Luận văn a contrastive analysis between the verb fall in english and the verb ngã in vietnamese

As a rosull, mamy finat Ihosises on contrastive analysis belwomn verbs in malive language and target language have been conducted to provide teachers and learners thorough view on thos

NGUYEN THI NGAN

A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN THE VERB

‘FALL’ IN ENGLISH AND THE VERB ‘NGA’ IN

VIETNAMESE

(PHAN TICH DOI CHIEU DONG TU ‘FALL’ TRONG TIENG ANH

VA DONG TU ‘NGA’? TRONG TIENG VIET

MLA MINOR THESIS

Field: English Linguistics Code: 602215

HANOI — 2010

VIET NAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY-HA NOI

UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGE & INTERNATIONAL STUDIES,

FACULTY OF POST — GRADUATE STUDIES

AR RRR RRR

NGUYEN THI NGAN

A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN THE VERB

‘FALL’ IN ENGLISH AND THE VERB ‘NGA’ IN

VIETNAMESE

(PHAN TICH DOL CHIEU DONG TU ‘FALL’ TRONG TLENG ANH

VA DONG TU ‘NGA’ TRONG TIENG VIET

M.A MINOR THESIS

Ficld: English Linguistics Code: 602215

Supervisor: Assoc Prof.Dr Nguyén Van D6

HANOI - 2010

4 Scope of the study

5 Methods of the study

6 Design of the study

PART I: DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 1: THEORICAL BACKGROUND

1 An overview on Contrastive Analysis

1.2 MICA versus MaCA

1.3 A brief description of verbs

CITAPTER 2: A STUDY ON THE VERB ‘FALL? IN ENGLISIT AND

THE VERB ‘NGA’ IN VIETNAMESE

2.1 A Contrastive Analysis between the verb ‘Fall’ in English and the

1 Recapitnlation

2 Implication of the study

2.1 To ERL Teaching and Learning

2.2 To transtation from English to Vietnamese and Vice Versa

3 Recommendations for firther Research

PART Ti: DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 1: THEORICAL BACKGROUND

1.1 An overview on Contrastive Analysis

Contrastive analysis (CA) is the s

to identifying their structural differences and similarities The term ‘Contrastive linguistics’ was suggested by Whorf (1941) and was defined as “a sub discipline of linguistics concemed

smatic study of a pair or more of languages wilh a view

with the comparison of two or mare languages or subsystems of languages in order to

determine both the differences and similarities between them”, (Fisiak, 1981:1) CA is the

method of analyzing the structure of any two languages with a view to estimate the differential aspouls of their systems, irrespective or their generic alfinily or level of development CA of two languages becomes usefid when it is adequately describing the sound structure and

grammatical sirncture of two languages, with comparative statements giving due emphasis to

the compatible items m the two sysicrns,

From 1940s to 1960s before the Second Language Acquisition (SLA) field as we know it was established, Charlss Tries (1945:9) wrote: “The most efficient materials are those that are based upon a scientific description of the language to be leaned carefully compared with a parallel description of the native language of the learner” Robert Lado, in 1987 wrote:

“Individuals tend to transfer the forms and meanings and the distribution of farms and

meanings of their native language and culnure to the foreign language and culture- hath

productively and when attempting to speak the language and to act in the culture and

receptively when attempting to grasp and understand the language and culture as practiced hy

natives”, In the 1960s and early 1970s, CA was used extensively in the field of Second

Language Acquisition Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (CAH) — this extension of the notion

of CA attributed the ability to predict errors to a CA of two languages, a predictability that

practitioners associated with the degree of similarily between the two systems Rober! Lado

wrote: “ those elements that are similar to this native language will be simple for him, and

those elements that are different will be difficult.”

CA cmphasizes on the influcnc: of the mother tonguc in earning a sccond language in

phonological, morphological and syntactic levels Contrastive Analysis is not merely relevant for second language teaching and learning hut it can also make useful contributions lo machine

translating and linguistics typology It is relevant to the designing of teaching matetials for use

1 Recapitnlation

2 Implication of the study

2.1 To ERL Teaching and Learning

2.2 To transtation from English to Vietnamese and Vice Versa

3 Recommendations for firther Research

PART I: INTRODUCTION

1, Rationale

Nowadays, English is widely used and has been especially important in the world, In Victram, if is not an cxcoption and hus become a cotnpulsory subject in schools, colleges and universities, However, learning English is really a big problem to leamers because they are affected by their mother tongue during the process of studying grammar, vocabulary, spelling,

pronunciation, cle,

On the part of grammar, verbs have always been one of the most complex classes of words, which have most widely used and consequently, have played an important role in any language systomn so far As a rosull, mamy finat Ihosises on contrastive analysis belwomn verbs in malive

language and target language have been conducted to provide teachers and learners thorough view on those verbs and have good way to use them, Among verbs, the verb “fall one of which

‘Vietnamese 2quivalont is ‘Nga’, is one of the common and confusing words to learners

Conducting the minor thesis entitled “A Comtrastive Analysis between the Verb ‘FALL’ in English and the Verb ‘NG

2, Aims of the study

The study is aimed at

- Finding the similarities and differences between the verb “fall” in English and the verb “nga” in English mainly in terms of Mirolinguistic Comastive Analysis (MICA) and partly in terms of Masrolinguistic Contrastive Analysis (MaCA)

- Providing recommendations for teaching, learning and translating ‘fall’ and “ngã” into the target language

3 Research questions

‘To fully achieve these aims, the study should answer the following questions:

() What are the grarmnatical and scmantic features af cach verb and how are they

similar and different in terms of these features?

1 Recapitnlation

2 Implication of the study

2.1 To ERL Teaching and Learning

2.2 To transtation from English to Vietnamese and Vice Versa

3 Recommendations for firther Research

brief introduction of synonyms, and idioms/ proverbs Chapter 2 entitled “A OONTRASTIVI ANALYSIS BETWEEN THE VERB ‘FALL’ IN ENGLISH AND ‘NGA’ IN VIETNAMESE” discusses the two verbs in terms of MiCA and MaCA in suceession Affer that, the similarities and differcnees arc drawn oul Rach chapler onds wilh 80}

Part IH, the ‘CONCLUSION’, provides recapitulation, implications of the study for EFL teaching and learning and translation ftom English to Vietnamese and vice versa, and

oncluding remarks

recommendations for further tescarch The ‘REFERENCES?’ comes next The study ends with the ‘APPENDICES’

pronunciation, cle,

On the part of grammar, verbs have always been one of the most complex classes of words, which have most widely used and consequently, have played an important role in any language systomn so far As a rosull, mamy finat Ihosises on contrastive analysis belwomn verbs in malive

language and target language have been conducted to provide teachers and learners thorough view on those verbs and have good way to use them, Among verbs, the verb “fall one of which

‘Vietnamese 2quivalont is ‘Nga’, is one of the common and confusing words to learners

Conducting the minor thesis entitled “A Comtrastive Analysis between the Verb ‘FALL’ in English and the Verb ‘NG

2, Aims of the study

The study is aimed at

- Finding the similarities and differences between the verb “fall” in English and the verb “nga” in English mainly in terms of Mirolinguistic Comastive Analysis (MICA) and partly in terms of Masrolinguistic Contrastive Analysis (MaCA)

- Providing recommendations for teaching, learning and translating ‘fall’ and “ngã” into the target language

3 Research questions

‘To fully achieve these aims, the study should answer the following questions:

() What are the grarmnatical and scmantic features af cach verb and how are they

similar and different in terms of these features?

Gi) What are their synonyms and what are the idioms and proverbs with these two verbs?

(iii) What are the implications of the study for the EFL teaching, leaning and

translation?

4 Scope of the study

In this minor thesis, it is difftcnt to discuss both the verbs in terms of MiCA and MaCA in dolails, Consequently, the author mainly focuses on analyzing and contrasting Ihem in terms of MICA (conccrning grammatical and scmantic features of the two verbs), and just give a brief introduction about the similarities and differences between them concerned with MaCA

The verbs “fll and ‘nga? ar Tich in synonyms, the author could not discuss tham all in details but give an overview on the most common ones

5 Methods of the study

To achieve the aims given, the author has eombined different incthods as follow

- Analyze and contrast;

- Synthesize

The procedures of the sindy are

- To synthesize meanings of ‘fall’ and ‘ng®? and examples to iilustrats from different sources such as dictionaries, literary works, newspapers, magazines, native speakers and websites

~ To eollool the synonyms of cach verb and idioms/ proverbs with (hem,

- To analyze and contrast each verb and draw out the similarities and differences between them in terms af MiCA and MaCA

- To suggest the ways to apply the findings of the study to the language teaching/learning and translation

6 Design of the study

This minor thesis consists of three main parts based on the fallawing arrangement

Part I entitled ‘INTRODUCTION? outlines the background of the study in which brief account of relevant information such as the rationale, aims, research questions, scope, methods and design of the study arc provided

Part Li, the “DEVELOPMENT” is subdivided into 2 chapters Chapter 1, “THEORITICAL RACKGROUND’, supplics tho goneral fimdarcntal and cssontial thoarctical concepts involving the subject under consideration, It covers a series of concepts ranging from CA, guiding principles for contrastive study, MiCA, MaCA, verbs in English and in Vietnamese, a

ik PART Ti: DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 1: THEORICAL BACKGROUND

1.1 An overview on Contrastive Analysis

Contrastive analysis (CA) is the s

to identifying their structural differences and similarities The term ‘Contrastive linguistics’ was suggested by Whorf (1941) and was defined as “a sub discipline of linguistics concemed

smatic study of a pair or more of languages wilh a view

with the comparison of two or mare languages or subsystems of languages in order to

determine both the differences and similarities between them”, (Fisiak, 1981:1) CA is the

method of analyzing the structure of any two languages with a view to estimate the differential aspouls of their systems, irrespective or their generic alfinily or level of development CA of two languages becomes usefid when it is adequately describing the sound structure and

grammatical sirncture of two languages, with comparative statements giving due emphasis to

the compatible items m the two sysicrns,

From 1940s to 1960s before the Second Language Acquisition (SLA) field as we know it was established, Charlss Tries (1945:9) wrote: “The most efficient materials are those that are based upon a scientific description of the language to be leaned carefully compared with a parallel description of the native language of the learner” Robert Lado, in 1987 wrote:

“Individuals tend to transfer the forms and meanings and the distribution of farms and

meanings of their native language and culnure to the foreign language and culture- hath

productively and when attempting to speak the language and to act in the culture and

receptively when attempting to grasp and understand the language and culture as practiced hy

natives”, In the 1960s and early 1970s, CA was used extensively in the field of Second

Language Acquisition Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (CAH) — this extension of the notion

of CA attributed the ability to predict errors to a CA of two languages, a predictability that

practitioners associated with the degree of similarily between the two systems Rober! Lado

wrote: “ those elements that are similar to this native language will be simple for him, and

those elements that are different will be difficult.”

CA cmphasizes on the influcnc: of the mother tonguc in earning a sccond language in

phonological, morphological and syntactic levels Contrastive Analysis is not merely relevant for second language teaching and learning hut it can also make useful contributions lo machine

translating and linguistics typology It is relevant to the designing of teaching matetials for use

PART I: INTRODUCTION

1, Rationale

Nowadays, English is widely used and has been especially important in the world, In Victram, if is not an cxcoption and hus become a cotnpulsory subject in schools, colleges and universities, However, learning English is really a big problem to leamers because they are affected by their mother tongue during the process of studying grammar, vocabulary, spelling,

pronunciation, cle,

On the part of grammar, verbs have always been one of the most complex classes of words, which have most widely used and consequently, have played an important role in any language systomn so far As a rosull, mamy finat Ihosises on contrastive analysis belwomn verbs in malive

language and target language have been conducted to provide teachers and learners thorough view on those verbs and have good way to use them, Among verbs, the verb “fall one of which

‘Vietnamese 2quivalont is ‘Nga’, is one of the common and confusing words to learners

Conducting the minor thesis entitled “A Comtrastive Analysis between the Verb ‘FALL’ in English and the Verb ‘NG

2, Aims of the study

The study is aimed at

- Finding the similarities and differences between the verb “fall” in English and the verb “nga” in English mainly in terms of Mirolinguistic Comastive Analysis (MICA) and partly in terms of Masrolinguistic Contrastive Analysis (MaCA)

- Providing recommendations for teaching, learning and translating ‘fall’ and “ngã” into the target language

3 Research questions

‘To fully achieve these aims, the study should answer the following questions:

() What are the grarmnatical and scmantic features af cach verb and how are they

similar and different in terms of these features?

1 Recapitnlation

2 Implication of the study

2.1 To ERL Teaching and Learning

2.2 To transtation from English to Vietnamese and Vice Versa

3 Recommendations for firther Research

2.1.3.1 In Terms of grammatical features

Meanings in some idioms and proverbs

pronunciation, cle,

On the part of grammar, verbs have always been one of the most complex classes of words, which have most widely used and consequently, have played an important role in any language systomn so far As a rosull, mamy finat Ihosises on contrastive analysis belwomn verbs in malive

language and target language have been conducted to provide teachers and learners thorough view on those verbs and have good way to use them, Among verbs, the verb “fall one of which

‘Vietnamese 2quivalont is ‘Nga’, is one of the common and confusing words to learners

Conducting the minor thesis entitled “A Comtrastive Analysis between the Verb ‘FALL’ in English and the Verb ‘NG

2, Aims of the study

The study is aimed at

- Finding the similarities and differences between the verb “fall” in English and the verb “nga” in English mainly in terms of Mirolinguistic Comastive Analysis (MICA) and partly in terms of Masrolinguistic Contrastive Analysis (MaCA)

- Providing recommendations for teaching, learning and translating ‘fall’ and “ngã” into the target language

3 Research questions

‘To fully achieve these aims, the study should answer the following questions:

() What are the grarmnatical and scmantic features af cach verb and how are they

similar and different in terms of these features?

2.1.3.1 In Terms of grammatical features

Meanings in some idioms and proverbs

ABBREVIATIONS

CA: Contrastive Aulysis

MICA: Microlinguistic Contrastive Analysis MaCA: Macrolinguistic Contrastive Analysis EFL: English as a Forcign Language

Li: First Language

1L2: Second Language

brief introduction of synonyms, and idioms/ proverbs Chapter 2 entitled “A OONTRASTIVI ANALYSIS BETWEEN THE VERB ‘FALL’ IN ENGLISH AND ‘NGA’ IN VIETNAMESE” discusses the two verbs in terms of MiCA and MaCA in suceession Affer that, the similarities and differcnees arc drawn oul Rach chapler onds wilh 80}

Part IH, the ‘CONCLUSION’, provides recapitulation, implications of the study for EFL teaching and learning and translation ftom English to Vietnamese and vice versa, and

oncluding remarks

recommendations for further tescarch The ‘REFERENCES?’ comes next The study ends with the ‘APPENDICES’

1 Recapitnlation

2 Implication of the study

2.1 To ERL Teaching and Learning

2.2 To transtation from English to Vietnamese and Vice Versa

3 Recommendations for firther Research

Gi) What are their synonyms and what are the idioms and proverbs with these two verbs?

(iii) What are the implications of the study for the EFL teaching, leaning and

translation?

4 Scope of the study

In this minor thesis, it is difftcnt to discuss both the verbs in terms of MiCA and MaCA in dolails, Consequently, the author mainly focuses on analyzing and contrasting Ihem in terms of MICA (conccrning grammatical and scmantic features of the two verbs), and just give a brief introduction about the similarities and differences between them concerned with MaCA

The verbs “fll and ‘nga? ar Tich in synonyms, the author could not discuss tham all in details but give an overview on the most common ones

5 Methods of the study

To achieve the aims given, the author has eombined different incthods as follow

- Analyze and contrast;

- Synthesize

The procedures of the sindy are

- To synthesize meanings of ‘fall’ and ‘ng®? and examples to iilustrats from different sources such as dictionaries, literary works, newspapers, magazines, native speakers and websites

~ To eollool the synonyms of cach verb and idioms/ proverbs with (hem,

- To analyze and contrast each verb and draw out the similarities and differences between them in terms af MiCA and MaCA

- To suggest the ways to apply the findings of the study to the language teaching/learning and translation

6 Design of the study

This minor thesis consists of three main parts based on the fallawing arrangement

Part I entitled ‘INTRODUCTION? outlines the background of the study in which brief account of relevant information such as the rationale, aims, research questions, scope, methods and design of the study arc provided

Part Li, the “DEVELOPMENT” is subdivided into 2 chapters Chapter 1, “THEORITICAL RACKGROUND’, supplics tho goneral fimdarcntal and cssontial thoarctical concepts involving the subject under consideration, It covers a series of concepts ranging from CA, guiding principles for contrastive study, MiCA, MaCA, verbs in English and in Vietnamese, a

pronunciation, cle,

On the part of grammar, verbs have always been one of the most complex classes of words, which have most widely used and consequently, have played an important role in any language systomn so far As a rosull, mamy finat Ihosises on contrastive analysis belwomn verbs in malive

language and target language have been conducted to provide teachers and learners thorough view on those verbs and have good way to use them, Among verbs, the verb “fall one of which

‘Vietnamese 2quivalont is ‘Nga’, is one of the common and confusing words to learners

Conducting the minor thesis entitled “A Comtrastive Analysis between the Verb ‘FALL’ in English and the Verb ‘NG

2, Aims of the study

The study is aimed at

- Finding the similarities and differences between the verb “fall” in English and the verb “nga” in English mainly in terms of Mirolinguistic Comastive Analysis (MICA) and partly in terms of Masrolinguistic Contrastive Analysis (MaCA)

- Providing recommendations for teaching, learning and translating ‘fall’ and “ngã” into the target language

3 Research questions

‘To fully achieve these aims, the study should answer the following questions:

() What are the grarmnatical and scmantic features af cach verb and how are they

similar and different in terms of these features?

brief introduction of synonyms, and idioms/ proverbs Chapter 2 entitled “A OONTRASTIVI ANALYSIS BETWEEN THE VERB ‘FALL’ IN ENGLISH AND ‘NGA’ IN VIETNAMESE” discusses the two verbs in terms of MiCA and MaCA in suceession Affer that, the similarities and differcnees arc drawn oul Rach chapler onds wilh 80}

Part IH, the ‘CONCLUSION’, provides recapitulation, implications of the study for EFL teaching and learning and translation ftom English to Vietnamese and vice versa, and

oncluding remarks

recommendations for further tescarch The ‘REFERENCES?’ comes next The study ends with the ‘APPENDICES’

œ 2.1.1.1 Grammatical features

2.1.3.1 In Terms of grammatical features

Meanings in some idioms and proverbs

PART I: INTRODUCTION

1, Rationale

Nowadays, English is widely used and has been especially important in the world, In Victram, if is not an cxcoption and hus become a cotnpulsory subject in schools, colleges and universities, However, learning English is really a big problem to leamers because they are affected by their mother tongue during the process of studying grammar, vocabulary, spelling,

pronunciation, cle,

On the part of grammar, verbs have always been one of the most complex classes of words, which have most widely used and consequently, have played an important role in any language systomn so far As a rosull, mamy finat Ihosises on contrastive analysis belwomn verbs in malive

language and target language have been conducted to provide teachers and learners thorough view on those verbs and have good way to use them, Among verbs, the verb “fall one of which

‘Vietnamese 2quivalont is ‘Nga’, is one of the common and confusing words to learners

Conducting the minor thesis entitled “A Comtrastive Analysis between the Verb ‘FALL’ in English and the Verb ‘NG

2, Aims of the study

The study is aimed at

- Finding the similarities and differences between the verb “fall” in English and the verb “nga” in English mainly in terms of Mirolinguistic Comastive Analysis (MICA) and partly in terms of Masrolinguistic Contrastive Analysis (MaCA)

- Providing recommendations for teaching, learning and translating ‘fall’ and “ngã” into the target language

3 Research questions

‘To fully achieve these aims, the study should answer the following questions:

() What are the grarmnatical and scmantic features af cach verb and how are they

similar and different in terms of these features?

9 Gi) What are their synonyms and what are the idioms and proverbs with these two verbs?

(iii) What are the implications of the study for the EFL teaching, leaning and

translation?

4 Scope of the study

In this minor thesis, it is difftcnt to discuss both the verbs in terms of MiCA and MaCA in dolails, Consequently, the author mainly focuses on analyzing and contrasting Ihem in terms of MICA (conccrning grammatical and scmantic features of the two verbs), and just give a brief introduction about the similarities and differences between them concerned with MaCA

The verbs “fll and ‘nga? ar Tich in synonyms, the author could not discuss tham all in details but give an overview on the most common ones

5 Methods of the study

To achieve the aims given, the author has eombined different incthods as follow

- Analyze and contrast;

- Synthesize

The procedures of the sindy are

- To synthesize meanings of ‘fall’ and ‘ng®? and examples to iilustrats from different sources such as dictionaries, literary works, newspapers, magazines, native speakers and websites

~ To eollool the synonyms of cach verb and idioms/ proverbs with (hem,

- To analyze and contrast each verb and draw out the similarities and differences between them in terms af MiCA and MaCA

- To suggest the ways to apply the findings of the study to the language teaching/learning and translation

6 Design of the study

This minor thesis consists of three main parts based on the fallawing arrangement

Part I entitled ‘INTRODUCTION? outlines the background of the study in which brief account of relevant information such as the rationale, aims, research questions, scope, methods and design of the study arc provided

Part Li, the “DEVELOPMENT” is subdivided into 2 chapters Chapter 1, “THEORITICAL RACKGROUND’, supplics tho goneral fimdarcntal and cssontial thoarctical concepts involving the subject under consideration, It covers a series of concepts ranging from CA, guiding principles for contrastive study, MiCA, MaCA, verbs in English and in Vietnamese, a

2.1.3.1 In Terms of grammatical features

Meanings in some idioms and proverbs

ik PART Ti: DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 1: THEORICAL BACKGROUND

1.1 An overview on Contrastive Analysis

Contrastive analysis (CA) is the s

to identifying their structural differences and similarities The term ‘Contrastive linguistics’ was suggested by Whorf (1941) and was defined as “a sub discipline of linguistics concemed

smatic study of a pair or more of languages wilh a view

with the comparison of two or mare languages or subsystems of languages in order to

determine both the differences and similarities between them”, (Fisiak, 1981:1) CA is the

method of analyzing the structure of any two languages with a view to estimate the differential aspouls of their systems, irrespective or their generic alfinily or level of development CA of two languages becomes usefid when it is adequately describing the sound structure and

grammatical sirncture of two languages, with comparative statements giving due emphasis to

the compatible items m the two sysicrns,

From 1940s to 1960s before the Second Language Acquisition (SLA) field as we know it was established, Charlss Tries (1945:9) wrote: “The most efficient materials are those that are based upon a scientific description of the language to be leaned carefully compared with a parallel description of the native language of the learner” Robert Lado, in 1987 wrote:

“Individuals tend to transfer the forms and meanings and the distribution of farms and

meanings of their native language and culnure to the foreign language and culture- hath

productively and when attempting to speak the language and to act in the culture and

receptively when attempting to grasp and understand the language and culture as practiced hy

natives”, In the 1960s and early 1970s, CA was used extensively in the field of Second

Language Acquisition Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (CAH) — this extension of the notion

of CA attributed the ability to predict errors to a CA of two languages, a predictability that

practitioners associated with the degree of similarily between the two systems Rober! Lado

wrote: “ those elements that are similar to this native language will be simple for him, and

those elements that are different will be difficult.”

CA cmphasizes on the influcnc: of the mother tonguc in earning a sccond language in

phonological, morphological and syntactic levels Contrastive Analysis is not merely relevant for second language teaching and learning hut it can also make useful contributions lo machine

translating and linguistics typology It is relevant to the designing of teaching matetials for use

PART Ti: DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 1: THEORICAL BACKGROUND

1.1 An overview on Contrastive Analysis

Contrastive analysis (CA) is the s

to identifying their structural differences and similarities The term ‘Contrastive linguistics’ was suggested by Whorf (1941) and was defined as “a sub discipline of linguistics concemed

smatic study of a pair or more of languages wilh a view

with the comparison of two or mare languages or subsystems of languages in order to

determine both the differences and similarities between them”, (Fisiak, 1981:1) CA is the

method of analyzing the structure of any two languages with a view to estimate the differential aspouls of their systems, irrespective or their generic alfinily or level of development CA of two languages becomes usefid when it is adequately describing the sound structure and

grammatical sirncture of two languages, with comparative statements giving due emphasis to

the compatible items m the two sysicrns,

From 1940s to 1960s before the Second Language Acquisition (SLA) field as we know it was established, Charlss Tries (1945:9) wrote: “The most efficient materials are those that are based upon a scientific description of the language to be leaned carefully compared with a parallel description of the native language of the learner” Robert Lado, in 1987 wrote:

“Individuals tend to transfer the forms and meanings and the distribution of farms and

meanings of their native language and culnure to the foreign language and culture- hath

productively and when attempting to speak the language and to act in the culture and

receptively when attempting to grasp and understand the language and culture as practiced hy

natives”, In the 1960s and early 1970s, CA was used extensively in the field of Second

Language Acquisition Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (CAH) — this extension of the notion

of CA attributed the ability to predict errors to a CA of two languages, a predictability that

practitioners associated with the degree of similarily between the two systems Rober! Lado

wrote: “ those elements that are similar to this native language will be simple for him, and

those elements that are different will be difficult.”

CA cmphasizes on the influcnc: of the mother tonguc in earning a sccond language in

phonological, morphological and syntactic levels Contrastive Analysis is not merely relevant for second language teaching and learning hut it can also make useful contributions lo machine

translating and linguistics typology It is relevant to the designing of teaching matetials for use

9 Gi) What are their synonyms and what are the idioms and proverbs with these two verbs?

(iii) What are the implications of the study for the EFL teaching, leaning and

translation?

4 Scope of the study

In this minor thesis, it is difftcnt to discuss both the verbs in terms of MiCA and MaCA in dolails, Consequently, the author mainly focuses on analyzing and contrasting Ihem in terms of MICA (conccrning grammatical and scmantic features of the two verbs), and just give a brief introduction about the similarities and differences between them concerned with MaCA

The verbs “fll and ‘nga? ar Tich in synonyms, the author could not discuss tham all in details but give an overview on the most common ones

5 Methods of the study

To achieve the aims given, the author has eombined different incthods as follow

- Analyze and contrast;

- Synthesize

The procedures of the sindy are

- To synthesize meanings of ‘fall’ and ‘ng®? and examples to iilustrats from different sources such as dictionaries, literary works, newspapers, magazines, native speakers and websites

~ To eollool the synonyms of cach verb and idioms/ proverbs with (hem,

- To analyze and contrast each verb and draw out the similarities and differences between them in terms af MiCA and MaCA

- To suggest the ways to apply the findings of the study to the language teaching/learning and translation

6 Design of the study

This minor thesis consists of three main parts based on the fallawing arrangement

Part I entitled ‘INTRODUCTION? outlines the background of the study in which brief account of relevant information such as the rationale, aims, research questions, scope, methods and design of the study arc provided

Part Li, the “DEVELOPMENT” is subdivided into 2 chapters Chapter 1, “THEORITICAL RACKGROUND’, supplics tho goneral fimdarcntal and cssontial thoarctical concepts involving the subject under consideration, It covers a series of concepts ranging from CA, guiding principles for contrastive study, MiCA, MaCA, verbs in English and in Vietnamese, a

CA: Contrastive Aulysis

MICA: Microlinguistic Contrastive Analysis MaCA: Macrolinguistic Contrastive Analysis EFL: English as a Forcign Language

Li: First Language

1L2: Second Language

œ 2.1.1.1 Grammatical features

2.1.3.1 In Terms of grammatical features

Meanings in some idioms and proverbs

brief introduction of synonyms, and idioms/ proverbs Chapter 2 entitled “A OONTRASTIVI ANALYSIS BETWEEN THE VERB ‘FALL’ IN ENGLISH AND ‘NGA’ IN VIETNAMESE” discusses the two verbs in terms of MiCA and MaCA in suceession Affer that, the similarities and differcnees arc drawn oul Rach chapler onds wilh 80}

Part IH, the ‘CONCLUSION’, provides recapitulation, implications of the study for EFL teaching and learning and translation ftom English to Vietnamese and vice versa, and

oncluding remarks

recommendations for further tescarch The ‘REFERENCES?’ comes next The study ends with the ‘APPENDICES’

pronunciation, cle,

On the part of grammar, verbs have always been one of the most complex classes of words, which have most widely used and consequently, have played an important role in any language systomn so far As a rosull, mamy finat Ihosises on contrastive analysis belwomn verbs in malive

language and target language have been conducted to provide teachers and learners thorough view on those verbs and have good way to use them, Among verbs, the verb “fall one of which

‘Vietnamese 2quivalont is ‘Nga’, is one of the common and confusing words to learners

Conducting the minor thesis entitled “A Comtrastive Analysis between the Verb ‘FALL’ in English and the Verb ‘NG

2, Aims of the study

The study is aimed at

- Finding the similarities and differences between the verb “fall” in English and the verb “nga” in English mainly in terms of Mirolinguistic Comastive Analysis (MICA) and partly in terms of Masrolinguistic Contrastive Analysis (MaCA)

- Providing recommendations for teaching, learning and translating ‘fall’ and “ngã” into the target language

3 Research questions

‘To fully achieve these aims, the study should answer the following questions:

() What are the grarmnatical and scmantic features af cach verb and how are they

similar and different in terms of these features?

Gi) What are their synonyms and what are the idioms and proverbs with these two verbs?

(iii) What are the implications of the study for the EFL teaching, leaning and

translation?

4 Scope of the study

In this minor thesis, it is difftcnt to discuss both the verbs in terms of MiCA and MaCA in dolails, Consequently, the author mainly focuses on analyzing and contrasting Ihem in terms of MICA (conccrning grammatical and scmantic features of the two verbs), and just give a brief introduction about the similarities and differences between them concerned with MaCA

The verbs “fll and ‘nga? ar Tich in synonyms, the author could not discuss tham all in details but give an overview on the most common ones

5 Methods of the study

To achieve the aims given, the author has eombined different incthods as follow

- Analyze and contrast;

- Synthesize

The procedures of the sindy are

- To synthesize meanings of ‘fall’ and ‘ng®? and examples to iilustrats from different sources such as dictionaries, literary works, newspapers, magazines, native speakers and websites

~ To eollool the synonyms of cach verb and idioms/ proverbs with (hem,

- To analyze and contrast each verb and draw out the similarities and differences between them in terms af MiCA and MaCA

- To suggest the ways to apply the findings of the study to the language teaching/learning and translation

6 Design of the study

This minor thesis consists of three main parts based on the fallawing arrangement

Part I entitled ‘INTRODUCTION? outlines the background of the study in which brief account of relevant information such as the rationale, aims, research questions, scope, methods and design of the study arc provided

Part Li, the “DEVELOPMENT” is subdivided into 2 chapters Chapter 1, “THEORITICAL RACKGROUND’, supplics tho goneral fimdarcntal and cssontial thoarctical concepts involving the subject under consideration, It covers a series of concepts ranging from CA, guiding principles for contrastive study, MiCA, MaCA, verbs in English and in Vietnamese, a

ABBREVIATIONS

CA: Contrastive Aulysis

MICA: Microlinguistic Contrastive Analysis MaCA: Macrolinguistic Contrastive Analysis EFL: English as a Forcign Language

Li: First Language

1L2: Second Language

2 Implication of the study

2.1 To ERL Teaching and Learning

2.2 To transtation from English to Vietnamese and Vice Versa

3 Recommendations for firther Research