke, or

narrative” Cook (1989) has a similar perspective of discourse; he considers discourse as “stretches of language perceived to be meaningful, unified, and purposive” In olhcr words, as Brown and Yule stale, discourse is language material, either spoken or written, in actual uses by speakers (and writers) of the language

Since its introduction to modem science the term “discourse” has taken various, sometimes very broad, meanings In order to specify which of the numerous scnscs is analyzed in the following dissertation it has to be defined Originally the word “discourse” comes from Latin “discursu’” which denoted

“conversation, speech” Thus understood, however, discourse refers to too wide an area of human life, therefore only discourse from the vantage point of linguistics, and especially applied linguistics, is explained here

There is no agreement atong Hnguists as Lo Lhe usc of the term discourse in

that some use it in reference to texts, while others claim it denotes speech which is for instance illustrated by the following definition: "Discourse: a continuous stretch

of (especially spoken) language larger than a sentence, offen consliluting a coherent

unit such as a sermon, argument, joke, or narrative” (Crystal 1992:25) On the other

semiotic event From the beginning of its appearance, Discourse Analy:

tp in a variety of social science disciplines It is now a rapidly expanding field,

providing insights into various aspects of language in use and therefore of great

importance to language teaching Tn Ihe carly days, language teaching has been concemed with pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary, however, it was not until

Discourse Analysis tured up thal our awareness of how to pul this knowledge into

action to gain successful communication was raised

Literature, which plays a very important role in our spiritual life, has been

greally developing as a consequence of the Ingh hving slandards As a maticr ol”

fact, there have been more and more people choosing to work in the literary field and their efforts have created so many famous works It is open to questions as to

which factors have to be taken into consideration to make a successful work How

important are those factors to the completion of a coherent and cohesive text? Added to this, the knowledge of cohesion and coherence are actually regarded as

the crucial aspecis of language usage

Cohesion is considered one of the most challenging aspects of translation, as any language has its own unique manners in which it employs cohesive devices in the creation of a cohesive text Each language has its own patlerns to convey the interrelationships between persons and events; these patterns may not be ignored in

a language if the readers understand what the translator wants to convey The topic

of cohesion has always appeared as the most useful constituent! of discourse analysis that is applied to translation English and Vietnamese have different granunars and

vocabulary structures, and it is only nalural that they pose great difficulties and

challenges for a translator to deal with, especially in the field of literature

1.2.3 Types of Cohcsiow nọ nhe seecreeocve T2

2.1 English Substitution Devices:

1.2.3 Types of Cohcsiow nọ nhe seecreeocve T2

2.1 English Substitution Devices:

semiotic event From the beginning of its appearance, Discourse Analy:

tp in a variety of social science disciplines It is now a rapidly expanding field,

providing insights into various aspects of language in use and therefore of great

importance to language teaching Tn Ihe carly days, language teaching has been concemed with pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary, however, it was not until

Discourse Analysis tured up thal our awareness of how to pul this knowledge into

action to gain successful communication was raised

Literature, which plays a very important role in our spiritual life, has been

greally developing as a consequence of the Ingh hving slandards As a maticr ol”

fact, there have been more and more people choosing to work in the literary field and their efforts have created so many famous works It is open to questions as to

which factors have to be taken into consideration to make a successful work How

important are those factors to the completion of a coherent and cohesive text? Added to this, the knowledge of cohesion and coherence are actually regarded as

the crucial aspecis of language usage

Cohesion is considered one of the most challenging aspects of translation, as any language has its own unique manners in which it employs cohesive devices in the creation of a cohesive text Each language has its own patlerns to convey the interrelationships between persons and events; these patterns may not be ignored in

a language if the readers understand what the translator wants to convey The topic

of cohesion has always appeared as the most useful constituent! of discourse analysis that is applied to translation English and Vietnamese have different granunars and

vocabulary structures, and it is only nalural that they pose great difficulties and

challenges for a translator to deal with, especially in the field of literature

semiotic event From the beginning of its appearance, Discourse Analy:

tp in a variety of social science disciplines It is now a rapidly expanding field,

providing insights into various aspects of language in use and therefore of great

importance to language teaching Tn Ihe carly days, language teaching has been concemed with pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary, however, it was not until

Discourse Analysis tured up thal our awareness of how to pul this knowledge into

action to gain successful communication was raised

Literature, which plays a very important role in our spiritual life, has been

greally developing as a consequence of the Ingh hving slandards As a maticr ol”

fact, there have been more and more people choosing to work in the literary field and their efforts have created so many famous works It is open to questions as to

which factors have to be taken into consideration to make a successful work How

important are those factors to the completion of a coherent and cohesive text? Added to this, the knowledge of cohesion and coherence are actually regarded as

the crucial aspecis of language usage

Cohesion is considered one of the most challenging aspects of translation, as any language has its own unique manners in which it employs cohesive devices in the creation of a cohesive text Each language has its own patlerns to convey the interrelationships between persons and events; these patterns may not be ignored in

a language if the readers understand what the translator wants to convey The topic

of cohesion has always appeared as the most useful constituent! of discourse analysis that is applied to translation English and Vietnamese have different granunars and

vocabulary structures, and it is only nalural that they pose great difficulties and

challenges for a translator to deal with, especially in the field of literature

vì

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

‘Table 1 Type of cohesion

Table 2 Grammatical and Lexical cohesion

Table 3 Occurrences aud frequency of cohesive items of substitution in Corpus A Table 4, Occurrence and frequency of Viemamese solutions to the English

substitution device

Figure t: Reference

1.2.3 Types of Cohcsiow nọ nhe seecreeocve T2

2.1 English Substitution Devices:

mentions some background knowledge about Discourse Analysis as well as coherence and cohesion

Halliday and Hasan (1976) make a detailed classification of the cohesive devices in English These authors distinguish between grammatical and lexical cohesion According to them, grammatical cohesion embraces four different devices: Reference, substitution, ellipsis and conjunction ‘This study will only focus on analyzing how substitution is used as a device of grammatical ochesion in

English narralive and ils translated vorsion into Victnamese

4, METHODS OF THE STUDY

To carry out this study, two litorary corpora wore used They were identified

as Corpus A and Corpus B The former was composed of the original texts written

in English entilled “pride and prejudice” and it was made up of 121.728 words

‘The latter consisted of 141.370 words which was the Vietnamese translated version

of those very same texts The literary text was chosen for analysis because it is a

famous literary work of Jane Austen Added to this, T have read both the orginal

and the Vietnamese translated version for several times and find this story very interesting to make an analysis Both corpora have a digital format and are

available on the internet Detailed information about the translations was not available

In the study, both quantitative and qualitative methods were adopted for analysis And the analysis was conducted in the following steps

- Mirstly, make an identification in corpus A of the substitution devices

employed in English based one the classification theory of Halliday and Hasan The

identification of such items was camed oul wilh the help of a concordance

Ww

programme named Antcone 3

- Then, locate the equivalent linguistic expressions in Corpus B

- Finally, discuss and analyze the solutions adopted in the Vietnamese

translation.

1.2.3 Types of Cohcsiow nọ nhe seecreeocve T2

2.1 English Substitution Devices:

5 DESIGN OF THE STUDY

This study is divided into three main parts

Part A is he introduction which inchudes rationale, aim, scope, method and design

of the study

Then Part B is the development which consists of 2 chapters in which chapler one is about the theoretical background of the study and chapter two is the analysis of substitution as the device of grammatical cohesion in English narrative in

comparison with ils Viclwamese translated version

Part C is the conclusion which describes a sumunary of the present study with some interesting findings

mentions some background knowledge about Discourse Analysis as well as coherence and cohesion

Halliday and Hasan (1976) make a detailed classification of the cohesive devices in English These authors distinguish between grammatical and lexical cohesion According to them, grammatical cohesion embraces four different devices: Reference, substitution, ellipsis and conjunction ‘This study will only focus on analyzing how substitution is used as a device of grammatical ochesion in

English narralive and ils translated vorsion into Victnamese

4, METHODS OF THE STUDY

To carry out this study, two litorary corpora wore used They were identified

as Corpus A and Corpus B The former was composed of the original texts written

in English entilled “pride and prejudice” and it was made up of 121.728 words

‘The latter consisted of 141.370 words which was the Vietnamese translated version

of those very same texts The literary text was chosen for analysis because it is a

famous literary work of Jane Austen Added to this, T have read both the orginal

and the Vietnamese translated version for several times and find this story very interesting to make an analysis Both corpora have a digital format and are

available on the internet Detailed information about the translations was not available

In the study, both quantitative and qualitative methods were adopted for analysis And the analysis was conducted in the following steps

- Mirstly, make an identification in corpus A of the substitution devices

employed in English based one the classification theory of Halliday and Hasan The

identification of such items was camed oul wilh the help of a concordance

Ww

programme named Antcone 3

- Then, locate the equivalent linguistic expressions in Corpus B

- Finally, discuss and analyze the solutions adopted in the Vietnamese

translation.

PART B: DEVELOPMENT CIIAPTER }: TIIEORETICAL BACKGROUND

1.1 Discourse

1.1.1 The Concept of Discourse

There are different ways of understanding and defining discowse Halliday (1985) defines “Discourse is a multidimensional process” According to Crystal (1992) discourse is seen as “a continuous stretch of language larger than a

sentence, often constituting a coherent unit such as a sermon, argument, joke, or

narrative” Cook (1989) has a similar perspective of discourse; he considers discourse as “stretches of language perceived to be meaningful, unified, and purposive” In olhcr words, as Brown and Yule stale, discourse is language material, either spoken or written, in actual uses by speakers (and writers) of the language

Since its introduction to modem science the term “discourse” has taken various, sometimes very broad, meanings In order to specify which of the numerous scnscs is analyzed in the following dissertation it has to be defined Originally the word “discourse” comes from Latin “discursu’” which denoted

“conversation, speech” Thus understood, however, discourse refers to too wide an area of human life, therefore only discourse from the vantage point of linguistics, and especially applied linguistics, is explained here

There is no agreement atong Hnguists as Lo Lhe usc of the term discourse in

that some use it in reference to texts, while others claim it denotes speech which is for instance illustrated by the following definition: "Discourse: a continuous stretch

of (especially spoken) language larger than a sentence, offen consliluting a coherent

unit such as a sermon, argument, joke, or narrative” (Crystal 1992:25) On the other

semiotic event From the beginning of its appearance, Discourse Analy:

tp in a variety of social science disciplines It is now a rapidly expanding field,

providing insights into various aspects of language in use and therefore of great

importance to language teaching Tn Ihe carly days, language teaching has been concemed with pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary, however, it was not until

Discourse Analysis tured up thal our awareness of how to pul this knowledge into

action to gain successful communication was raised

Literature, which plays a very important role in our spiritual life, has been

greally developing as a consequence of the Ingh hving slandards As a maticr ol”

fact, there have been more and more people choosing to work in the literary field and their efforts have created so many famous works It is open to questions as to

which factors have to be taken into consideration to make a successful work How

important are those factors to the completion of a coherent and cohesive text? Added to this, the knowledge of cohesion and coherence are actually regarded as

the crucial aspecis of language usage

Cohesion is considered one of the most challenging aspects of translation, as any language has its own unique manners in which it employs cohesive devices in the creation of a cohesive text Each language has its own patlerns to convey the interrelationships between persons and events; these patterns may not be ignored in

a language if the readers understand what the translator wants to convey The topic

of cohesion has always appeared as the most useful constituent! of discourse analysis that is applied to translation English and Vietnamese have different granunars and

vocabulary structures, and it is only nalural that they pose great difficulties and

challenges for a translator to deal with, especially in the field of literature

5 DESIGN OF THE STUDY

This study is divided into three main parts

Part A is he introduction which inchudes rationale, aim, scope, method and design

of the study

Then Part B is the development which consists of 2 chapters in which chapler one is about the theoretical background of the study and chapter two is the analysis of substitution as the device of grammatical cohesion in English narrative in

comparison with ils Viclwamese translated version

Part C is the conclusion which describes a sumunary of the present study with some interesting findings

5 DESIGN OF THE STUDY

This study is divided into three main parts

Part A is he introduction which inchudes rationale, aim, scope, method and design

of the study

Then Part B is the development which consists of 2 chapters in which chapler one is about the theoretical background of the study and chapter two is the analysis of substitution as the device of grammatical cohesion in English narrative in

comparison with ils Viclwamese translated version

Part C is the conclusion which describes a sumunary of the present study with some interesting findings

ba

Those reasons mentioned above are the most important ones that have encouraged the author to conduct the study entitled “Substitution as a Grammatical

Cohesive Device in English Narrative in Comparison with Its Translation into

Vietnamese” 1 hope that this study may help teachers and leamers of foreign language have an overall viewpoint on grammatical cohesive devices

2, AIMS OF THE STUDY

Based on the detailed classification of cohesive devices in English of

Halliday and Hasan (1976), this study provides a close analysis of a particular grammatically cohesive device employed in English and its equivalence in the

Viemamese translation This paper aims to study from a quantitative and a

qualitative point of view the possible shifts of cohesion in translation in literary

texts and solutions adapted to the Vietnamese translation

Funthermore, (his study compares the lranslation strategies What, banslators

use in transferring substitution from an Linglish literary text to its Vietnamese

translation This may pose preat difficulties and problems because of the difference

between the lwo languages

In order to achieve the aim of the study, some following research questions

3, SCOPL OF THE STUDY

As Discourse Analysis has a very broad scope which lms a very close

relationship with many other aspects of language study, it is impossible for the author to refer to alt of its characteristics Thus, within this study, the author just

semiotic event From the beginning of its appearance, Discourse Analy:

tp in a variety of social science disciplines It is now a rapidly expanding field,

providing insights into various aspects of language in use and therefore of great

importance to language teaching Tn Ihe carly days, language teaching has been concemed with pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary, however, it was not until

Discourse Analysis tured up thal our awareness of how to pul this knowledge into

action to gain successful communication was raised

Literature, which plays a very important role in our spiritual life, has been

greally developing as a consequence of the Ingh hving slandards As a maticr ol”

fact, there have been more and more people choosing to work in the literary field and their efforts have created so many famous works It is open to questions as to

which factors have to be taken into consideration to make a successful work How

important are those factors to the completion of a coherent and cohesive text? Added to this, the knowledge of cohesion and coherence are actually regarded as

the crucial aspecis of language usage

Cohesion is considered one of the most challenging aspects of translation, as any language has its own unique manners in which it employs cohesive devices in the creation of a cohesive text Each language has its own patlerns to convey the interrelationships between persons and events; these patterns may not be ignored in

a language if the readers understand what the translator wants to convey The topic

of cohesion has always appeared as the most useful constituent! of discourse analysis that is applied to translation English and Vietnamese have different granunars and

vocabulary structures, and it is only nalural that they pose great difficulties and

challenges for a translator to deal with, especially in the field of literature

1.2.3 Types of Cohcsiow nọ nhe seecreeocve T2

2.1 English Substitution Devices:

mentions some background knowledge about Discourse Analysis as well as coherence and cohesion

Halliday and Hasan (1976) make a detailed classification of the cohesive devices in English These authors distinguish between grammatical and lexical cohesion According to them, grammatical cohesion embraces four different devices: Reference, substitution, ellipsis and conjunction ‘This study will only focus on analyzing how substitution is used as a device of grammatical ochesion in

English narralive and ils translated vorsion into Victnamese

4, METHODS OF THE STUDY

To carry out this study, two litorary corpora wore used They were identified

as Corpus A and Corpus B The former was composed of the original texts written

in English entilled “pride and prejudice” and it was made up of 121.728 words

‘The latter consisted of 141.370 words which was the Vietnamese translated version

of those very same texts The literary text was chosen for analysis because it is a

famous literary work of Jane Austen Added to this, T have read both the orginal

and the Vietnamese translated version for several times and find this story very interesting to make an analysis Both corpora have a digital format and are

available on the internet Detailed information about the translations was not available

In the study, both quantitative and qualitative methods were adopted for analysis And the analysis was conducted in the following steps

- Mirstly, make an identification in corpus A of the substitution devices

employed in English based one the classification theory of Halliday and Hasan The

identification of such items was camed oul wilh the help of a concordance

Ww

programme named Antcone 3

- Then, locate the equivalent linguistic expressions in Corpus B

- Finally, discuss and analyze the solutions adopted in the Vietnamese

translation.

ba

Those reasons mentioned above are the most important ones that have encouraged the author to conduct the study entitled “Substitution as a Grammatical

Cohesive Device in English Narrative in Comparison with Its Translation into

Vietnamese” 1 hope that this study may help teachers and leamers of foreign language have an overall viewpoint on grammatical cohesive devices

2, AIMS OF THE STUDY

Based on the detailed classification of cohesive devices in English of

Halliday and Hasan (1976), this study provides a close analysis of a particular grammatically cohesive device employed in English and its equivalence in the

Viemamese translation This paper aims to study from a quantitative and a

qualitative point of view the possible shifts of cohesion in translation in literary

texts and solutions adapted to the Vietnamese translation

Funthermore, (his study compares the lranslation strategies What, banslators

use in transferring substitution from an Linglish literary text to its Vietnamese

translation This may pose preat difficulties and problems because of the difference

between the lwo languages

In order to achieve the aim of the study, some following research questions

3, SCOPL OF THE STUDY

As Discourse Analysis has a very broad scope which lms a very close

relationship with many other aspects of language study, it is impossible for the author to refer to alt of its characteristics Thus, within this study, the author just

semiotic event From the beginning of its appearance, Discourse Analy:

tp in a variety of social science disciplines It is now a rapidly expanding field,

providing insights into various aspects of language in use and therefore of great

importance to language teaching Tn Ihe carly days, language teaching has been concemed with pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary, however, it was not until

Discourse Analysis tured up thal our awareness of how to pul this knowledge into

action to gain successful communication was raised

Literature, which plays a very important role in our spiritual life, has been

greally developing as a consequence of the Ingh hving slandards As a maticr ol”

fact, there have been more and more people choosing to work in the literary field and their efforts have created so many famous works It is open to questions as to

which factors have to be taken into consideration to make a successful work How

important are those factors to the completion of a coherent and cohesive text? Added to this, the knowledge of cohesion and coherence are actually regarded as

the crucial aspecis of language usage

Cohesion is considered one of the most challenging aspects of translation, as any language has its own unique manners in which it employs cohesive devices in the creation of a cohesive text Each language has its own patlerns to convey the interrelationships between persons and events; these patterns may not be ignored in

a language if the readers understand what the translator wants to convey The topic

of cohesion has always appeared as the most useful constituent! of discourse analysis that is applied to translation English and Vietnamese have different granunars and

vocabulary structures, and it is only nalural that they pose great difficulties and

challenges for a translator to deal with, especially in the field of literature

5 DESIGN OF THE STUDY

This study is divided into three main parts

Part A is he introduction which inchudes rationale, aim, scope, method and design

of the study

Then Part B is the development which consists of 2 chapters in which chapler one is about the theoretical background of the study and chapter two is the analysis of substitution as the device of grammatical cohesion in English narrative in

comparison with ils Viclwamese translated version

Part C is the conclusion which describes a sumunary of the present study with some interesting findings

5 DESIGN OF THE STUDY

This study is divided into three main parts

Part A is he introduction which inchudes rationale, aim, scope, method and design

of the study

Then Part B is the development which consists of 2 chapters in which chapler one is about the theoretical background of the study and chapter two is the analysis of substitution as the device of grammatical cohesion in English narrative in

comparison with ils Viclwamese translated version

Part C is the conclusion which describes a sumunary of the present study with some interesting findings

ba

Those reasons mentioned above are the most important ones that have encouraged the author to conduct the study entitled “Substitution as a Grammatical

Cohesive Device in English Narrative in Comparison with Its Translation into

Vietnamese” 1 hope that this study may help teachers and leamers of foreign language have an overall viewpoint on grammatical cohesive devices

2, AIMS OF THE STUDY

Based on the detailed classification of cohesive devices in English of

Halliday and Hasan (1976), this study provides a close analysis of a particular grammatically cohesive device employed in English and its equivalence in the

Viemamese translation This paper aims to study from a quantitative and a

qualitative point of view the possible shifts of cohesion in translation in literary

texts and solutions adapted to the Vietnamese translation

Funthermore, (his study compares the lranslation strategies What, banslators

use in transferring substitution from an Linglish literary text to its Vietnamese

translation This may pose preat difficulties and problems because of the difference

between the lwo languages

In order to achieve the aim of the study, some following research questions

3, SCOPL OF THE STUDY

As Discourse Analysis has a very broad scope which lms a very close

relationship with many other aspects of language study, it is impossible for the author to refer to alt of its characteristics Thus, within this study, the author just

ba

Those reasons mentioned above are the most important ones that have encouraged the author to conduct the study entitled “Substitution as a Grammatical

Cohesive Device in English Narrative in Comparison with Its Translation into

Vietnamese” 1 hope that this study may help teachers and leamers of foreign language have an overall viewpoint on grammatical cohesive devices

2, AIMS OF THE STUDY

Based on the detailed classification of cohesive devices in English of

Halliday and Hasan (1976), this study provides a close analysis of a particular grammatically cohesive device employed in English and its equivalence in the

Viemamese translation This paper aims to study from a quantitative and a

qualitative point of view the possible shifts of cohesion in translation in literary

texts and solutions adapted to the Vietnamese translation

Funthermore, (his study compares the lranslation strategies What, banslators

use in transferring substitution from an Linglish literary text to its Vietnamese

translation This may pose preat difficulties and problems because of the difference

between the lwo languages

In order to achieve the aim of the study, some following research questions

3, SCOPL OF THE STUDY

As Discourse Analysis has a very broad scope which lms a very close

relationship with many other aspects of language study, it is impossible for the author to refer to alt of its characteristics Thus, within this study, the author just

1.2.3 Types of Cohcsiow nọ nhe seecreeocve T2

2.1 English Substitution Devices:

mentions some background knowledge about Discourse Analysis as well as coherence and cohesion

Halliday and Hasan (1976) make a detailed classification of the cohesive devices in English These authors distinguish between grammatical and lexical cohesion According to them, grammatical cohesion embraces four different devices: Reference, substitution, ellipsis and conjunction ‘This study will only focus on analyzing how substitution is used as a device of grammatical ochesion in

English narralive and ils translated vorsion into Victnamese

4, METHODS OF THE STUDY

To carry out this study, two litorary corpora wore used They were identified

as Corpus A and Corpus B The former was composed of the original texts written

in English entilled “pride and prejudice” and it was made up of 121.728 words

‘The latter consisted of 141.370 words which was the Vietnamese translated version

of those very same texts The literary text was chosen for analysis because it is a

famous literary work of Jane Austen Added to this, T have read both the orginal

and the Vietnamese translated version for several times and find this story very interesting to make an analysis Both corpora have a digital format and are

available on the internet Detailed information about the translations was not available

In the study, both quantitative and qualitative methods were adopted for analysis And the analysis was conducted in the following steps

- Mirstly, make an identification in corpus A of the substitution devices

employed in English based one the classification theory of Halliday and Hasan The

identification of such items was camed oul wilh the help of a concordance

Ww

programme named Antcone 3

- Then, locate the equivalent linguistic expressions in Corpus B

- Finally, discuss and analyze the solutions adopted in the Vietnamese

translation.

PART B: DEVELOPMENT CIIAPTER }: TIIEORETICAL BACKGROUND

1.1 Discourse

1.1.1 The Concept of Discourse

There are different ways of understanding and defining discowse Halliday (1985) defines “Discourse is a multidimensional process” According to Crystal (1992) discourse is seen as “a continuous stretch of language larger than a

sentence, often constituting a coherent unit such as a sermon, argument, joke, or

narrative” Cook (1989) has a similar perspective of discourse; he considers discourse as “stretches of language perceived to be meaningful, unified, and purposive” In olhcr words, as Brown and Yule stale, discourse is language material, either spoken or written, in actual uses by speakers (and writers) of the language

Since its introduction to modem science the term “discourse” has taken various, sometimes very broad, meanings In order to specify which of the numerous scnscs is analyzed in the following dissertation it has to be defined Originally the word “discourse” comes from Latin “discursu’” which denoted

“conversation, speech” Thus understood, however, discourse refers to too wide an area of human life, therefore only discourse from the vantage point of linguistics, and especially applied linguistics, is explained here

There is no agreement atong Hnguists as Lo Lhe usc of the term discourse in

that some use it in reference to texts, while others claim it denotes speech which is for instance illustrated by the following definition: "Discourse: a continuous stretch

of (especially spoken) language larger than a sentence, offen consliluting a coherent

unit such as a sermon, argument, joke, or narrative” (Crystal 1992:25) On the other

PART B: DEVELOPMENT CIIAPTER }: TIIEORETICAL BACKGROUND

1.1 Discourse

1.1.1 The Concept of Discourse

There are different ways of understanding and defining discowse Halliday (1985) defines “Discourse is a multidimensional process” According to Crystal (1992) discourse is seen as “a continuous stretch of language larger than a

sentence, often constituting a coherent unit such as a sermon, argument, joke, or

narrative” Cook (1989) has a similar perspective of discourse; he considers discourse as “stretches of language perceived to be meaningful, unified, and purposive” In olhcr words, as Brown and Yule stale, discourse is language material, either spoken or written, in actual uses by speakers (and writers) of the language

Since its introduction to modem science the term “discourse” has taken various, sometimes very broad, meanings In order to specify which of the numerous scnscs is analyzed in the following dissertation it has to be defined Originally the word “discourse” comes from Latin “discursu’” which denoted

“conversation, speech” Thus understood, however, discourse refers to too wide an area of human life, therefore only discourse from the vantage point of linguistics, and especially applied linguistics, is explained here

There is no agreement atong Hnguists as Lo Lhe usc of the term discourse in

that some use it in reference to texts, while others claim it denotes speech which is for instance illustrated by the following definition: "Discourse: a continuous stretch

of (especially spoken) language larger than a sentence, offen consliluting a coherent

unit such as a sermon, argument, joke, or narrative” (Crystal 1992:25) On the other

vì

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

‘Table 1 Type of cohesion

Table 2 Grammatical and Lexical cohesion

Table 3 Occurrences aud frequency of cohesive items of substitution in Corpus A Table 4, Occurrence and frequency of Viemamese solutions to the English

substitution device

Figure t: Reference

1.2.3 Types of Cohcsiow nọ nhe seecreeocve T2

2.1 English Substitution Devices:

mentions some background knowledge about Discourse Analysis as well as coherence and cohesion

Halliday and Hasan (1976) make a detailed classification of the cohesive devices in English These authors distinguish between grammatical and lexical cohesion According to them, grammatical cohesion embraces four different devices: Reference, substitution, ellipsis and conjunction ‘This study will only focus on analyzing how substitution is used as a device of grammatical ochesion in

English narralive and ils translated vorsion into Victnamese

4, METHODS OF THE STUDY

To carry out this study, two litorary corpora wore used They were identified

as Corpus A and Corpus B The former was composed of the original texts written

in English entilled “pride and prejudice” and it was made up of 121.728 words

‘The latter consisted of 141.370 words which was the Vietnamese translated version

of those very same texts The literary text was chosen for analysis because it is a

famous literary work of Jane Austen Added to this, T have read both the orginal

and the Vietnamese translated version for several times and find this story very interesting to make an analysis Both corpora have a digital format and are

available on the internet Detailed information about the translations was not available

In the study, both quantitative and qualitative methods were adopted for analysis And the analysis was conducted in the following steps

- Mirstly, make an identification in corpus A of the substitution devices

employed in English based one the classification theory of Halliday and Hasan The

identification of such items was camed oul wilh the help of a concordance

Ww

programme named Antcone 3

- Then, locate the equivalent linguistic expressions in Corpus B

- Finally, discuss and analyze the solutions adopted in the Vietnamese

translation.

mentions some background knowledge about Discourse Analysis as well as coherence and cohesion

Halliday and Hasan (1976) make a detailed classification of the cohesive devices in English These authors distinguish between grammatical and lexical cohesion According to them, grammatical cohesion embraces four different devices: Reference, substitution, ellipsis and conjunction ‘This study will only focus on analyzing how substitution is used as a device of grammatical ochesion in

English narralive and ils translated vorsion into Victnamese

4, METHODS OF THE STUDY

To carry out this study, two litorary corpora wore used They were identified

as Corpus A and Corpus B The former was composed of the original texts written

in English entilled “pride and prejudice” and it was made up of 121.728 words

‘The latter consisted of 141.370 words which was the Vietnamese translated version

of those very same texts The literary text was chosen for analysis because it is a

famous literary work of Jane Austen Added to this, T have read both the orginal

and the Vietnamese translated version for several times and find this story very interesting to make an analysis Both corpora have a digital format and are

available on the internet Detailed information about the translations was not available

In the study, both quantitative and qualitative methods were adopted for analysis And the analysis was conducted in the following steps

- Mirstly, make an identification in corpus A of the substitution devices

employed in English based one the classification theory of Halliday and Hasan The

identification of such items was camed oul wilh the help of a concordance

Ww

programme named Antcone 3

- Then, locate the equivalent linguistic expressions in Corpus B

- Finally, discuss and analyze the solutions adopted in the Vietnamese

translation.