Luận văn a contrastive analysis of performative verbs in english and vietnamese

Objectives “Lo achieve these aims, the research tries to: + present and describe the slructiwes and the meanings of directive PVs in English and Vietnams - point ont the similarities an

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOL UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES

- 000

TRAN TII THU IIÈN

A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF PERFORMATIVE VERBS IN

ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE

(PHẦN TICH DOL CHIEU DONG TỪ NGỮ VI TRONG TIENG ANH VA TIENG VIET)

MLA, MINOR THESIS

Field: English Linguistics

Code: 622 15

HANOI - 2011

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOL UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES

- 000

TRẢN THỊ THU IIÈN

A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF PERFORMATIVE VERBS IN

ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE

(PHẦN TÍCH ĐỐI CHIẾU ĐỘNG TỪ NGỮ VI TRONG TIENG ANIIVA TIENG VIET)

M.A MINOR THESIS

Field: English Linguistics

Code: 6022 15

Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Va Dai Quang

HANOI- 2011

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

LLL Rationale of the study

1.2 Aims and objectivss of the siudy -

1.2.2 Objectives

1.2.3 Rescarch questions

1.3 Scope of the smdy

14, Method of the study cscscssenenenenenenienete

1.5 Organization of the study

CHAPTER TWO, THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 Speech Act ‘Theory

2.1.1, Definition of speech acts

2.1.2 Components of speech A015 .cscssseeesesimtmiteneneinenanisitnteienetee 2.1.3, Speech Act Classifivation

2.1.4 Mocutionary force indivating device

2.1.6 The relationship between speech acts and speech act verbs 8

8

1.2.2 Objectives

“Lo achieve these aims, the research tries to:

+ present and describe the slructiwes and the meanings of directive PVs in English and Vietnams

- point ont the similarities and differences of directive EPVs and their Vietnamese cquivatenis in tors of syntax and semantics

- suggest some implications for learning and teaching English directive PVs

1.2.3, Research questions

‘The objectives arc claboraled inlo the following research questions

- What are the structures and meanings of directive PVs in English and Vietnamese ?

- What are the similarities and differences of directive PVs in Unglish and Vietnamese? + Whal are the possible tzcommmendations for learning and leaching English directive PVs? 1.3 Scupe of the sturdy

Due lo the limited time and the seale of the minor thesis, the stady is foeused on directive

PVs which are most fiequently used in written discourse in English and Vietmamese

1.4, Mettiod of the study

‘The main method in the study is the contrastive analysis (CA) of directive PVs in English

and Vietnamese The term CA is defined by James, C (1980:3) as “a linguistic enterprise aimed at praducing inverted (ie cantrastive, not comparative) two-valued typologies (a

CA ts always concerned with a pair of languages), and founded on the assumption that

language can be compared.” According to Richard, J.C et al (1992), CA is “the

comparison of the linguistic systems of svo languages” As far as 1 know, CA is the

systematic study of a pair of languages with a view to identifying the differcnecs and

similanties, It is considered as a device for predicting and explaining difficult points and some errors that learners will make in leaming a target language

The author uses

study:

: Collecting data containing directive PVs

the following principles in order lơ aehieve the aims and objectives of the

+ Choosing data sources from ebook

~ Choosing type of data; original texts in English and Vietnamese translation equivalents

Choosing instrumental languages: Linglish is selected as the source language and

Vietnamese as the targel language

Important techniques which are employed in the study include:

~ observing data on translation texts

syslemaliving and categorizing dala

1.5, Organization of the study

Chapter one: Introduction

This part presents the rationals, aims, objectives, scope and method of the study

Chapter two: Theoretical Background

‘This chapler provides the theoretical concepis and lermns thal are necessary and relevant to

directive PVs

Chapter three: A contrastive analysis of directive PVs in English and in Victuamese

‘This chapter is focused on exploring the structures and meanings of directive LPVs and

their Vietnamese equivalents Then, some sitilazitics and differences are drawn oul ta

illustrate the contrastive analysis of the two languages Last but not least, some

recommendations for learning and teaching will be suggested

Chapter four: Conclusion

‘This is the last part of the thesis which summarizes main points, gives concluding remarks

on objectives as well as suggestions for further study.

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

LLL Rationale of the study

1.2 Aims and objectivss of the siudy -

1.3 Scope of the smdy

14, Method of the study cscscssenenenenenenienete

1.5 Organization of the study

CHAPTER TWO, THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 Speech Act ‘Theory

2.1.1, Definition of speech acts

2.1.2 Components of speech A015 .cscssseeesesimtmiteneneinenanisitnteienetee 2.1.3, Speech Act Classifivation

2.1.4 Mocutionary force indivating device

2.1.6 The relationship between speech acts and speech act verbs 8

CHAPTER THREE, A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH DIRECTIVE

PERFORMATIVE VERBS AND F EQUIVALENT 15

3.1 Syntactic (ealures of direelive PVs - - 1s

3.1.1, Directive PVs in English - coc LS 3.1.2 Directive PVs in Vietnamese 17

3 Similarities and differences of directive PVs in English and Vietnamese in

terms of syntactic features - - cone

3.1.3.1, Similarities - - - 19 3.1.3.2, Differences

3.2 Semantic features of directive PVs

CHAPTER FOUR CONCLUSION

4.1 Recapitulation

4.2.1, Concluding remarks on objective 1 - 34 4.3.2, Conrluding remarks on objeetive 2 233 4.3.3, Concluding remarkks on objeetive 3 series 233

4-4 Suggostions for further sludy - - - ee

REFERENCES

APPENDIX

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

1.1 Rationale of the study

Language is an inscparable part in pcople’s life because it is employed to transmit information, to state facts, 1o express thoughts and to get so many things done It is true that verbs referring to speech constitute one of the most important areas of the vocabulary

of any language Evary day, we use the verbs of ask, sell, require, apoloyize, promise, thank and so on to communicate together Moreover, we try to interpret what kinds of speech acls they are performing, thal is, when someone says something, we have to

h gels For inslanec, is this an

categorize their ultcranccs as this or thal kind of sự

advice? is this a suggestion? is this a request? or is this a warming? Among speech act verbs, PVs are crucially importance to the way we interpret what other people are saying

‘because PVs signal the performance of acts

PVs play a very esential role in communication, so leamers of foreign language should pay muuch attention to PVs Ilowever, there is a fact that leaners of English have not been well cquipped with a all-sided knowledge of EPVs and the meanings of PVs have never been systematically investigated For example, leamers of English often make contusion about

“hog” and

the meanings of the verbs “request” and “demand”, “suggest” and “propos

“antreat”, ele As a result, they do vol aflen make proper uses of EPVs in communication and even may break their real communication

Recognizing the importance of PVs in commmnication and the problems learners may face

in using PVs, T decide to carry out a contrastive analysis of English and Vietnamese directive PVs in tenns of syntaetic and semantic features With this pecuiiar function, PVs that play an essential role in performing speech acts need being further studied to serve

‘better communication

1.2, Aims and objectives of the study

1.2.1 Aims

‘The study is aimed at:

- raising Victnamese lcamer’s awareness of how to realize the meanings of EPVs and usc them appropriately in order to achieve communicative purposes,

- providing teachers of English with useful materials about the knowledge of PVs

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

LLL Rationale of the study

1.2 Aims and objectivss of the siudy -

1.2.2 Objectives

1.2.3 Rescarch questions

1.3 Scope of the smdy

14, Method of the study cscscssenenenenenenienete

1.5 Organization of the study

CHAPTER TWO, THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 Speech Act ‘Theory

2.1.1, Definition of speech acts

2.1.2 Components of speech A015 .cscssseeesesimtmiteneneinenanisitnteienetee 2.1.3, Speech Act Classifivation

2.1.4 Mocutionary force indivating device

2.1.6 The relationship between speech acts and speech act verbs 8

Choosing instrumental languages: Linglish is selected as the source language and

Vietnamese as the targel language

Important techniques which are employed in the study include:

~ observing data on translation texts

syslemaliving and categorizing dala

1.5, Organization of the study

Chapter one: Introduction

This part presents the rationals, aims, objectives, scope and method of the study

Chapter two: Theoretical Background

‘This chapler provides the theoretical concepis and lermns thal are necessary and relevant to

directive PVs

Chapter three: A contrastive analysis of directive PVs in English and in Victuamese

‘This chapter is focused on exploring the structures and meanings of directive LPVs and

their Vietnamese equivalents Then, some sitilazitics and differences are drawn oul ta

illustrate the contrastive analysis of the two languages Last but not least, some

recommendations for learning and teaching will be suggested

Chapter four: Conclusion

‘This is the last part of the thesis which summarizes main points, gives concluding remarks

on objectives as well as suggestions for further study.

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

LLL Rationale of the study

1.2 Aims and objectivss of the siudy -

1.2.2 Objectives

1.2.3 Rescarch questions

1.3 Scope of the smdy

14, Method of the study cscscssenenenenenenienete

1.5 Organization of the study

CHAPTER TWO, THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 Speech Act ‘Theory

2.1.1, Definition of speech acts

2.1.2 Components of speech A015 .cscssseeesesimtmiteneneinenanisitnteienetee 2.1.3, Speech Act Classifivation

2.1.4 Mocutionary force indivating device

2.1.6 The relationship between speech acts and speech act verbs 8

CHAPTER THREE, A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH DIRECTIVE

PERFORMATIVE VERBS AND F EQUIVALENT 15

3.1 Syntactic (ealures of direelive PVs - - 1s

3.1.1, Directive PVs in English - coc LS 3.1.2 Directive PVs in Vietnamese 17

3 Similarities and differences of directive PVs in English and Vietnamese in

terms of syntactic features - - cone

3.1.3.1, Similarities - - - 19 3.1.3.2, Differences

3.2 Semantic features of directive PVs

CHAPTER FOUR CONCLUSION

4.2.1, Concluding remarks on objective 1 - 34 4.3.2, Conrluding remarks on objeetive 2 233 4.3.3, Concluding remarkks on objeetive 3 series 233

4-4 Suggostions for further sludy - - - ee

REFERENCES

APPENDIX

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

LLL Rationale of the study

1.2 Aims and objectivss of the siudy -

1.2.2 Objectives

1.2.3 Rescarch questions

1.3 Scope of the smdy

14, Method of the study cscscssenenenenenenienete

1.5 Organization of the study

CHAPTER TWO, THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 Speech Act ‘Theory

2.1.1, Definition of speech acts

2.1.2 Components of speech A015 .cscssseeesesimtmiteneneinenanisitnteienetee 2.1.3, Speech Act Classifivation

2.1.4 Mocutionary force indivating device

2.1.6 The relationship between speech acts and speech act verbs 8

8

1.2.2 Objectives

“Lo achieve these aims, the research tries to:

+ present and describe the slructiwes and the meanings of directive PVs in English and Vietnams

- point ont the similarities and differences of directive EPVs and their Vietnamese cquivatenis in tors of syntax and semantics

- suggest some implications for learning and teaching English directive PVs

1.2.3, Research questions

‘The objectives arc claboraled inlo the following research questions

- What are the structures and meanings of directive PVs in English and Vietnamese ?

- What are the similarities and differences of directive PVs in Unglish and Vietnamese? + Whal are the possible tzcommmendations for learning and leaching English directive PVs? 1.3 Scupe of the sturdy

Due lo the limited time and the seale of the minor thesis, the stady is foeused on directive

PVs which are most fiequently used in written discourse in English and Vietmamese

1.4, Mettiod of the study

‘The main method in the study is the contrastive analysis (CA) of directive PVs in English

and Vietnamese The term CA is defined by James, C (1980:3) as “a linguistic enterprise aimed at praducing inverted (ie cantrastive, not comparative) two-valued typologies (a

CA ts always concerned with a pair of languages), and founded on the assumption that

language can be compared.” According to Richard, J.C et al (1992), CA is “the

comparison of the linguistic systems of svo languages” As far as 1 know, CA is the

systematic study of a pair of languages with a view to identifying the differcnecs and

similanties, It is considered as a device for predicting and explaining difficult points and some errors that learners will make in leaming a target language

The author uses

study:

: Collecting data containing directive PVs

the following principles in order lơ aehieve the aims and objectives of the

+ Choosing data sources from ebook

~ Choosing type of data; original texts in English and Vietnamese translation equivalents

8

1.2.2 Objectives

“Lo achieve these aims, the research tries to:

+ present and describe the slructiwes and the meanings of directive PVs in English and Vietnams

- point ont the similarities and differences of directive EPVs and their Vietnamese cquivatenis in tors of syntax and semantics

- suggest some implications for learning and teaching English directive PVs

1.2.3, Research questions

‘The objectives arc claboraled inlo the following research questions

- What are the structures and meanings of directive PVs in English and Vietnamese ?

- What are the similarities and differences of directive PVs in Unglish and Vietnamese? + Whal are the possible tzcommmendations for learning and leaching English directive PVs? 1.3 Scupe of the sturdy

Due lo the limited time and the seale of the minor thesis, the stady is foeused on directive

PVs which are most fiequently used in written discourse in English and Vietmamese

1.4, Mettiod of the study

‘The main method in the study is the contrastive analysis (CA) of directive PVs in English

and Vietnamese The term CA is defined by James, C (1980:3) as “a linguistic enterprise aimed at praducing inverted (ie cantrastive, not comparative) two-valued typologies (a

CA ts always concerned with a pair of languages), and founded on the assumption that

language can be compared.” According to Richard, J.C et al (1992), CA is “the

comparison of the linguistic systems of svo languages” As far as 1 know, CA is the

systematic study of a pair of languages with a view to identifying the differcnecs and

similanties, It is considered as a device for predicting and explaining difficult points and some errors that learners will make in leaming a target language

The author uses

study:

: Collecting data containing directive PVs

the following principles in order lơ aehieve the aims and objectives of the

+ Choosing data sources from ebook

~ Choosing type of data; original texts in English and Vietnamese translation equivalents

8

1.2.2 Objectives

“Lo achieve these aims, the research tries to:

+ present and describe the slructiwes and the meanings of directive PVs in English and Vietnams

- point ont the similarities and differences of directive EPVs and their Vietnamese cquivatenis in tors of syntax and semantics

- suggest some implications for learning and teaching English directive PVs

1.2.3, Research questions

‘The objectives arc claboraled inlo the following research questions

- What are the structures and meanings of directive PVs in English and Vietnamese ?

- What are the similarities and differences of directive PVs in Unglish and Vietnamese? + Whal are the possible tzcommmendations for learning and leaching English directive PVs? 1.3 Scupe of the sturdy

Due lo the limited time and the seale of the minor thesis, the stady is foeused on directive

PVs which are most fiequently used in written discourse in English and Vietmamese

1.4, Mettiod of the study

‘The main method in the study is the contrastive analysis (CA) of directive PVs in English

and Vietnamese The term CA is defined by James, C (1980:3) as “a linguistic enterprise aimed at praducing inverted (ie cantrastive, not comparative) two-valued typologies (a

CA ts always concerned with a pair of languages), and founded on the assumption that

language can be compared.” According to Richard, J.C et al (1992), CA is “the

comparison of the linguistic systems of svo languages” As far as 1 know, CA is the

systematic study of a pair of languages with a view to identifying the differcnecs and

similanties, It is considered as a device for predicting and explaining difficult points and some errors that learners will make in leaming a target language

The author uses

study:

: Collecting data containing directive PVs

the following principles in order lơ aehieve the aims and objectives of the

+ Choosing data sources from ebook

~ Choosing type of data; original texts in English and Vietnamese translation equivalents

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

1.1 Rationale of the study

Language is an inscparable part in pcople’s life because it is employed to transmit information, to state facts, 1o express thoughts and to get so many things done It is true that verbs referring to speech constitute one of the most important areas of the vocabulary

of any language Evary day, we use the verbs of ask, sell, require, apoloyize, promise, thank and so on to communicate together Moreover, we try to interpret what kinds of speech acls they are performing, thal is, when someone says something, we have to

h gels For inslanec, is this an

categorize their ultcranccs as this or thal kind of sự

advice? is this a suggestion? is this a request? or is this a warming? Among speech act verbs, PVs are crucially importance to the way we interpret what other people are saying

‘because PVs signal the performance of acts

PVs play a very esential role in communication, so leamers of foreign language should pay muuch attention to PVs Ilowever, there is a fact that leaners of English have not been well cquipped with a all-sided knowledge of EPVs and the meanings of PVs have never been systematically investigated For example, leamers of English often make contusion about

“hog” and

the meanings of the verbs “request” and “demand”, “suggest” and “propos

“antreat”, ele As a result, they do vol aflen make proper uses of EPVs in communication and even may break their real communication

Recognizing the importance of PVs in commmnication and the problems learners may face

in using PVs, T decide to carry out a contrastive analysis of English and Vietnamese directive PVs in tenns of syntaetic and semantic features With this pecuiiar function, PVs that play an essential role in performing speech acts need being further studied to serve

‘better communication

1.2, Aims and objectives of the study

1.2.1 Aims

‘The study is aimed at:

- raising Victnamese lcamer’s awareness of how to realize the meanings of EPVs and usc them appropriately in order to achieve communicative purposes,

- providing teachers of English with useful materials about the knowledge of PVs

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

1.1 Rationale of the study

Language is an inscparable part in pcople’s life because it is employed to transmit information, to state facts, 1o express thoughts and to get so many things done It is true that verbs referring to speech constitute one of the most important areas of the vocabulary

of any language Evary day, we use the verbs of ask, sell, require, apoloyize, promise, thank and so on to communicate together Moreover, we try to interpret what kinds of speech acls they are performing, thal is, when someone says something, we have to

h gels For inslanec, is this an

categorize their ultcranccs as this or thal kind of sự

advice? is this a suggestion? is this a request? or is this a warming? Among speech act verbs, PVs are crucially importance to the way we interpret what other people are saying

‘because PVs signal the performance of acts

PVs play a very esential role in communication, so leamers of foreign language should pay muuch attention to PVs Ilowever, there is a fact that leaners of English have not been well cquipped with a all-sided knowledge of EPVs and the meanings of PVs have never been systematically investigated For example, leamers of English often make contusion about

“hog” and

the meanings of the verbs “request” and “demand”, “suggest” and “propos

“antreat”, ele As a result, they do vol aflen make proper uses of EPVs in communication and even may break their real communication

Recognizing the importance of PVs in commmnication and the problems learners may face

in using PVs, T decide to carry out a contrastive analysis of English and Vietnamese directive PVs in tenns of syntaetic and semantic features With this pecuiiar function, PVs that play an essential role in performing speech acts need being further studied to serve

‘better communication

1.2, Aims and objectives of the study

1.2.1 Aims

‘The study is aimed at:

- raising Victnamese lcamer’s awareness of how to realize the meanings of EPVs and usc them appropriately in order to achieve communicative purposes,

- providing teachers of English with useful materials about the knowledge of PVs

CHAPTER THREE, A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH DIRECTIVE

PERFORMATIVE VERBS AND F EQUIVALENT 15

3.1 Syntactic (ealures of direelive PVs - - 1s

3.1.1, Directive PVs in English - coc LS 3.1.2 Directive PVs in Vietnamese 17

3 Similarities and differences of directive PVs in English and Vietnamese in

terms of syntactic features - - cone

3.1.3.1, Similarities - - - 19 3.1.3.2, Differences

3.2 Semantic features of directive PVs

CHAPTER FOUR CONCLUSION

4.1 Recapitulation

4.2.1, Concluding remarks on objective 1 - 34 4.3.2, Conrluding remarks on objeetive 2 233 4.3.3, Concluding remarkks on objeetive 3 series 233

4-4 Suggostions for further sludy - - - ee

REFERENCES

APPENDIX

vi

ABBREVIATIONS

A: Action

CA: Contrastive analysis

EPV: Enplish Performative Verb

EPVs: English Performative Verbs

EPs: Explicit Performatives

HL Hearer

IF; Hlocutionary Foree

IFIDs: Mlocutionary Force Indicating Devices

IPs: Implicit Perfonnatives

PV: Performative Verb

S: Speaker

SA: Spocch act

SAs: Speech acts

U: Utterance

Us: Ulerances

VPV: Vietnamese Performative Verb

VPVS: Viemamese Performative Verbs

CHAPTER THREE, A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH DIRECTIVE

PERFORMATIVE VERBS AND F EQUIVALENT 15

3.1 Syntactic (ealures of direelive PVs - - 1s

3.1.1, Directive PVs in English - coc LS 3.1.2 Directive PVs in Vietnamese 17

3 Similarities and differences of directive PVs in English and Vietnamese in

terms of syntactic features - - cone

3.1.3.1, Similarities - - - 19 3.1.3.2, Differences

3.2 Semantic features of directive PVs

CHAPTER FOUR CONCLUSION

4.1 Recapitulation

4.2.1, Concluding remarks on objective 1 - 34 4.3.2, Conrluding remarks on objeetive 2 233 4.3.3, Concluding remarkks on objeetive 3 series 233

4-4 Suggostions for further sludy - - - ee

REFERENCES

APPENDIX

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

1.1 Rationale of the study

Language is an inscparable part in pcople’s life because it is employed to transmit information, to state facts, 1o express thoughts and to get so many things done It is true that verbs referring to speech constitute one of the most important areas of the vocabulary

of any language Evary day, we use the verbs of ask, sell, require, apoloyize, promise, thank and so on to communicate together Moreover, we try to interpret what kinds of speech acls they are performing, thal is, when someone says something, we have to

h gels For inslanec, is this an

categorize their ultcranccs as this or thal kind of sự

advice? is this a suggestion? is this a request? or is this a warming? Among speech act verbs, PVs are crucially importance to the way we interpret what other people are saying

‘because PVs signal the performance of acts

PVs play a very esential role in communication, so leamers of foreign language should pay muuch attention to PVs Ilowever, there is a fact that leaners of English have not been well cquipped with a all-sided knowledge of EPVs and the meanings of PVs have never been systematically investigated For example, leamers of English often make contusion about

“hog” and

the meanings of the verbs “request” and “demand”, “suggest” and “propos

“antreat”, ele As a result, they do vol aflen make proper uses of EPVs in communication and even may break their real communication

Recognizing the importance of PVs in commmnication and the problems learners may face

in using PVs, T decide to carry out a contrastive analysis of English and Vietnamese directive PVs in tenns of syntaetic and semantic features With this pecuiiar function, PVs that play an essential role in performing speech acts need being further studied to serve

‘better communication

1.2, Aims and objectives of the study

1.2.1 Aims

‘The study is aimed at:

- raising Victnamese lcamer’s awareness of how to realize the meanings of EPVs and usc them appropriately in order to achieve communicative purposes,

- providing teachers of English with useful materials about the knowledge of PVs

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

LLL Rationale of the study

1.2 Aims and objectivss of the siudy -

1.2.2 Objectives

1.2.3 Rescarch questions

1.3 Scope of the smdy

14, Method of the study cscscssenenenenenenienete

1.5 Organization of the study

CHAPTER TWO, THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 Speech Act ‘Theory

2.1.1, Definition of speech acts

2.1.2 Components of speech A015 .cscssseeesesimtmiteneneinenanisitnteienetee 2.1.3, Speech Act Classifivation

2.1.4 Mocutionary force indivating device

2.1.6 The relationship between speech acts and speech act verbs 8

CHAPTER THREE, A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH DIRECTIVE

PERFORMATIVE VERBS AND F EQUIVALENT 15

3.1 Syntactic (ealures of direelive PVs - - 1s

3.1.1, Directive PVs in English - coc LS 3.1.2 Directive PVs in Vietnamese 17

3 Similarities and differences of directive PVs in English and Vietnamese in

terms of syntactic features - - cone

3.1.3.1, Similarities - - - 19 3.1.3.2, Differences

3.2 Semantic features of directive PVs

CHAPTER FOUR CONCLUSION

4.2.1, Concluding remarks on objective 1 - 34 4.3.2, Conrluding remarks on objeetive 2 233 4.3.3, Concluding remarkks on objeetive 3 series 233

4-4 Suggostions for further sludy - - - ee

REFERENCES

APPENDIX

Choosing instrumental languages: Linglish is selected as the source language and

Vietnamese as the targel language

Important techniques which are employed in the study include:

~ observing data on translation texts

syslemaliving and categorizing dala

1.5, Organization of the study

Chapter one: Introduction

This part presents the rationals, aims, objectives, scope and method of the study

Chapter two: Theoretical Background

‘This chapler provides the theoretical concepis and lermns thal are necessary and relevant to

directive PVs

Chapter three: A contrastive analysis of directive PVs in English and in Victuamese

‘This chapter is focused on exploring the structures and meanings of directive LPVs and

their Vietnamese equivalents Then, some sitilazitics and differences are drawn oul ta

illustrate the contrastive analysis of the two languages Last but not least, some

recommendations for learning and teaching will be suggested

Chapter four: Conclusion

‘This is the last part of the thesis which summarizes main points, gives concluding remarks

on objectives as well as suggestions for further study.

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

LLL Rationale of the study

1.2 Aims and objectivss of the siudy -

1.3 Scope of the smdy

14, Method of the study cscscssenenenenenenienete

1.5 Organization of the study

CHAPTER TWO, THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 Speech Act ‘Theory

2.1.1, Definition of speech acts

2.1.2 Components of speech A015 .cscssseeesesimtmiteneneinenanisitnteienetee 2.1.3, Speech Act Classifivation

2.1.4 Mocutionary force indivating device

2.1.6 The relationship between speech acts and speech act verbs 8

CHAPTER THREE, A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH DIRECTIVE

PERFORMATIVE VERBS AND F EQUIVALENT 15

3.1 Syntactic (ealures of direelive PVs - - 1s

3.1.1, Directive PVs in English - coc LS 3.1.2 Directive PVs in Vietnamese 17

3 Similarities and differences of directive PVs in English and Vietnamese in

terms of syntactic features - - cone

3.1.3.1, Similarities - - - 19 3.1.3.2, Differences

3.2 Semantic features of directive PVs

CHAPTER FOUR CONCLUSION

4.1 Recapitulation

4.2.1, Concluding remarks on objective 1 - 34 4.3.2, Conrluding remarks on objeetive 2 233 4.3.3, Concluding remarkks on objeetive 3 series 233

4-4 Suggostions for further sludy - - - ee

REFERENCES

APPENDIX

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

1.1 Rationale of the study

Language is an inscparable part in pcople’s life because it is employed to transmit information, to state facts, 1o express thoughts and to get so many things done It is true that verbs referring to speech constitute one of the most important areas of the vocabulary

of any language Evary day, we use the verbs of ask, sell, require, apoloyize, promise, thank and so on to communicate together Moreover, we try to interpret what kinds of speech acls they are performing, thal is, when someone says something, we have to

h gels For inslanec, is this an

categorize their ultcranccs as this or thal kind of sự

advice? is this a suggestion? is this a request? or is this a warming? Among speech act verbs, PVs are crucially importance to the way we interpret what other people are saying

‘because PVs signal the performance of acts

PVs play a very esential role in communication, so leamers of foreign language should pay muuch attention to PVs Ilowever, there is a fact that leaners of English have not been well cquipped with a all-sided knowledge of EPVs and the meanings of PVs have never been systematically investigated For example, leamers of English often make contusion about

“hog” and

the meanings of the verbs “request” and “demand”, “suggest” and “propos

“antreat”, ele As a result, they do vol aflen make proper uses of EPVs in communication and even may break their real communication

Recognizing the importance of PVs in commmnication and the problems learners may face

in using PVs, T decide to carry out a contrastive analysis of English and Vietnamese directive PVs in tenns of syntaetic and semantic features With this pecuiiar function, PVs that play an essential role in performing speech acts need being further studied to serve

‘better communication

1.2, Aims and objectives of the study

1.2.1 Aims

‘The study is aimed at:

- raising Victnamese lcamer’s awareness of how to realize the meanings of EPVs and usc them appropriately in order to achieve communicative purposes,

- providing teachers of English with useful materials about the knowledge of PVs

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

1.1 Rationale of the study

Language is an inscparable part in pcople’s life because it is employed to transmit information, to state facts, 1o express thoughts and to get so many things done It is true that verbs referring to speech constitute one of the most important areas of the vocabulary

of any language Evary day, we use the verbs of ask, sell, require, apoloyize, promise, thank and so on to communicate together Moreover, we try to interpret what kinds of speech acls they are performing, thal is, when someone says something, we have to

h gels For inslanec, is this an

categorize their ultcranccs as this or thal kind of sự

advice? is this a suggestion? is this a request? or is this a warming? Among speech act verbs, PVs are crucially importance to the way we interpret what other people are saying

‘because PVs signal the performance of acts

PVs play a very esential role in communication, so leamers of foreign language should pay muuch attention to PVs Ilowever, there is a fact that leaners of English have not been well cquipped with a all-sided knowledge of EPVs and the meanings of PVs have never been systematically investigated For example, leamers of English often make contusion about

“hog” and

the meanings of the verbs “request” and “demand”, “suggest” and “propos

“antreat”, ele As a result, they do vol aflen make proper uses of EPVs in communication and even may break their real communication

Recognizing the importance of PVs in commmnication and the problems learners may face

in using PVs, T decide to carry out a contrastive analysis of English and Vietnamese directive PVs in tenns of syntaetic and semantic features With this pecuiiar function, PVs that play an essential role in performing speech acts need being further studied to serve

‘better communication

1.2, Aims and objectives of the study

1.2.1 Aims

‘The study is aimed at:

- raising Victnamese lcamer’s awareness of how to realize the meanings of EPVs and usc them appropriately in order to achieve communicative purposes,

- providing teachers of English with useful materials about the knowledge of PVs

CHAPTER THREE, A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH DIRECTIVE

PERFORMATIVE VERBS AND F EQUIVALENT 15

3.1 Syntactic (ealures of direelive PVs - - 1s

3.1.1, Directive PVs in English - coc LS 3.1.2 Directive PVs in Vietnamese 17

3 Similarities and differences of directive PVs in English and Vietnamese in

terms of syntactic features - - cone

3.1.3.1, Similarities - - - 19 3.1.3.2, Differences

3.2 Semantic features of directive PVs

CHAPTER FOUR CONCLUSION

4.2.1, Concluding remarks on objective 1 - 34 4.3.2, Conrluding remarks on objeetive 2 233 4.3.3, Concluding remarkks on objeetive 3 series 233

4-4 Suggostions for further sludy - - - ee

REFERENCES

APPENDIX

CHAPTER THREE, A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH DIRECTIVE

PERFORMATIVE VERBS AND F EQUIVALENT 15

3.1 Syntactic (ealures of direelive PVs - - 1s

3.1.1, Directive PVs in English - coc LS 3.1.2 Directive PVs in Vietnamese 17

3 Similarities and differences of directive PVs in English and Vietnamese in

terms of syntactic features - - cone

3.1.3.1, Similarities - - - 19 3.1.3.2, Differences

3.2 Semantic features of directive PVs

CHAPTER FOUR CONCLUSION

4.1 Recapitulation

4.2.1, Concluding remarks on objective 1 - 34 4.3.2, Conrluding remarks on objeetive 2 233 4.3.3, Concluding remarkks on objeetive 3 series 233

4-4 Suggostions for further sludy - - - ee

REFERENCES

APPENDIX

8

1.2.2 Objectives

“Lo achieve these aims, the research tries to:

+ present and describe the slructiwes and the meanings of directive PVs in English and Vietnams

- point ont the similarities and differences of directive EPVs and their Vietnamese cquivatenis in tors of syntax and semantics

- suggest some implications for learning and teaching English directive PVs

1.2.3, Research questions

‘The objectives arc claboraled inlo the following research questions

- What are the structures and meanings of directive PVs in English and Vietnamese ?

- What are the similarities and differences of directive PVs in Unglish and Vietnamese? + Whal are the possible tzcommmendations for learning and leaching English directive PVs? 1.3 Scupe of the sturdy

Due lo the limited time and the seale of the minor thesis, the stady is foeused on directive

PVs which are most fiequently used in written discourse in English and Vietmamese

1.4, Mettiod of the study

‘The main method in the study is the contrastive analysis (CA) of directive PVs in English

and Vietnamese The term CA is defined by James, C (1980:3) as “a linguistic enterprise aimed at praducing inverted (ie cantrastive, not comparative) two-valued typologies (a

CA ts always concerned with a pair of languages), and founded on the assumption that

language can be compared.” According to Richard, J.C et al (1992), CA is “the

comparison of the linguistic systems of svo languages” As far as 1 know, CA is the

systematic study of a pair of languages with a view to identifying the differcnecs and

similanties, It is considered as a device for predicting and explaining difficult points and some errors that learners will make in leaming a target language

The author uses

study:

: Collecting data containing directive PVs

the following principles in order lơ aehieve the aims and objectives of the

+ Choosing data sources from ebook

~ Choosing type of data; original texts in English and Vietnamese translation equivalents

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

1.1 Rationale of the study

Language is an inscparable part in pcople’s life because it is employed to transmit information, to state facts, 1o express thoughts and to get so many things done It is true that verbs referring to speech constitute one of the most important areas of the vocabulary

of any language Evary day, we use the verbs of ask, sell, require, apoloyize, promise, thank and so on to communicate together Moreover, we try to interpret what kinds of speech acls they are performing, thal is, when someone says something, we have to

h gels For inslanec, is this an

categorize their ultcranccs as this or thal kind of sự

advice? is this a suggestion? is this a request? or is this a warming? Among speech act verbs, PVs are crucially importance to the way we interpret what other people are saying

‘because PVs signal the performance of acts

PVs play a very esential role in communication, so leamers of foreign language should pay muuch attention to PVs Ilowever, there is a fact that leaners of English have not been well cquipped with a all-sided knowledge of EPVs and the meanings of PVs have never been systematically investigated For example, leamers of English often make contusion about

“hog” and

the meanings of the verbs “request” and “demand”, “suggest” and “propos

“antreat”, ele As a result, they do vol aflen make proper uses of EPVs in communication and even may break their real communication

Recognizing the importance of PVs in commmnication and the problems learners may face

in using PVs, T decide to carry out a contrastive analysis of English and Vietnamese directive PVs in tenns of syntaetic and semantic features With this pecuiiar function, PVs that play an essential role in performing speech acts need being further studied to serve

‘better communication

1.2, Aims and objectives of the study

1.2.1 Aims

‘The study is aimed at:

- raising Victnamese lcamer’s awareness of how to realize the meanings of EPVs and usc them appropriately in order to achieve communicative purposes,

- providing teachers of English with useful materials about the knowledge of PVs

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

1.1 Rationale of the study

Language is an inscparable part in pcople’s life because it is employed to transmit information, to state facts, 1o express thoughts and to get so many things done It is true that verbs referring to speech constitute one of the most important areas of the vocabulary

of any language Evary day, we use the verbs of ask, sell, require, apoloyize, promise, thank and so on to communicate together Moreover, we try to interpret what kinds of speech acls they are performing, thal is, when someone says something, we have to

h gels For inslanec, is this an

categorize their ultcranccs as this or thal kind of sự

advice? is this a suggestion? is this a request? or is this a warming? Among speech act verbs, PVs are crucially importance to the way we interpret what other people are saying

‘because PVs signal the performance of acts

PVs play a very esential role in communication, so leamers of foreign language should pay muuch attention to PVs Ilowever, there is a fact that leaners of English have not been well cquipped with a all-sided knowledge of EPVs and the meanings of PVs have never been systematically investigated For example, leamers of English often make contusion about

“hog” and

the meanings of the verbs “request” and “demand”, “suggest” and “propos

“antreat”, ele As a result, they do vol aflen make proper uses of EPVs in communication and even may break their real communication

Recognizing the importance of PVs in commmnication and the problems learners may face

in using PVs, T decide to carry out a contrastive analysis of English and Vietnamese directive PVs in tenns of syntaetic and semantic features With this pecuiiar function, PVs that play an essential role in performing speech acts need being further studied to serve

‘better communication

1.2, Aims and objectives of the study

1.2.1 Aims

‘The study is aimed at:

- raising Victnamese lcamer’s awareness of how to realize the meanings of EPVs and usc them appropriately in order to achieve communicative purposes,

- providing teachers of English with useful materials about the knowledge of PVs

8

1.2.2 Objectives

“Lo achieve these aims, the research tries to:

+ present and describe the slructiwes and the meanings of directive PVs in English and Vietnams

- point ont the similarities and differences of directive EPVs and their Vietnamese cquivatenis in tors of syntax and semantics

- suggest some implications for learning and teaching English directive PVs

1.2.3, Research questions

‘The objectives arc claboraled inlo the following research questions

- What are the structures and meanings of directive PVs in English and Vietnamese ?

- What are the similarities and differences of directive PVs in Unglish and Vietnamese? + Whal are the possible tzcommmendations for learning and leaching English directive PVs? 1.3 Scupe of the sturdy

Due lo the limited time and the seale of the minor thesis, the stady is foeused on directive

PVs which are most fiequently used in written discourse in English and Vietmamese

1.4, Mettiod of the study

‘The main method in the study is the contrastive analysis (CA) of directive PVs in English

and Vietnamese The term CA is defined by James, C (1980:3) as “a linguistic enterprise aimed at praducing inverted (ie cantrastive, not comparative) two-valued typologies (a

CA ts always concerned with a pair of languages), and founded on the assumption that

language can be compared.” According to Richard, J.C et al (1992), CA is “the

comparison of the linguistic systems of svo languages” As far as 1 know, CA is the

systematic study of a pair of languages with a view to identifying the differcnecs and

similanties, It is considered as a device for predicting and explaining difficult points and some errors that learners will make in leaming a target language

The author uses

study:

: Collecting data containing directive PVs

the following principles in order lơ aehieve the aims and objectives of the

+ Choosing data sources from ebook

~ Choosing type of data; original texts in English and Vietnamese translation equivalents

vi

ABBREVIATIONS

A: Action

CA: Contrastive analysis

EPV: Enplish Performative Verb

EPVs: English Performative Verbs

EPs: Explicit Performatives

HL Hearer

IF; Hlocutionary Foree

IFIDs: Mlocutionary Force Indicating Devices

IPs: Implicit Perfonnatives

PV: Performative Verb

S: Speaker

SA: Spocch act

SAs: Speech acts

U: Utterance

Us: Ulerances

VPV: Vietnamese Performative Verb

VPVS: Viemamese Performative Verbs

CHAPTER THREE, A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH DIRECTIVE

PERFORMATIVE VERBS AND F EQUIVALENT 15

3.1 Syntactic (ealures of direelive PVs - - 1s

3.1.1, Directive PVs in English - coc LS 3.1.2 Directive PVs in Vietnamese 17

3 Similarities and differences of directive PVs in English and Vietnamese in

terms of syntactic features - - cone

3.1.3.1, Similarities - - - 19 3.1.3.2, Differences

3.2 Semantic features of directive PVs

CHAPTER FOUR CONCLUSION

4.1 Recapitulation

4.2.1, Concluding remarks on objective 1 - 34 4.3.2, Conrluding remarks on objeetive 2 233 4.3.3, Concluding remarkks on objeetive 3 series 233

4-4 Suggostions for further sludy - - - ee

REFERENCES

APPENDIX