Luận văn a contrastive study on grammatical subject as a clause element in english and in vietnamese from perspective of systemic functional grammar

Aims: Within the framework of a M.A minor thesis, the study is aimed at » Presenting, describing and anslyving the grammatical subjcot in English anđ in ‘Vietnamese in the light of syst

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY- HANOI UNLVERSLTY OF LANGUAGES AND LNTERNATIONAL STUDIES

FACULTY OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES

NGUYEN TH] HONG HANH

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON GRAMMATICAL SUBJECT

AS A CLAUSE ELEMENT IN ENGLISH AND IN

VIETNAMESE FROM PERSPECTIVE OF SYSTEMIC- FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR

mệnh đề trong tiêng Anh và tiéng Việt dưới góc độ

ngũ pháp chức năng hệ thông)

MLA Miner Programme Thesis

Field: English Linguistics Code: 60.22.15

HANOI-2010

'VIETNAM NATIONAL UNTVERSITY- HANOI UNIVERSITY GF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

FACULTY OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES

NGU THI HONG HANH

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON GRAMMATICAL SUBJECT

AS A CLAUSE ELEMENT IN ENGLISIT AND IN

VIETNAMESE FROM PERSPECTIVE OF SYSTEMIC- FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR

( Nghiên cứu dỗi chiếu về chủ ngữ ngữ pháp như là một yếu tố

mệnh đề trong tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt đưới góc độ

ngữ pháp chức năng hệ thông)

M.A Minor Programme Thesis

Field: English Linguistics Code: 60.22.15

Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Ngo Dinh Phuong

HANOL2H0

3, Scope of the study

4, Method of the study

5 Design of the study

Chapter 1: Theoretical Orientations

1.1 Introduction

4.2, Theories of systemic- functional grammar as distinguished from other formal

1.3, Definition of grammatical subjcct

1.3.1 From traditional perspective

ubject

2.2, Structure of the mood

2.2.1 Subject and finite

2.2.2, Meaning of subject and finite

2.3, Identifying subjects and finites

time, the writer is not able to cover all aspects of grammatical subject in the two languages What the writer would like to do is to study grammatical subject in English m comparison with that in Vietnamese, The result of this study contributes to facilitation of the teaching and leaning of English,

2 Aims:

Within the framework of a M.A minor thesis, the study is aimed at

» Presenting, describing and anslyving the grammatical subjcot in English anđ in

‘Vietnamese in the light of systemic- functional grammar

* Identifying the similarities and differences between grammatical subject in English

and its equivalent in Vietnamese in term of mood structure

» Making some suggestions for teaching and learning grammatical subject to teachers and leamers of English

In order lo rsavh the target, the following research questions arc posed

L What is the grammatical subject?

2 What are the similarities and differences of the grammatical subject in English and its cquivalenees in Victnamesc?

‘The writer also would like to find out the implications of this study in teaching and learning grammatical subject (including the identification of it) to teachers and learners of English,

3, Scope of the study

‘the study does not cover all aspects of functional grammar but limits itself to a minor aspool af fimotional grammar, The main focus is on grammatical subjoel in English and im

‘Vietnamese viewed fiom perspective of the systemic- funetional grammar

‘To explicit the grammatical subject it is essential to study it in mood structure in which

the subject is lacaled Other aspeets such as thermic rheme are not included in this study The rescarch is confined to the desciiption, analysis and comparison of the grammatical subject in term of position in kinds of sentences

4, Method of the study

This study is primarily concemed with comparing grammatical subject between English and Vietnamese ‘The research methods used in the study are description, comparison and analysis The descriptive and analytic is uscd in description of grammatical subject in

influence on grammatical subject in this stady

1.2 Theories of systcmie- functional grammar as distinguished from other formal grammar

Over the history, the study of lanpuage has been approached from different points of view

Traditional grammar views language as a system of interrelated categories It attempts

to create rulcs about how people usc languages Its aim is to provide rules for comrccting what are offered to as grammatical errors ‘This theory are criticized for paying too much allention to details of language ard ils description of language seems to be imadequate for language teaching

Deseriptive grammar arises in the early 1970s with the publication of “A

comprehensive grammar of the Tglish language”, (Quirk and Greanbaum, 1972)

‘This granunar aims to duscribe the grammatical system of language, tal is, whal sped

of the language “unconsciously” know, which enables them to speak and understand language It is believed to provide good ground for deeper studiss in other later grammars such as lransformational — generative and systemie- fimetional grammar

‘The Transformational- Generative grammar, developed by Chomsky (1968) makes a distinction between “surface structure” and “deep structure” of language It is a “logical specification of the syntactic knowledge which the learner necds to produce grammatical

sentences”, (Bell, 1981:107)

‘fraditional, descriptive, transformational- generative grammar emphasizes on format aspools of language, the primary eoncem is with the forms of grarmmuatieal structures rather than meanings or their uses in context, Another approach, called Systemic- Functional

3.4.4 Exclamafive 3.5 Summar:

10

English and Vietnamese ‘Ihe comparative is used in the comparison of grammatical subj

in the two languages

A number of examples are taken from many sources in The English and Vietnamese languages, ‘They are analyzed to identify the similarities and differences between grammatical subject.in English andin Vietnamese,

5, Design of the study

‘The thesis is divided into three parts:

Part A: Tho Introduction: presents the rationale of the study, the ain

and the design of the study

Part B: Development: consists of four chapters

seupss, muthods,

Chapter 1: provides the thearstical background of the study, functional grammar, the itotion of grammatical subject in two aspects of grammar, kinds of subjects and three lines

of meaning in the clause

Chapter 2: investigates the grammatical subject in English on the view of systemic

functional grammar

Chapter 3: presents the systemic functional comparison between grammatical subject in English and in Vietramese

Part C: Conclusion: summarizes the whole study and offers some implications for

language teaching and learning

Ideational function means that language is used to talk about our experience of the world, to desotibe entitics and help us to understand, organize and express pcrecptions

1.3, Definition of grammatical sulbject

1.3.1 From traditional perspective

Providing an adequate definition of the notion of a subject is difficult as it depends on grammnatical theories thal may vary from language lo limguagc However, many granmnarians try to detine subject and one of the most common definition is that the

2.4.2 The interrogatives

Chapter 3.4 contrastive analysis on the grammatical subject in

‘Vietnamese on the view of Systemic- Functional Grammar

time, the writer is not able to cover all aspects of grammatical subject in the two languages What the writer would like to do is to study grammatical subject in English m comparison with that in Vietnamese, The result of this study contributes to facilitation of the teaching and leaning of English,

2 Aims:

Within the framework of a M.A minor thesis, the study is aimed at

» Presenting, describing and anslyving the grammatical subjcot in English anđ in

‘Vietnamese in the light of systemic- functional grammar

* Identifying the similarities and differences between grammatical subject in English

and its equivalent in Vietnamese in term of mood structure

» Making some suggestions for teaching and learning grammatical subject to teachers and leamers of English

In order lo rsavh the target, the following research questions arc posed

L What is the grammatical subject?

2 What are the similarities and differences of the grammatical subject in English and its cquivalenees in Victnamesc?

‘The writer also would like to find out the implications of this study in teaching and learning grammatical subject (including the identification of it) to teachers and learners of English,

3, Scope of the study

‘the study does not cover all aspects of functional grammar but limits itself to a minor aspool af fimotional grammar, The main focus is on grammatical subjoel in English and im

‘Vietnamese viewed fiom perspective of the systemic- funetional grammar

‘To explicit the grammatical subject it is essential to study it in mood structure in which

the subject is lacaled Other aspeets such as thermic rheme are not included in this study The rescarch is confined to the desciiption, analysis and comparison of the grammatical subject in term of position in kinds of sentences

4, Method of the study

This study is primarily concemed with comparing grammatical subject between English and Vietnamese ‘The research methods used in the study are description, comparison and analysis The descriptive and analytic is uscd in description of grammatical subject in

Ideational function means that language is used to talk about our experience of the world, to desotibe entitics and help us to understand, organize and express pcrecptions

1.3, Definition of grammatical sulbject

1.3.1 From traditional perspective

Providing an adequate definition of the notion of a subject is difficult as it depends on grammnatical theories thal may vary from language lo limguagc However, many granmnarians try to detine subject and one of the most common definition is that the

2.4.2 The interrogatives

Chapter 3.4 contrastive analysis on the grammatical subject in

‘Vietnamese on the view of Systemic- Functional Grammar

10

English and Vietnamese ‘Ihe comparative is used in the comparison of grammatical subj

in the two languages

A number of examples are taken from many sources in The English and Vietnamese languages, ‘They are analyzed to identify the similarities and differences between grammatical subject.in English andin Vietnamese,

5, Design of the study

‘The thesis is divided into three parts:

Part A: Tho Introduction: presents the rationale of the study, the ain

and the design of the study

Part B: Development: consists of four chapters

seupss, muthods,

Chapter 1: provides the thearstical background of the study, functional grammar, the itotion of grammatical subject in two aspects of grammar, kinds of subjects and three lines

of meaning in the clause

Chapter 2: investigates the grammatical subject in English on the view of systemic

functional grammar

Chapter 3: presents the systemic functional comparison between grammatical subject in English and in Vietramese

Part C: Conclusion: summarizes the whole study and offers some implications for

language teaching and learning

3.4.4 Exclamafive 3.5 Summar:

time, the writer is not able to cover all aspects of grammatical subject in the two languages What the writer would like to do is to study grammatical subject in English m comparison with that in Vietnamese, The result of this study contributes to facilitation of the teaching and leaning of English,

2 Aims:

Within the framework of a M.A minor thesis, the study is aimed at

» Presenting, describing and anslyving the grammatical subjcot in English anđ in

‘Vietnamese in the light of systemic- functional grammar

* Identifying the similarities and differences between grammatical subject in English

and its equivalent in Vietnamese in term of mood structure

» Making some suggestions for teaching and learning grammatical subject to teachers and leamers of English

In order lo rsavh the target, the following research questions arc posed

L What is the grammatical subject?

2 What are the similarities and differences of the grammatical subject in English and its cquivalenees in Victnamesc?

‘The writer also would like to find out the implications of this study in teaching and learning grammatical subject (including the identification of it) to teachers and learners of English,

3, Scope of the study

‘the study does not cover all aspects of functional grammar but limits itself to a minor aspool af fimotional grammar, The main focus is on grammatical subjoel in English and im

‘Vietnamese viewed fiom perspective of the systemic- funetional grammar

‘To explicit the grammatical subject it is essential to study it in mood structure in which

the subject is lacaled Other aspeets such as thermic rheme are not included in this study The rescarch is confined to the desciiption, analysis and comparison of the grammatical subject in term of position in kinds of sentences

4, Method of the study

This study is primarily concemed with comparing grammatical subject between English and Vietnamese ‘The research methods used in the study are description, comparison and analysis The descriptive and analytic is uscd in description of grammatical subject in

2.4.2 The interrogatives

Chapter 3.4 contrastive analysis on the grammatical subject in

‘Vietnamese on the view of Systemic- Functional Grammar

influence on grammatical subject in this stady

1.2 Theories of systcmie- functional grammar as distinguished from other formal grammar

Over the history, the study of lanpuage has been approached from different points of view

Traditional grammar views language as a system of interrelated categories It attempts

to create rulcs about how people usc languages Its aim is to provide rules for comrccting what are offered to as grammatical errors ‘This theory are criticized for paying too much allention to details of language ard ils description of language seems to be imadequate for language teaching

Deseriptive grammar arises in the early 1970s with the publication of “A

comprehensive grammar of the Tglish language”, (Quirk and Greanbaum, 1972)

‘This granunar aims to duscribe the grammatical system of language, tal is, whal sped

of the language “unconsciously” know, which enables them to speak and understand language It is believed to provide good ground for deeper studiss in other later grammars such as lransformational — generative and systemie- fimetional grammar

‘The Transformational- Generative grammar, developed by Chomsky (1968) makes a distinction between “surface structure” and “deep structure” of language It is a “logical specification of the syntactic knowledge which the learner necds to produce grammatical

sentences”, (Bell, 1981:107)

‘fraditional, descriptive, transformational- generative grammar emphasizes on format aspools of language, the primary eoncem is with the forms of grarmmuatieal structures rather than meanings or their uses in context, Another approach, called Systemic- Functional

3.4.4 Exclamafive 3.5 Summar:

3.4.4 Exclamafive 3.5 Summar:

3.4.4 Exclamafive 3.5 Summar:

Ideational function means that language is used to talk about our experience of the world, to desotibe entitics and help us to understand, organize and express pcrecptions

1.3, Definition of grammatical sulbject

1.3.1 From traditional perspective

Providing an adequate definition of the notion of a subject is difficult as it depends on grammnatical theories thal may vary from language lo limguagc However, many granmnarians try to detine subject and one of the most common definition is that the

10

English and Vietnamese ‘Ihe comparative is used in the comparison of grammatical subj

in the two languages

A number of examples are taken from many sources in The English and Vietnamese languages, ‘They are analyzed to identify the similarities and differences between grammatical subject.in English andin Vietnamese,

5, Design of the study

‘The thesis is divided into three parts:

Part A: Tho Introduction: presents the rationale of the study, the ain

and the design of the study

Part B: Development: consists of four chapters

seupss, muthods,

Chapter 1: provides the thearstical background of the study, functional grammar, the itotion of grammatical subject in two aspects of grammar, kinds of subjects and three lines

of meaning in the clause

Chapter 2: investigates the grammatical subject in English on the view of systemic

functional grammar

Chapter 3: presents the systemic functional comparison between grammatical subject in English and in Vietramese

Part C: Conclusion: summarizes the whole study and offers some implications for

language teaching and learning

10

English and Vietnamese ‘Ihe comparative is used in the comparison of grammatical subj

in the two languages

A number of examples are taken from many sources in The English and Vietnamese languages, ‘They are analyzed to identify the similarities and differences between grammatical subject.in English andin Vietnamese,

5, Design of the study

‘The thesis is divided into three parts:

Part A: Tho Introduction: presents the rationale of the study, the ain

and the design of the study

Part B: Development: consists of four chapters

seupss, muthods,

Chapter 1: provides the thearstical background of the study, functional grammar, the itotion of grammatical subject in two aspects of grammar, kinds of subjects and three lines

of meaning in the clause

Chapter 2: investigates the grammatical subject in English on the view of systemic

functional grammar

Chapter 3: presents the systemic functional comparison between grammatical subject in English and in Vietramese

Part C: Conclusion: summarizes the whole study and offers some implications for

language teaching and learning

10

English and Vietnamese ‘Ihe comparative is used in the comparison of grammatical subj

in the two languages

A number of examples are taken from many sources in The English and Vietnamese languages, ‘They are analyzed to identify the similarities and differences between grammatical subject.in English andin Vietnamese,

5, Design of the study

‘The thesis is divided into three parts:

Part A: Tho Introduction: presents the rationale of the study, the ain

and the design of the study

Part B: Development: consists of four chapters

seupss, muthods,

Chapter 1: provides the thearstical background of the study, functional grammar, the itotion of grammatical subject in two aspects of grammar, kinds of subjects and three lines

of meaning in the clause

Chapter 2: investigates the grammatical subject in English on the view of systemic

functional grammar

Chapter 3: presents the systemic functional comparison between grammatical subject in English and in Vietramese

Part C: Conclusion: summarizes the whole study and offers some implications for

language teaching and learning

time, the writer is not able to cover all aspects of grammatical subject in the two languages What the writer would like to do is to study grammatical subject in English m comparison with that in Vietnamese, The result of this study contributes to facilitation of the teaching and leaning of English,

2 Aims:

Within the framework of a M.A minor thesis, the study is aimed at

» Presenting, describing and anslyving the grammatical subjcot in English anđ in

‘Vietnamese in the light of systemic- functional grammar

* Identifying the similarities and differences between grammatical subject in English

and its equivalent in Vietnamese in term of mood structure

» Making some suggestions for teaching and learning grammatical subject to teachers and leamers of English

In order lo rsavh the target, the following research questions arc posed

L What is the grammatical subject?

2 What are the similarities and differences of the grammatical subject in English and its cquivalenees in Victnamesc?

‘The writer also would like to find out the implications of this study in teaching and learning grammatical subject (including the identification of it) to teachers and learners of English,

3, Scope of the study

‘the study does not cover all aspects of functional grammar but limits itself to a minor aspool af fimotional grammar, The main focus is on grammatical subjoel in English and im

‘Vietnamese viewed fiom perspective of the systemic- funetional grammar

‘To explicit the grammatical subject it is essential to study it in mood structure in which

the subject is lacaled Other aspeets such as thermic rheme are not included in this study The rescarch is confined to the desciiption, analysis and comparison of the grammatical subject in term of position in kinds of sentences

4, Method of the study

This study is primarily concemed with comparing grammatical subject between English and Vietnamese ‘The research methods used in the study are description, comparison and analysis The descriptive and analytic is uscd in description of grammatical subject in

PART A: INTRODUCTION

1, Rationale

‘The history of linguistics has seen many different grammatical approaches, such as traditional grammar, structural grammar, and transformational- generative grammar, each

of which defines its own objectives Of the grammatical approaches, traditional grammar

sees erammar as a set of rules which specify all grammatical structures of the language in this approach there is a main focus on making a distinetion betwoen grammatical and

‘uungrammatical sentences Sentences are considered as the largest units in the grammatical system of a language and they are used to illustrate different grammatical rules ‘Ihe primary concern of this approach is on the forms of grammatical structure rather than thir aieanings of uses in contexts Because of its earlier foundation, traditional grammar has greatly influenced on linguistics and language teaching

Another approach that also has a great influence on language research and teaching is

functional grammar The theory of functional grammar was originally introduced by

MAK Halliday in the early 1960s Systemic functional linguistics sees language as a system of communication and analyses grammar lo discover how it is amganized ta

exchange meanings The primary concem is with the function of structures and with their

meanings in context All languages take place in the context Rather than studying the distinction between grarnmatical and tmprannnatical forms, the focus of this approach is on the appropriateness of a form in a particular context Functional yrarumar has boon slusticd

by many grammarians like Halliday(1985, 1994), Bloor (1994), Eggins (1994), Thomson (1996), Morley(1985) etc In Vietnamese there are some functional studies that should be

counted are Cao Xuân Hạo (1991 Tiếng Việt

sơ thảo ngữ pháp clntc năng, Nguyễn Thị

Quy (2002) Ngữ pháp chức năng tiếng Piệt, Hoàng Văn Vân (2003) Ngữ pháp kính

nghiệm của củ tiếng Việt: Miều tả theo quan điểm chúc năng hệ thẳng

Personally, the writer finds functional grammar very interesting as it offers a full study

on language and language teaching which focuses on communication This is a very useful way to teach and leam English he intention of this study is to illuminate the charactcristics of grammatical subject in English and lo compare it with Vietnamese

language to have a fully understanding of this term However, due to the limitation of

Ideational function means that language is used to talk about our experience of the world, to desotibe entitics and help us to understand, organize and express pcrecptions

1.3, Definition of grammatical sulbject

1.3.1 From traditional perspective

Providing an adequate definition of the notion of a subject is difficult as it depends on grammnatical theories thal may vary from language lo limguagc However, many granmnarians try to detine subject and one of the most common definition is that the

3.4.4 Exclamafive 3.5 Summar:

Ideational function means that language is used to talk about our experience of the world, to desotibe entitics and help us to understand, organize and express pcrecptions

1.3, Definition of grammatical sulbject

1.3.1 From traditional perspective

Providing an adequate definition of the notion of a subject is difficult as it depends on grammnatical theories thal may vary from language lo limguagc However, many granmnarians try to detine subject and one of the most common definition is that the

Ideational function means that language is used to talk about our experience of the world, to desotibe entitics and help us to understand, organize and express pcrecptions

1.3, Definition of grammatical sulbject

1.3.1 From traditional perspective

Providing an adequate definition of the notion of a subject is difficult as it depends on grammnatical theories thal may vary from language lo limguagc However, many granmnarians try to detine subject and one of the most common definition is that the

2.4.2 The interrogatives

Chapter 3.4 contrastive analysis on the grammatical subject in

‘Vietnamese on the view of Systemic- Functional Grammar

influence on grammatical subject in this stady

1.2 Theories of systcmie- functional grammar as distinguished from other formal grammar

Over the history, the study of lanpuage has been approached from different points of view

Traditional grammar views language as a system of interrelated categories It attempts

to create rulcs about how people usc languages Its aim is to provide rules for comrccting what are offered to as grammatical errors ‘This theory are criticized for paying too much allention to details of language ard ils description of language seems to be imadequate for language teaching

Deseriptive grammar arises in the early 1970s with the publication of “A

comprehensive grammar of the Tglish language”, (Quirk and Greanbaum, 1972)

‘This granunar aims to duscribe the grammatical system of language, tal is, whal sped

of the language “unconsciously” know, which enables them to speak and understand language It is believed to provide good ground for deeper studiss in other later grammars such as lransformational — generative and systemie- fimetional grammar

‘The Transformational- Generative grammar, developed by Chomsky (1968) makes a distinction between “surface structure” and “deep structure” of language It is a “logical specification of the syntactic knowledge which the learner necds to produce grammatical

sentences”, (Bell, 1981:107)

‘fraditional, descriptive, transformational- generative grammar emphasizes on format aspools of language, the primary eoncem is with the forms of grarmmuatieal structures rather than meanings or their uses in context, Another approach, called Systemic- Functional

PART A: INTRODUCTION

1, Rationale

‘The history of linguistics has seen many different grammatical approaches, such as traditional grammar, structural grammar, and transformational- generative grammar, each

of which defines its own objectives Of the grammatical approaches, traditional grammar

sees erammar as a set of rules which specify all grammatical structures of the language in this approach there is a main focus on making a distinetion betwoen grammatical and

‘uungrammatical sentences Sentences are considered as the largest units in the grammatical system of a language and they are used to illustrate different grammatical rules ‘Ihe primary concern of this approach is on the forms of grammatical structure rather than thir aieanings of uses in contexts Because of its earlier foundation, traditional grammar has greatly influenced on linguistics and language teaching

Another approach that also has a great influence on language research and teaching is

functional grammar The theory of functional grammar was originally introduced by

MAK Halliday in the early 1960s Systemic functional linguistics sees language as a system of communication and analyses grammar lo discover how it is amganized ta

exchange meanings The primary concem is with the function of structures and with their

meanings in context All languages take place in the context Rather than studying the distinction between grarnmatical and tmprannnatical forms, the focus of this approach is on the appropriateness of a form in a particular context Functional yrarumar has boon slusticd

by many grammarians like Halliday(1985, 1994), Bloor (1994), Eggins (1994), Thomson (1996), Morley(1985) etc In Vietnamese there are some functional studies that should be

counted are Cao Xuân Hạo (1991 Tiếng Việt

sơ thảo ngữ pháp clntc năng, Nguyễn Thị

Quy (2002) Ngữ pháp chức năng tiếng Piệt, Hoàng Văn Vân (2003) Ngữ pháp kính

nghiệm của củ tiếng Việt: Miều tả theo quan điểm chúc năng hệ thẳng

Personally, the writer finds functional grammar very interesting as it offers a full study

on language and language teaching which focuses on communication This is a very useful way to teach and leam English he intention of this study is to illuminate the charactcristics of grammatical subject in English and lo compare it with Vietnamese

language to have a fully understanding of this term However, due to the limitation of

time, the writer is not able to cover all aspects of grammatical subject in the two languages What the writer would like to do is to study grammatical subject in English m comparison with that in Vietnamese, The result of this study contributes to facilitation of the teaching and leaning of English,

2 Aims:

Within the framework of a M.A minor thesis, the study is aimed at

» Presenting, describing and anslyving the grammatical subjcot in English anđ in

‘Vietnamese in the light of systemic- functional grammar

* Identifying the similarities and differences between grammatical subject in English

and its equivalent in Vietnamese in term of mood structure

» Making some suggestions for teaching and learning grammatical subject to teachers and leamers of English

In order lo rsavh the target, the following research questions arc posed

L What is the grammatical subject?

2 What are the similarities and differences of the grammatical subject in English and its cquivalenees in Victnamesc?

‘The writer also would like to find out the implications of this study in teaching and learning grammatical subject (including the identification of it) to teachers and learners of English,

3, Scope of the study

‘the study does not cover all aspects of functional grammar but limits itself to a minor aspool af fimotional grammar, The main focus is on grammatical subjoel in English and im

‘Vietnamese viewed fiom perspective of the systemic- funetional grammar

‘To explicit the grammatical subject it is essential to study it in mood structure in which

the subject is lacaled Other aspeets such as thermic rheme are not included in this study The rescarch is confined to the desciiption, analysis and comparison of the grammatical subject in term of position in kinds of sentences

4, Method of the study

This study is primarily concemed with comparing grammatical subject between English and Vietnamese ‘The research methods used in the study are description, comparison and analysis The descriptive and analytic is uscd in description of grammatical subject in

2.4.2 The interrogatives

Chapter 3.4 contrastive analysis on the grammatical subject in

‘Vietnamese on the view of Systemic- Functional Grammar

Ideational function means that language is used to talk about our experience of the world, to desotibe entitics and help us to understand, organize and express pcrecptions

1.3, Definition of grammatical sulbject

1.3.1 From traditional perspective

Providing an adequate definition of the notion of a subject is difficult as it depends on grammnatical theories thal may vary from language lo limguagc However, many granmnarians try to detine subject and one of the most common definition is that the

2.4.2 The interrogatives

Chapter 3.4 contrastive analysis on the grammatical subject in

‘Vietnamese on the view of Systemic- Functional Grammar