Luận văn an analysis of grammatical cohesion used in the call of the wild by jack london

vi List of Tables and Figures Tables and Figures Figures 1.1: Reference Table 1.1: Type of cohosion Table 1.2: Grammatical and Lexical cohesion ‘Table 3.1: Exophoric Reference in “The Ca

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

FACULTY OF POST- GRADUATE STUDIES

TRAN THI HOA MAI

AN ANALYSIS OF GRAMMATICAL COHESION USED IN

“THE CALL OF THE WILD” BY JACK LONDON

(Phân tích liên kết ngữ pháp sử dụng trong tac phim “Tidng goi

not hoang da” cia Jack London)

M.A Minor programme thesis

Field: English Linguistics

Code: 60.22.15

HANOL-— 2010

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

FACULTY OF POST- GRADUATE STUDIES

TRAN TI IIOA MAI

AN ANALYSIS OF GRAMMATICAL COHESION USED IN

“THE CALL OF THE WILD” BY JACK LONDON

(Phân tích liên kết ngữ pháp sử dụng trong tác phẫm “Tiáng gợi

nơi hoang đã” của Jack: London}

M.A Minor programme thesis

Field: English Linguistics Code: 60.22.15

Supervisor: NGUYEN HUONG GIANG, M.A

HANOI - 2010

iv

TABLES OF CONTENTS CONTENTS

4, Methods of the Study cecscsssiersescssessensarseessassnuessarariesssnsasierssasiesssengsersavanend:

PART B: DEVELOPMENT cece sseseesseiesctesssnniecssessnesssenciecsasenessaniaeesnsnsaedl

2.1 A brief summary of "The Call of the Wild" „13

2.2 Anoverview on "The Cail of the Wild” - - 13

PART B: DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 1: FHEORETICAL BACKGROUND

‘As mentioned before, Discourse Analysis has a very broad scope which has close relationship with many other aspects of language study Nevertheless, due to the

amumerous interpretations to what is meant by Discourse Analysis

Bntish discourse analysis was mainly infnenced by M.A K llalliday's functional approach of tanguage Halliday's framawark cinphasizes the social function of tauguag: and the thematic and informational structure of speech and writing De Boaugrands (1980) and Halliday and Hasan (1976) as well as Prague School of linguists have made their significant contribution to this branch of linguistics in pointing oul the links belween grammar and discourse

Yule (1996:139) states: "In the study of language, same of the most interesting

qnestions arise im connection with the way Tanguage is ‘used’, rather than what its components are ( ) We ware, in efitect, asking how it is that language-users interpret what ofher language users intend to convey When we camry this investigation further and ask

‘how it is that we, as language-users, make sense of what we read in texts, understand what speakers mean despite what they say, rocogrize councclsd as opposed to jumbled or incoherent discours and successtully take part in that complex activity called conversation,

we are undertaking what is known as discourse analysis”

Ko na 3.3.2.1 Lexical Ellipsis - - 29 3.3.2.2 Operator ELLIPSIS .csesectetmnisiesnisitntisnieianeiaineniaineetnenses 30 3.3.3 Clausal Ellipsis - - - 3] 3.3.3.1 Wh Rulipsis - - 3I

nh 3.4 Conjunetions - - - -.34

Chapter 4: Major findings and Implications for the Teaching and Learning Writing

Ko na 3.3.2.1 Lexical Ellipsis - - 29 3.3.2.2 Operator ELLIPSIS .csesectetmnisiesnisitntisnieianeiaineniaineetnenses 30 3.3.3 Clausal Ellipsis - - - 3] 3.3.3.1 Wh Rulipsis - - 3I

nh 3.4 Conjunetions - - - -.34

Chapter 4: Major findings and Implications for the Teaching and Learning Writing

Discourse analysis is, therefore, is very important to understand or interpret a text

Only by studying Janguage én use can we recagnice the 1 that the writers wish ta convey One of the very key technical terms in discourse analysis is cohesion

1.1.2 Discourse coniext

David Nunan (1993:7) defines: “Context refers to the situation giving usz to the

discourse, and within which the discourse is embedded According to him, context consists

of twa typos: linguistic and non-tinguistic, Linguistic context is in fact roferrad to a8 go text, It surrounds or accompanies the piece of discowse under analysis, Non-linguistic context was taken up by Hirth (1957) who placed great emphasis on the “social context"

He saw contoxl of siluation as crucial delenminams of uticrance moaning However, Firth

did not give a theoretical account of the effect of context on utterance meaning

Lately, Halliday and Hasan focus on context of situation And the three headings FIELD, MODE and TENOR which had been propesed for these are considered highly gencral concept for describing how the context of situation determincs the kinds of meaning that are expressed Yet, according to Halliday and Hasan, the linguistic features, which are lypivally associated with a configuration of situational features - with particutar

values of the field, mode and tenor - constitute a register

1.2, Cohesion,

1.2.1 The cuncept af cohesion

The concept of cohesion is closely connected with text, It is defined as the

grammatical and lexical relationship between different elements of a text According to

‘Yule (1996), a text is usually considcred ta have a certain struclure which depends on

factors quite different from those required im the structure of single sentence Some among those factors ate described in terms of cohesion, or the ties and connection which exist

within a text

Halliday and Hasan (197 :4) also define cohesion in a simifar way: "Lhe concept of cohesion is a semantic one; it refers to relations of meaning that exist within a text, and that defines it as a ioxl" They also point out that cohesion offen ovours where the interpretation

of some elements in the discourse is depeudent on that of another.

5, Design of the study

Within the scope mentioned above, the study has three main parts

Part A is INTRODUCTION" which consists of the rationale, aims, scope, methods and design of the study

Parl B enlilled "DEVELOPMENT" includes three chaplers Chapter 1, “Theoretical

Background”, gives an overview on Discourse and Discourse Analysis, including

Discourse Analysis, Discourse and ‘Text, Discourse context and spoken and written

discourse In this chapter, the author also introduces background knowledge about cohesion, the relationship between echesion and coherence, cohesion and discourse structure and types of cohesion

Chapter 2 with the title “An averview on “The Call of the Wild" hy Jack London" provides the brief summary of the book, an overview on the story in terms of the characters, events and personal perceptions

Chapter 3 entitled “dn analysis of grammatical cohesion used in "The Call of the Wild” by Jack London” provides a colicctions of cxamples taken from the seven chapters

of the book with detailed analysis to clarify the application of such grammatical cohesive devices employed in thal book

Pat C is CONCLUSION” in which the author sumumarizes the main points introduced in the study

The study ends with the “REFERTNCI

S$” which list all the nraterials and sources

of information used in this study.

vi List of Tables and Figures

Tables and Figures

Figures 1.1: Reference

Table 1.1: Type of cohosion

Table 1.2: Grammatical and Lexical cohesion

‘Table 3.1: Exophoric Reference in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.2 Personal Reference in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.3 Demonstrative Reference in “The Call of the Wild”

‘Table 3.4 Comparative Reference in “Phe Call of the Wild”

Table 3.5: Substilution in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.6: Specitic Deitics in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.7: Non-specific Deitics in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.8: Numerative in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.9: Verbal Ellipsis in “The Call of the Wild”

‘Table 3.10; Clausal Lllipsis in “Zhe Call of the Wild”

Table 3.11: Conjunelive Relations in “The Call of the Wild”

Pages

vi List of Tables and Figures

Tables and Figures

Figures 1.1: Reference

Table 1.1: Type of cohosion

Table 1.2: Grammatical and Lexical cohesion

‘Table 3.1: Exophoric Reference in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.2 Personal Reference in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.3 Demonstrative Reference in “The Call of the Wild”

‘Table 3.4 Comparative Reference in “Phe Call of the Wild”

Table 3.5: Substilution in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.6: Specitic Deitics in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.7: Non-specific Deitics in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.8: Numerative in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.9: Verbal Ellipsis in “The Call of the Wild”

‘Table 3.10; Clausal Lllipsis in “Zhe Call of the Wild”

Table 3.11: Conjunelive Relations in “The Call of the Wild”

Pages

vi List of Tables and Figures

Tables and Figures

Figures 1.1: Reference

Table 1.1: Type of cohosion

Table 1.2: Grammatical and Lexical cohesion

‘Table 3.1: Exophoric Reference in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.2 Personal Reference in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.3 Demonstrative Reference in “The Call of the Wild”

‘Table 3.4 Comparative Reference in “Phe Call of the Wild”

Table 3.5: Substilution in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.6: Specitic Deitics in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.7: Non-specific Deitics in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.8: Numerative in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.9: Verbal Ellipsis in “The Call of the Wild”

‘Table 3.10; Clausal Lllipsis in “Zhe Call of the Wild”

Table 3.11: Conjunelive Relations in “The Call of the Wild”

Pages

Discourse analysis is, therefore, is very important to understand or interpret a text

Only by studying Janguage én use can we recagnice the 1 that the writers wish ta convey One of the very key technical terms in discourse analysis is cohesion

1.1.2 Discourse coniext

David Nunan (1993:7) defines: “Context refers to the situation giving usz to the

discourse, and within which the discourse is embedded According to him, context consists

of twa typos: linguistic and non-tinguistic, Linguistic context is in fact roferrad to a8 go text, It surrounds or accompanies the piece of discowse under analysis, Non-linguistic context was taken up by Hirth (1957) who placed great emphasis on the “social context"

He saw contoxl of siluation as crucial delenminams of uticrance moaning However, Firth

did not give a theoretical account of the effect of context on utterance meaning

Lately, Halliday and Hasan focus on context of situation And the three headings FIELD, MODE and TENOR which had been propesed for these are considered highly gencral concept for describing how the context of situation determincs the kinds of meaning that are expressed Yet, according to Halliday and Hasan, the linguistic features, which are lypivally associated with a configuration of situational features - with particutar

values of the field, mode and tenor - constitute a register

1.2, Cohesion,

1.2.1 The cuncept af cohesion

The concept of cohesion is closely connected with text, It is defined as the

grammatical and lexical relationship between different elements of a text According to

‘Yule (1996), a text is usually considcred ta have a certain struclure which depends on

factors quite different from those required im the structure of single sentence Some among those factors ate described in terms of cohesion, or the ties and connection which exist

within a text

Halliday and Hasan (197 :4) also define cohesion in a simifar way: "Lhe concept of cohesion is a semantic one; it refers to relations of meaning that exist within a text, and that defines it as a ioxl" They also point out that cohesion offen ovours where the interpretation

of some elements in the discourse is depeudent on that of another.

event From the

of social science disciplines It is now a rapidly expanding field, providing insights into various aspects of language in use and therefore of great importance to language teaching

beginning of ils spppcaram

Analysis hs taken: up in a variety

In the carly days, language teaching has been conecined with pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary; however, it was not until Discourse Analysis tured up that our awareness of how to put this knowledge into action to gain successful communication was raised

Lilcralure, which plays a very important role in or spirilual life, tas hoon groally developing as a consequence of the high living standards As a matter of thet, there have been more and more people choosing to work in the literary field and their efforts have crcatod so many famous works TLis open lo questions as to which fielors have lo be takers into consideration to make a successful wok? How important are those factors to the completion of a coherent and cohesive text? Added to this, the knowledge of cohesion and coherences are actually regarded as the erncial aspeels of language usage

"The Call of the Wild", Jack London's most famous book, is a beautiful tale of a

“house dog” tom from the comforts of hearth and home into the unforgiving wild ‘The main character of the story is # dog named Buck Every aspect of life, including happiness, hardship, misery, love and so on, is seen through the eyes of this dog, This is the significance of the book Buck's story is more than just a children's story or merely a dog's story, iLis our stary Jack London's book, therefore, makes great impression on the readers

Those reasons mentionsd above are the most important ones that have encouraged

the author to conduct "An analysis af grammatical cohesion used in "The Call of the Wild" by Jack Londen" as the topic of this study Llopefully, it may help teachers and

Jearners of forzign Tangange have an avcrall viewpoint on grammatical cohesive devices as well as the effectiveness of the application of such devices in Jack London's "The Call of the Wild"

Ko na 3.3.2.1 Lexical Ellipsis - - 29 3.3.2.2 Operator ELLIPSIS .csesectetmnisiesnisitntisnieianeiaineniaineetnenses 30 3.3.3 Clausal Ellipsis - - - 3] 3.3.3.1 Wh Rulipsis - - 3I

nh 3.4 Conjunetions - - - -.34

Chapter 4: Major findings and Implications for the Teaching and Learning Writing

2, Aims of the study

As mentioned above, there are

carry out this study Thus, the aims of the study are as follows:

voral reasons thal Load the author Ip chansc ta

© To explore how the grammatical cohesive devices employed in "The Call of the Wild”

* To make a detailed analysis of grammatical cohesion in Jack London's "The Call of the Wild”

In order to achigve the aims staled, the study is meanl to find oul the answers to the following research questions:

1 What grammatical cohesive devices are used in "The Call af the Wild"?

2 To whal exlent do grammatical cohesive devi contribute lo the suc

literary works?

3 Scope of the study

‘As Discourse Analysis has a very broad scope which has a very close relationship with many other aspects of language study, it is impossible for the author to refer to all of its characteristics, Thus, within this study, the author just mentions some background knowledec about Discourse Analysis as well as coherene: and cohesion

in addition, there are a number of factors that make "The Call of the Wid" a successfil work, hence, this study only focuses on the grammatical cohesive devices employed in Jack London's book, Data analyzed is taken from the seven chapters of the book

4, Methods of the study

To attain the aims of the study, the author has employed the Quantitative Method ‘That és to say, this thesis focused more on the collection and analysis of

numerical dala and s

event From the

of social science disciplines It is now a rapidly expanding field, providing insights into various aspects of language in use and therefore of great importance to language teaching

beginning of ils spppcaram

Analysis hs taken: up in a variety

In the carly days, language teaching has been conecined with pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary; however, it was not until Discourse Analysis tured up that our awareness of how to put this knowledge into action to gain successful communication was raised

Lilcralure, which plays a very important role in or spirilual life, tas hoon groally developing as a consequence of the high living standards As a matter of thet, there have been more and more people choosing to work in the literary field and their efforts have crcatod so many famous works TLis open lo questions as to which fielors have lo be takers into consideration to make a successful wok? How important are those factors to the completion of a coherent and cohesive text? Added to this, the knowledge of cohesion and coherences are actually regarded as the erncial aspeels of language usage

"The Call of the Wild", Jack London's most famous book, is a beautiful tale of a

“house dog” tom from the comforts of hearth and home into the unforgiving wild ‘The main character of the story is # dog named Buck Every aspect of life, including happiness, hardship, misery, love and so on, is seen through the eyes of this dog, This is the significance of the book Buck's story is more than just a children's story or merely a dog's story, iLis our stary Jack London's book, therefore, makes great impression on the readers

Those reasons mentionsd above are the most important ones that have encouraged

the author to conduct "An analysis af grammatical cohesion used in "The Call of the Wild" by Jack Londen" as the topic of this study Llopefully, it may help teachers and

Jearners of forzign Tangange have an avcrall viewpoint on grammatical cohesive devices as well as the effectiveness of the application of such devices in Jack London's "The Call of the Wild"

vi List of Tables and Figures

Tables and Figures

Figures 1.1: Reference

Table 1.1: Type of cohosion

Table 1.2: Grammatical and Lexical cohesion

‘Table 3.1: Exophoric Reference in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.2 Personal Reference in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.3 Demonstrative Reference in “The Call of the Wild”

‘Table 3.4 Comparative Reference in “Phe Call of the Wild”

Table 3.5: Substilution in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.6: Specitic Deitics in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.7: Non-specific Deitics in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.8: Numerative in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.9: Verbal Ellipsis in “The Call of the Wild”

‘Table 3.10; Clausal Lllipsis in “Zhe Call of the Wild”

Table 3.11: Conjunelive Relations in “The Call of the Wild”

Pages

vi List of Tables and Figures

Tables and Figures

Figures 1.1: Reference

Table 1.1: Type of cohosion

Table 1.2: Grammatical and Lexical cohesion

‘Table 3.1: Exophoric Reference in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.2 Personal Reference in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.3 Demonstrative Reference in “The Call of the Wild”

‘Table 3.4 Comparative Reference in “Phe Call of the Wild”

Table 3.5: Substilution in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.6: Specitic Deitics in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.7: Non-specific Deitics in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.8: Numerative in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.9: Verbal Ellipsis in “The Call of the Wild”

‘Table 3.10; Clausal Lllipsis in “Zhe Call of the Wild”

Table 3.11: Conjunelive Relations in “The Call of the Wild”

Pages

5, Design of the study

Within the scope mentioned above, the study has three main parts

Part A is INTRODUCTION" which consists of the rationale, aims, scope, methods and design of the study

Parl B enlilled "DEVELOPMENT" includes three chaplers Chapter 1, “Theoretical

Background”, gives an overview on Discourse and Discourse Analysis, including

Discourse Analysis, Discourse and ‘Text, Discourse context and spoken and written

discourse In this chapter, the author also introduces background knowledge about cohesion, the relationship between echesion and coherence, cohesion and discourse structure and types of cohesion

Chapter 2 with the title “An averview on “The Call of the Wild" hy Jack London" provides the brief summary of the book, an overview on the story in terms of the characters, events and personal perceptions

Chapter 3 entitled “dn analysis of grammatical cohesion used in "The Call of the Wild” by Jack London” provides a colicctions of cxamples taken from the seven chapters

of the book with detailed analysis to clarify the application of such grammatical cohesive devices employed in thal book

Pat C is CONCLUSION” in which the author sumumarizes the main points introduced in the study

The study ends with the “REFERTNCI

S$” which list all the nraterials and sources

of information used in this study.

Discourse analysis is, therefore, is very important to understand or interpret a text

Only by studying Janguage én use can we recagnice the 1 that the writers wish ta convey One of the very key technical terms in discourse analysis is cohesion

1.1.2 Discourse coniext

David Nunan (1993:7) defines: “Context refers to the situation giving usz to the

discourse, and within which the discourse is embedded According to him, context consists

of twa typos: linguistic and non-tinguistic, Linguistic context is in fact roferrad to a8 go text, It surrounds or accompanies the piece of discowse under analysis, Non-linguistic context was taken up by Hirth (1957) who placed great emphasis on the “social context"

He saw contoxl of siluation as crucial delenminams of uticrance moaning However, Firth

did not give a theoretical account of the effect of context on utterance meaning

Lately, Halliday and Hasan focus on context of situation And the three headings FIELD, MODE and TENOR which had been propesed for these are considered highly gencral concept for describing how the context of situation determincs the kinds of meaning that are expressed Yet, according to Halliday and Hasan, the linguistic features, which are lypivally associated with a configuration of situational features - with particutar

values of the field, mode and tenor - constitute a register

1.2, Cohesion,

1.2.1 The cuncept af cohesion

The concept of cohesion is closely connected with text, It is defined as the

grammatical and lexical relationship between different elements of a text According to

‘Yule (1996), a text is usually considcred ta have a certain struclure which depends on

factors quite different from those required im the structure of single sentence Some among those factors ate described in terms of cohesion, or the ties and connection which exist

within a text

Halliday and Hasan (197 :4) also define cohesion in a simifar way: "Lhe concept of cohesion is a semantic one; it refers to relations of meaning that exist within a text, and that defines it as a ioxl" They also point out that cohesion offen ovours where the interpretation

of some elements in the discourse is depeudent on that of another.

Discourse analysis is, therefore, is very important to understand or interpret a text

Only by studying Janguage én use can we recagnice the 1 that the writers wish ta convey One of the very key technical terms in discourse analysis is cohesion

1.1.2 Discourse coniext

David Nunan (1993:7) defines: “Context refers to the situation giving usz to the

discourse, and within which the discourse is embedded According to him, context consists

of twa typos: linguistic and non-tinguistic, Linguistic context is in fact roferrad to a8 go text, It surrounds or accompanies the piece of discowse under analysis, Non-linguistic context was taken up by Hirth (1957) who placed great emphasis on the “social context"

He saw contoxl of siluation as crucial delenminams of uticrance moaning However, Firth

did not give a theoretical account of the effect of context on utterance meaning

Lately, Halliday and Hasan focus on context of situation And the three headings FIELD, MODE and TENOR which had been propesed for these are considered highly gencral concept for describing how the context of situation determincs the kinds of meaning that are expressed Yet, according to Halliday and Hasan, the linguistic features, which are lypivally associated with a configuration of situational features - with particutar

values of the field, mode and tenor - constitute a register

1.2, Cohesion,

1.2.1 The cuncept af cohesion

The concept of cohesion is closely connected with text, It is defined as the

grammatical and lexical relationship between different elements of a text According to

‘Yule (1996), a text is usually considcred ta have a certain struclure which depends on

factors quite different from those required im the structure of single sentence Some among those factors ate described in terms of cohesion, or the ties and connection which exist

within a text

Halliday and Hasan (197 :4) also define cohesion in a simifar way: "Lhe concept of cohesion is a semantic one; it refers to relations of meaning that exist within a text, and that defines it as a ioxl" They also point out that cohesion offen ovours where the interpretation

of some elements in the discourse is depeudent on that of another.

Discourse analysis is, therefore, is very important to understand or interpret a text

Only by studying Janguage én use can we recagnice the 1 that the writers wish ta convey One of the very key technical terms in discourse analysis is cohesion

1.1.2 Discourse coniext

David Nunan (1993:7) defines: “Context refers to the situation giving usz to the

discourse, and within which the discourse is embedded According to him, context consists

of twa typos: linguistic and non-tinguistic, Linguistic context is in fact roferrad to a8 go text, It surrounds or accompanies the piece of discowse under analysis, Non-linguistic context was taken up by Hirth (1957) who placed great emphasis on the “social context"

He saw contoxl of siluation as crucial delenminams of uticrance moaning However, Firth

did not give a theoretical account of the effect of context on utterance meaning

Lately, Halliday and Hasan focus on context of situation And the three headings FIELD, MODE and TENOR which had been propesed for these are considered highly gencral concept for describing how the context of situation determincs the kinds of meaning that are expressed Yet, according to Halliday and Hasan, the linguistic features, which are lypivally associated with a configuration of situational features - with particutar

values of the field, mode and tenor - constitute a register

1.2, Cohesion,

1.2.1 The cuncept af cohesion

The concept of cohesion is closely connected with text, It is defined as the

grammatical and lexical relationship between different elements of a text According to

‘Yule (1996), a text is usually considcred ta have a certain struclure which depends on

factors quite different from those required im the structure of single sentence Some among those factors ate described in terms of cohesion, or the ties and connection which exist

within a text

Halliday and Hasan (197 :4) also define cohesion in a simifar way: "Lhe concept of cohesion is a semantic one; it refers to relations of meaning that exist within a text, and that defines it as a ioxl" They also point out that cohesion offen ovours where the interpretation

of some elements in the discourse is depeudent on that of another.

Discourse analysis is, therefore, is very important to understand or interpret a text

Only by studying Janguage én use can we recagnice the 1 that the writers wish ta convey One of the very key technical terms in discourse analysis is cohesion

1.1.2 Discourse coniext

David Nunan (1993:7) defines: “Context refers to the situation giving usz to the

discourse, and within which the discourse is embedded According to him, context consists

of twa typos: linguistic and non-tinguistic, Linguistic context is in fact roferrad to a8 go text, It surrounds or accompanies the piece of discowse under analysis, Non-linguistic context was taken up by Hirth (1957) who placed great emphasis on the “social context"

He saw contoxl of siluation as crucial delenminams of uticrance moaning However, Firth

did not give a theoretical account of the effect of context on utterance meaning

Lately, Halliday and Hasan focus on context of situation And the three headings FIELD, MODE and TENOR which had been propesed for these are considered highly gencral concept for describing how the context of situation determincs the kinds of meaning that are expressed Yet, according to Halliday and Hasan, the linguistic features, which are lypivally associated with a configuration of situational features - with particutar

values of the field, mode and tenor - constitute a register

1.2, Cohesion,

1.2.1 The cuncept af cohesion

The concept of cohesion is closely connected with text, It is defined as the

grammatical and lexical relationship between different elements of a text According to

‘Yule (1996), a text is usually considcred ta have a certain struclure which depends on

factors quite different from those required im the structure of single sentence Some among those factors ate described in terms of cohesion, or the ties and connection which exist

within a text

Halliday and Hasan (197 :4) also define cohesion in a simifar way: "Lhe concept of cohesion is a semantic one; it refers to relations of meaning that exist within a text, and that defines it as a ioxl" They also point out that cohesion offen ovours where the interpretation

of some elements in the discourse is depeudent on that of another.

vi List of Tables and Figures

Tables and Figures

Figures 1.1: Reference

Table 1.1: Type of cohosion

Table 1.2: Grammatical and Lexical cohesion

‘Table 3.1: Exophoric Reference in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.2 Personal Reference in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.3 Demonstrative Reference in “The Call of the Wild”

‘Table 3.4 Comparative Reference in “Phe Call of the Wild”

Table 3.5: Substilution in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.6: Specitic Deitics in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.7: Non-specific Deitics in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.8: Numerative in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.9: Verbal Ellipsis in “The Call of the Wild”

‘Table 3.10; Clausal Lllipsis in “Zhe Call of the Wild”

Table 3.11: Conjunelive Relations in “The Call of the Wild”

Pages

Ko na 3.3.2.1 Lexical Ellipsis - - 29 3.3.2.2 Operator ELLIPSIS .csesectetmnisiesnisitntisnieianeiaineniaineetnenses 30 3.3.3 Clausal Ellipsis - - - 3] 3.3.3.1 Wh Rulipsis - - 3I

nh 3.4 Conjunetions - - - -.34

Chapter 4: Major findings and Implications for the Teaching and Learning Writing

5, Design of the study

Within the scope mentioned above, the study has three main parts

Part A is INTRODUCTION" which consists of the rationale, aims, scope, methods and design of the study

Parl B enlilled "DEVELOPMENT" includes three chaplers Chapter 1, “Theoretical

Background”, gives an overview on Discourse and Discourse Analysis, including

Discourse Analysis, Discourse and ‘Text, Discourse context and spoken and written

discourse In this chapter, the author also introduces background knowledge about cohesion, the relationship between echesion and coherence, cohesion and discourse structure and types of cohesion

Chapter 2 with the title “An averview on “The Call of the Wild" hy Jack London" provides the brief summary of the book, an overview on the story in terms of the characters, events and personal perceptions

Chapter 3 entitled “dn analysis of grammatical cohesion used in "The Call of the Wild” by Jack London” provides a colicctions of cxamples taken from the seven chapters

of the book with detailed analysis to clarify the application of such grammatical cohesive devices employed in thal book

Pat C is CONCLUSION” in which the author sumumarizes the main points introduced in the study

The study ends with the “REFERTNCI

S$” which list all the nraterials and sources

of information used in this study.

vi List of Tables and Figures

Tables and Figures

Figures 1.1: Reference

Table 1.1: Type of cohosion

Table 1.2: Grammatical and Lexical cohesion

‘Table 3.1: Exophoric Reference in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.2 Personal Reference in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.3 Demonstrative Reference in “The Call of the Wild”

‘Table 3.4 Comparative Reference in “Phe Call of the Wild”

Table 3.5: Substilution in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.6: Specitic Deitics in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.7: Non-specific Deitics in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.8: Numerative in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.9: Verbal Ellipsis in “The Call of the Wild”

‘Table 3.10; Clausal Lllipsis in “Zhe Call of the Wild”

Table 3.11: Conjunelive Relations in “The Call of the Wild”

Pages

5, Design of the study

Within the scope mentioned above, the study has three main parts

Part A is INTRODUCTION" which consists of the rationale, aims, scope, methods and design of the study

Parl B enlilled "DEVELOPMENT" includes three chaplers Chapter 1, “Theoretical

Background”, gives an overview on Discourse and Discourse Analysis, including

Discourse Analysis, Discourse and ‘Text, Discourse context and spoken and written

discourse In this chapter, the author also introduces background knowledge about cohesion, the relationship between echesion and coherence, cohesion and discourse structure and types of cohesion

Chapter 2 with the title “An averview on “The Call of the Wild" hy Jack London" provides the brief summary of the book, an overview on the story in terms of the characters, events and personal perceptions

Chapter 3 entitled “dn analysis of grammatical cohesion used in "The Call of the Wild” by Jack London” provides a colicctions of cxamples taken from the seven chapters

of the book with detailed analysis to clarify the application of such grammatical cohesive devices employed in thal book

Pat C is CONCLUSION” in which the author sumumarizes the main points introduced in the study

The study ends with the “REFERTNCI

S$” which list all the nraterials and sources

of information used in this study.

event From the

of social science disciplines It is now a rapidly expanding field, providing insights into various aspects of language in use and therefore of great importance to language teaching

beginning of ils spppcaram

Analysis hs taken: up in a variety

In the carly days, language teaching has been conecined with pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary; however, it was not until Discourse Analysis tured up that our awareness of how to put this knowledge into action to gain successful communication was raised

Lilcralure, which plays a very important role in or spirilual life, tas hoon groally developing as a consequence of the high living standards As a matter of thet, there have been more and more people choosing to work in the literary field and their efforts have crcatod so many famous works TLis open lo questions as to which fielors have lo be takers into consideration to make a successful wok? How important are those factors to the completion of a coherent and cohesive text? Added to this, the knowledge of cohesion and coherences are actually regarded as the erncial aspeels of language usage

"The Call of the Wild", Jack London's most famous book, is a beautiful tale of a

“house dog” tom from the comforts of hearth and home into the unforgiving wild ‘The main character of the story is # dog named Buck Every aspect of life, including happiness, hardship, misery, love and so on, is seen through the eyes of this dog, This is the significance of the book Buck's story is more than just a children's story or merely a dog's story, iLis our stary Jack London's book, therefore, makes great impression on the readers

Those reasons mentionsd above are the most important ones that have encouraged

the author to conduct "An analysis af grammatical cohesion used in "The Call of the Wild" by Jack Londen" as the topic of this study Llopefully, it may help teachers and

Jearners of forzign Tangange have an avcrall viewpoint on grammatical cohesive devices as well as the effectiveness of the application of such devices in Jack London's "The Call of the Wild"

5, Design of the study

Within the scope mentioned above, the study has three main parts

Part A is INTRODUCTION" which consists of the rationale, aims, scope, methods and design of the study

Parl B enlilled "DEVELOPMENT" includes three chaplers Chapter 1, “Theoretical

Background”, gives an overview on Discourse and Discourse Analysis, including

Discourse Analysis, Discourse and ‘Text, Discourse context and spoken and written

discourse In this chapter, the author also introduces background knowledge about cohesion, the relationship between echesion and coherence, cohesion and discourse structure and types of cohesion

Chapter 2 with the title “An averview on “The Call of the Wild" hy Jack London" provides the brief summary of the book, an overview on the story in terms of the characters, events and personal perceptions

Chapter 3 entitled “dn analysis of grammatical cohesion used in "The Call of the Wild” by Jack London” provides a colicctions of cxamples taken from the seven chapters

of the book with detailed analysis to clarify the application of such grammatical cohesive devices employed in thal book

Pat C is CONCLUSION” in which the author sumumarizes the main points introduced in the study

The study ends with the “REFERTNCI

S$” which list all the nraterials and sources

of information used in this study.

Ko na 3.3.2.1 Lexical Ellipsis - - 29 3.3.2.2 Operator ELLIPSIS .csesectetmnisiesnisitntisnieianeiaineniaineetnenses 30 3.3.3 Clausal Ellipsis - - - 3] 3.3.3.1 Wh Rulipsis - - 3I

nh 3.4 Conjunetions - - - -.34

Chapter 4: Major findings and Implications for the Teaching and Learning Writing

2, Aims of the study

As mentioned above, there are

carry out this study Thus, the aims of the study are as follows:

voral reasons thal Load the author Ip chansc ta

© To explore how the grammatical cohesive devices employed in "The Call of the Wild”

* To make a detailed analysis of grammatical cohesion in Jack London's "The Call of the Wild”

In order to achigve the aims staled, the study is meanl to find oul the answers to the following research questions:

1 What grammatical cohesive devices are used in "The Call af the Wild"?

2 To whal exlent do grammatical cohesive devi contribute lo the suc

literary works?

3 Scope of the study

‘As Discourse Analysis has a very broad scope which has a very close relationship with many other aspects of language study, it is impossible for the author to refer to all of its characteristics, Thus, within this study, the author just mentions some background knowledec about Discourse Analysis as well as coherene: and cohesion

in addition, there are a number of factors that make "The Call of the Wid" a successfil work, hence, this study only focuses on the grammatical cohesive devices employed in Jack London's book, Data analyzed is taken from the seven chapters of the book

4, Methods of the study

To attain the aims of the study, the author has employed the Quantitative Method ‘That és to say, this thesis focused more on the collection and analysis of

numerical dala and s

5, Design of the study

Within the scope mentioned above, the study has three main parts

Part A is INTRODUCTION" which consists of the rationale, aims, scope, methods and design of the study

Parl B enlilled "DEVELOPMENT" includes three chaplers Chapter 1, “Theoretical

Background”, gives an overview on Discourse and Discourse Analysis, including

Discourse Analysis, Discourse and ‘Text, Discourse context and spoken and written

discourse In this chapter, the author also introduces background knowledge about cohesion, the relationship between echesion and coherence, cohesion and discourse structure and types of cohesion

Chapter 2 with the title “An averview on “The Call of the Wild" hy Jack London" provides the brief summary of the book, an overview on the story in terms of the characters, events and personal perceptions

Chapter 3 entitled “dn analysis of grammatical cohesion used in "The Call of the Wild” by Jack London” provides a colicctions of cxamples taken from the seven chapters

of the book with detailed analysis to clarify the application of such grammatical cohesive devices employed in thal book

Pat C is CONCLUSION” in which the author sumumarizes the main points introduced in the study

The study ends with the “REFERTNCI

S$” which list all the nraterials and sources

of information used in this study.

PART B: DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 1: FHEORETICAL BACKGROUND

‘As mentioned before, Discourse Analysis has a very broad scope which has close relationship with many other aspects of language study Nevertheless, due to the

amumerous interpretations to what is meant by Discourse Analysis

Bntish discourse analysis was mainly infnenced by M.A K llalliday's functional approach of tanguage Halliday's framawark cinphasizes the social function of tauguag: and the thematic and informational structure of speech and writing De Boaugrands (1980) and Halliday and Hasan (1976) as well as Prague School of linguists have made their significant contribution to this branch of linguistics in pointing oul the links belween grammar and discourse

Yule (1996:139) states: "In the study of language, same of the most interesting

qnestions arise im connection with the way Tanguage is ‘used’, rather than what its components are ( ) We ware, in efitect, asking how it is that language-users interpret what ofher language users intend to convey When we camry this investigation further and ask

‘how it is that we, as language-users, make sense of what we read in texts, understand what speakers mean despite what they say, rocogrize councclsd as opposed to jumbled or incoherent discours and successtully take part in that complex activity called conversation,

we are undertaking what is known as discourse analysis”

vi List of Tables and Figures

Tables and Figures

Figures 1.1: Reference

Table 1.1: Type of cohosion

Table 1.2: Grammatical and Lexical cohesion

‘Table 3.1: Exophoric Reference in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.2 Personal Reference in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.3 Demonstrative Reference in “The Call of the Wild”

‘Table 3.4 Comparative Reference in “Phe Call of the Wild”

Table 3.5: Substilution in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.6: Specitic Deitics in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.7: Non-specific Deitics in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.8: Numerative in “The Call of the Wild”

Table 3.9: Verbal Ellipsis in “The Call of the Wild”

‘Table 3.10; Clausal Lllipsis in “Zhe Call of the Wild”

Table 3.11: Conjunelive Relations in “The Call of the Wild”

Pages

event From the

of social science disciplines It is now a rapidly expanding field, providing insights into various aspects of language in use and therefore of great importance to language teaching

beginning of ils spppcaram

Analysis hs taken: up in a variety

In the carly days, language teaching has been conecined with pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary; however, it was not until Discourse Analysis tured up that our awareness of how to put this knowledge into action to gain successful communication was raised

Lilcralure, which plays a very important role in or spirilual life, tas hoon groally developing as a consequence of the high living standards As a matter of thet, there have been more and more people choosing to work in the literary field and their efforts have crcatod so many famous works TLis open lo questions as to which fielors have lo be takers into consideration to make a successful wok? How important are those factors to the completion of a coherent and cohesive text? Added to this, the knowledge of cohesion and coherences are actually regarded as the erncial aspeels of language usage

"The Call of the Wild", Jack London's most famous book, is a beautiful tale of a

“house dog” tom from the comforts of hearth and home into the unforgiving wild ‘The main character of the story is # dog named Buck Every aspect of life, including happiness, hardship, misery, love and so on, is seen through the eyes of this dog, This is the significance of the book Buck's story is more than just a children's story or merely a dog's story, iLis our stary Jack London's book, therefore, makes great impression on the readers

Those reasons mentionsd above are the most important ones that have encouraged

the author to conduct "An analysis af grammatical cohesion used in "The Call of the Wild" by Jack Londen" as the topic of this study Llopefully, it may help teachers and

Jearners of forzign Tangange have an avcrall viewpoint on grammatical cohesive devices as well as the effectiveness of the application of such devices in Jack London's "The Call of the Wild"

event From the

of social science disciplines It is now a rapidly expanding field, providing insights into various aspects of language in use and therefore of great importance to language teaching

beginning of ils spppcaram

Analysis hs taken: up in a variety

In the carly days, language teaching has been conecined with pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary; however, it was not until Discourse Analysis tured up that our awareness of how to put this knowledge into action to gain successful communication was raised

Lilcralure, which plays a very important role in or spirilual life, tas hoon groally developing as a consequence of the high living standards As a matter of thet, there have been more and more people choosing to work in the literary field and their efforts have crcatod so many famous works TLis open lo questions as to which fielors have lo be takers into consideration to make a successful wok? How important are those factors to the completion of a coherent and cohesive text? Added to this, the knowledge of cohesion and coherences are actually regarded as the erncial aspeels of language usage

"The Call of the Wild", Jack London's most famous book, is a beautiful tale of a

“house dog” tom from the comforts of hearth and home into the unforgiving wild ‘The main character of the story is # dog named Buck Every aspect of life, including happiness, hardship, misery, love and so on, is seen through the eyes of this dog, This is the significance of the book Buck's story is more than just a children's story or merely a dog's story, iLis our stary Jack London's book, therefore, makes great impression on the readers

Those reasons mentionsd above are the most important ones that have encouraged

the author to conduct "An analysis af grammatical cohesion used in "The Call of the Wild" by Jack Londen" as the topic of this study Llopefully, it may help teachers and

Jearners of forzign Tangange have an avcrall viewpoint on grammatical cohesive devices as well as the effectiveness of the application of such devices in Jack London's "The Call of the Wild"